Mesoporous Silica-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data
Report Summary
Mesoporous Silica-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Mesoporous Silica industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Mesoporous Silica 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Mesoporous Silica worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Mesoporous Silica market
Market status and development trend of Mesoporous Silica by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Mesoporous Silica, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Mesoporous Silica market as:
Global Mesoporous Silica Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Mesoporous Silica Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
MCM-41
SBA-15
Global Mesoporous Silica Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Drug Delivery
Biosensors
Other
Global Mesoporous Silica Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Mesoporous Silica Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Taiyo
Mitsubishi
Vortex Fluidic Technologies
W.R.Grace
AGC
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Mesoporous Silica-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Mesoporous Silica industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Mesoporous Silica 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Mesoporous Silica worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Mesoporous Silica market
Market status and development trend of Mesoporous Silica by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Mesoporous Silica, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Mesoporous Silica market as:
Global Mesoporous Silica Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Mesoporous Silica Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
MCM-41
SBA-15
Global Mesoporous Silica Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Drug Delivery
Biosensors
Other
Global Mesoporous Silica Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Mesoporous Silica Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Taiyo
Mitsubishi
Vortex Fluidic Technologies
W.R.Grace
AGC
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF MESOPOROUS SILICA
1.1 Definition of Mesoporous Silica in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Mesoporous Silica
1.2.1 MCM-41
1.2.2 SBA-15
1.3 Downstream Application of Mesoporous Silica
1.3.1 Drug Delivery
1.3.2 Biosensors
1.3.3 Other
1.4 Development History of Mesoporous Silica
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Mesoporous Silica 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Mesoporous Silica Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Mesoporous Silica Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Mesoporous Silica 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Mesoporous Silica by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Mesoporous Silica by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Mesoporous Silica by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Mesoporous Silica by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Mesoporous Silica 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Mesoporous Silica 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Mesoporous Silica by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Mesoporous Silica by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Mesoporous Silica by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Mesoporous Silica by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Mesoporous Silica by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Mesoporous Silica by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Mesoporous Silica Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Mesoporous Silica Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Mesoporous Silica Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Mesoporous Silica Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Mesoporous Silica Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Mesoporous Silica Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Mesoporous Silica Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Mesoporous Silica Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Mesoporous Silica Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Mesoporous Silica Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Mesoporous Silica Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Mesoporous Silica Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Mesoporous Silica Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Mesoporous Silica Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Mesoporous Silica Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Mesoporous Silica Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Mesoporous Silica Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Mesoporous Silica Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Mesoporous Silica Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Mesoporous Silica Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF MESOPOROUS SILICA
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Mesoporous Silica Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 MESOPOROUS SILICA MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Mesoporous Silica by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Mesoporous Silica by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Mesoporous Silica by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Mesoporous Silica Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Mesoporous Silica Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 MESOPOROUS SILICA MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Taiyo
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Mesoporous Silica Product
12.1.3 Mesoporous Silica Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Taiyo
12.2 Mitsubishi
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Mesoporous Silica Product
12.2.3 Mesoporous Silica Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Mitsubishi
12.3 Vortex Fluidic Technologies
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Mesoporous Silica Product
12.3.3 Mesoporous Silica Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Vortex Fluidic Technologies
12.4 W.R.Grace
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Mesoporous Silica Product
12.4.3 Mesoporous Silica Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of W.R.Grace
12.5 AGC
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Mesoporous Silica Product
12.5.3 Mesoporous Silica Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of AGC
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF MESOPOROUS SILICA
13.1 Industry Chain of Mesoporous Silica
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF MESOPOROUS SILICA
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Mesoporous Silica
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Mesoporous Silica
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Mesoporous Silica
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Mesoporous Silica
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Mesoporous Silica in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Mesoporous Silica
1.2.1 MCM-41
1.2.2 SBA-15
1.3 Downstream Application of Mesoporous Silica
1.3.1 Drug Delivery
1.3.2 Biosensors
1.3.3 Other
1.4 Development History of Mesoporous Silica
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Mesoporous Silica 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Mesoporous Silica Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Mesoporous Silica Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Mesoporous Silica 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Mesoporous Silica by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Mesoporous Silica by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Mesoporous Silica by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Mesoporous Silica by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Mesoporous Silica 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Mesoporous Silica 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Mesoporous Silica by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Mesoporous Silica by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Mesoporous Silica by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Mesoporous Silica by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Mesoporous Silica by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Mesoporous Silica by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Mesoporous Silica Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Mesoporous Silica Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Mesoporous Silica Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Mesoporous Silica Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Mesoporous Silica Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Mesoporous Silica Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Mesoporous Silica Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Mesoporous Silica Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Mesoporous Silica Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Mesoporous Silica Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Mesoporous Silica Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Mesoporous Silica Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Mesoporous Silica Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Mesoporous Silica Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Mesoporous Silica Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Mesoporous Silica Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Mesoporous Silica Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Mesoporous Silica Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Mesoporous Silica Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Mesoporous Silica Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Mesoporous Silica Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Mesoporous Silica Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF MESOPOROUS SILICA
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Mesoporous Silica Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 MESOPOROUS SILICA MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Mesoporous Silica by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Mesoporous Silica by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Mesoporous Silica by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Mesoporous Silica Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Mesoporous Silica Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 MESOPOROUS SILICA MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Taiyo
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Mesoporous Silica Product
12.1.3 Mesoporous Silica Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Taiyo
12.2 Mitsubishi
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Mesoporous Silica Product
12.2.3 Mesoporous Silica Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Mitsubishi
12.3 Vortex Fluidic Technologies
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Mesoporous Silica Product
12.3.3 Mesoporous Silica Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Vortex Fluidic Technologies
12.4 W.R.Grace
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Mesoporous Silica Product
12.4.3 Mesoporous Silica Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of W.R.Grace
12.5 AGC
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Mesoporous Silica Product
12.5.3 Mesoporous Silica Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of AGC
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF MESOPOROUS SILICA
13.1 Industry Chain of Mesoporous Silica
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF MESOPOROUS SILICA
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Mesoporous Silica
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Mesoporous Silica
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Mesoporous Silica
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Mesoporous Silica
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
