Nanosatellite and Microsatellite-Asia Pacific Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Nanosatellite and Microsatellite-Asia Pacific Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Nanosatellite and Microsatellite industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole Asia Pacific and Regional Market Size of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Asia Pacific, with company and product introduction, position in the Nanosatellite and Microsatellite market
Market status and development trend of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the Asia Pacific Nanosatellite and Microsatellite market as:
Asia Pacific Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
China
Japan
Korea
India
Southeast Asia
Australia
Asia Pacific Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Hardware
Software and Data Processing
Service
Launch Service
Asia Pacific Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Communication
Earth Observation and Remote Sensing
Scientific Research
Biological Experiments
Technology Demonstration and Verification
Academic Training
Mapping and Navigation
Reconnaissance
Asia Pacific Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
RUAG Group (Switzerland)
RUAG Group (Switzerland)
Clyde Space Inc.(U.K.)
GS Sweden AB (Denmark)
Sierra Nevada Corporation (U.S.)
Tyvak(U.S.)
Lockheed Martin Corporation (U.S.)
Raytheon Company (U.S.)
PLANET LABS INC. (U.S.)
Innovative Solutions In Space (ISIS) (Europe)
SpaceQuest Ltd. (U.S.)
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Nanosatellite and Microsatellite-Asia Pacific Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Nanosatellite and Microsatellite industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole Asia Pacific and Regional Market Size of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Asia Pacific, with company and product introduction, position in the Nanosatellite and Microsatellite market
Market status and development trend of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the Asia Pacific Nanosatellite and Microsatellite market as:
Asia Pacific Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
China
Japan
Korea
India
Southeast Asia
Australia
Asia Pacific Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Hardware
Software and Data Processing
Service
Launch Service
Asia Pacific Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Communication
Earth Observation and Remote Sensing
Scientific Research
Biological Experiments
Technology Demonstration and Verification
Academic Training
Mapping and Navigation
Reconnaissance
Asia Pacific Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
RUAG Group (Switzerland)
RUAG Group (Switzerland)
Clyde Space Inc.(U.K.)
GS Sweden AB (Denmark)
Sierra Nevada Corporation (U.S.)
Tyvak(U.S.)
Lockheed Martin Corporation (U.S.)
Raytheon Company (U.S.)
PLANET LABS INC. (U.S.)
Innovative Solutions In Space (ISIS) (Europe)
SpaceQuest Ltd. (U.S.)
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF NANOSATELLITE AND MICROSATELLITE
1.1 Definition of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite
1.2.1 Hardware
1.2.2 Software and Data Processing
1.2.3 Service
1.2.4 Launch Service
1.3 Downstream Application of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite
1.3.1 Communication
1.3.2 Earth Observation and Remote Sensing
1.3.3 Scientific Research
1.3.4 Biological Experiments
1.3.5 Technology Demonstration and Verification
1.3.6 Academic Training
1.3.7 Mapping and Navigation
1.3.8 Reconnaissance
1.4 Development History of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite 2013-2023
1.5.1 Asia Pacific Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Asia Pacific 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in China 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Japan 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Korea 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in India 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Southeast Asia 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Australia 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Asia Pacific 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Asia Pacific 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Asia Pacific Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Asia Pacific by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Asia Pacific by Types
3.2 Asia Pacific Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in China
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Japan
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in Korea
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in India
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Southeast Asia
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Australia
3.3 Market Forecast of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Asia Pacific by Types
CHAPTER 4 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite by Downstream Industry in China
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite by Downstream Industry in Japan
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite by Downstream Industry in Korea
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite by Downstream Industry in India
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite by Downstream Industry in Southeast Asia
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite by Downstream Industry in Australia
4.3 Market Forecast of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF NANOSATELLITE AND MICROSATELLITE
5.1 Asia Pacific Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 NANOSATELLITE AND MICROSATELLITE MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN ASIA PACIFIC
6.1 Sales Volume of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 NANOSATELLITE AND MICROSATELLITE MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 RUAG Group (Switzerland)
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Product
7.1.3 Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of RUAG Group (Switzerland)
7.2 RUAG Group (Switzerland)
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Product
7.2.3 Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of RUAG Group (Switzerland)
7.3 Clyde Space Inc.(U.K.)
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Product
7.3.3 Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Clyde Space Inc.(U.K.)
7.4 GS Sweden AB (Denmark)
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Product
7.4.3 Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of GS Sweden AB (Denmark)
7.5 Sierra Nevada Corporation (U.S.)
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Product
7.5.3 Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sierra Nevada Corporation (U.S.)
7.6 Tyvak(U.S.)
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Product
7.6.3 Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Tyvak(U.S.)
7.7 Lockheed Martin Corporation (U.S.)
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Product
7.7.3 Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Lockheed Martin Corporation (U.S.)
7.8 Raytheon Company (U.S.)
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Product
7.8.3 Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Raytheon Company (U.S.)
7.9 PLANET LABS INC. (U.S.)
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Product
7.9.3 Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of PLANET LABS INC. (U.S.)
7.10 Innovative Solutions In Space (ISIS) (Europe)
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Product
7.10.3 Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Innovative Solutions In Space (ISIS) (Europe)
7.11 SpaceQuest Ltd. (U.S.)
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Product
7.11.3 Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SpaceQuest Ltd. (U.S.)
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF NANOSATELLITE AND MICROSATELLITE
8.1 Industry Chain of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF NANOSATELLITE AND MICROSATELLITE
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF NANOSATELLITE AND MICROSATELLITE
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite
1.2.1 Hardware
1.2.2 Software and Data Processing
1.2.3 Service
1.2.4 Launch Service
1.3 Downstream Application of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite
1.3.1 Communication
1.3.2 Earth Observation and Remote Sensing
1.3.3 Scientific Research
1.3.4 Biological Experiments
1.3.5 Technology Demonstration and Verification
1.3.6 Academic Training
1.3.7 Mapping and Navigation
1.3.8 Reconnaissance
1.4 Development History of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite 2013-2023
1.5.1 Asia Pacific Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Asia Pacific 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in China 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Japan 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Korea 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in India 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Southeast Asia 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Australia 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Asia Pacific 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Asia Pacific 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Asia Pacific Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Asia Pacific by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Asia Pacific by Types
3.2 Asia Pacific Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in China
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Japan
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in Korea
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in India
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Southeast Asia
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Australia
3.3 Market Forecast of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Asia Pacific by Types
CHAPTER 4 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite by Downstream Industry in China
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite by Downstream Industry in Japan
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite by Downstream Industry in Korea
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite by Downstream Industry in India
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite by Downstream Industry in Southeast Asia
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite by Downstream Industry in Australia
4.3 Market Forecast of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF NANOSATELLITE AND MICROSATELLITE
5.1 Asia Pacific Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 NANOSATELLITE AND MICROSATELLITE MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN ASIA PACIFIC
6.1 Sales Volume of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 NANOSATELLITE AND MICROSATELLITE MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 RUAG Group (Switzerland)
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Product
7.1.3 Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of RUAG Group (Switzerland)
7.2 RUAG Group (Switzerland)
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Product
7.2.3 Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of RUAG Group (Switzerland)
7.3 Clyde Space Inc.(U.K.)
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Product
7.3.3 Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Clyde Space Inc.(U.K.)
7.4 GS Sweden AB (Denmark)
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Product
7.4.3 Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of GS Sweden AB (Denmark)
7.5 Sierra Nevada Corporation (U.S.)
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Product
7.5.3 Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sierra Nevada Corporation (U.S.)
7.6 Tyvak(U.S.)
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Product
7.6.3 Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Tyvak(U.S.)
7.7 Lockheed Martin Corporation (U.S.)
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Product
7.7.3 Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Lockheed Martin Corporation (U.S.)
7.8 Raytheon Company (U.S.)
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Product
7.8.3 Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Raytheon Company (U.S.)
7.9 PLANET LABS INC. (U.S.)
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Product
7.9.3 Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of PLANET LABS INC. (U.S.)
7.10 Innovative Solutions In Space (ISIS) (Europe)
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Product
7.10.3 Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Innovative Solutions In Space (ISIS) (Europe)
7.11 SpaceQuest Ltd. (U.S.)
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Product
7.11.3 Nanosatellite and Microsatellite Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of SpaceQuest Ltd. (U.S.)
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF NANOSATELLITE AND MICROSATELLITE
8.1 Industry Chain of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF NANOSATELLITE AND MICROSATELLITE
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Nanosatellite and Microsatellite
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF NANOSATELLITE AND MICROSATELLITE
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
