Global Tempered Round Jars Market Research Report 2020-2024
In the context of China-US trade war and global economic volatility and uncertainty, it will have a big influence on this market. Tempered Round Jars Report by Material, Application, and Geography – Global Forecast to 2023 is a professional and comprehensive research report on the world’s major regional market conditions, focusing on the main regions (North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific) and the main countries (United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Japan, South Korea and China).
In this report, the global Tempered Round Jars market is valued at USD XX million in 2020 and is projected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2024, growing at a CAGR of XX% during the period 2020 to 2024.
The report firstly introduced the Tempered Round Jars basics: definitions, classifications, applications and market overview; product specifications; manufacturing processes; cost structures, raw materials and so on. Then it analyzed the world’s main region market conditions, including the product price, profit, capacity, production, supply, demand and market growth rate and forecast etc. In the end, the report introduced new project SWOT analysis, investment feasibility analysis, and investment return analysis.
The major players profiled in this report include:
Owens Illinois Group Inc.
Container and Packaging Supply, Inc.
Amcor Ltd
Cospak Pty Ltd.
Gerresheimer AG
Great Western Containers Inc.
RPC Group Plc
Ball Corporation
Silgan Holdings Inc.
Berry Global Group Inc
The end users/applications and product categories analysis:
On the basis of product, this report displays the sales volume, revenue (Million USD), product price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into-
General Type
On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate of Tempered Round Jars for each application, including-
Food & Beverages (F&B) Packaging
In this report, the global Tempered Round Jars market is valued at USD XX million in 2020 and is projected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2024, growing at a CAGR of XX% during the period 2020 to 2024.
The report firstly introduced the Tempered Round Jars basics: definitions, classifications, applications and market overview; product specifications; manufacturing processes; cost structures, raw materials and so on. Then it analyzed the world’s main region market conditions, including the product price, profit, capacity, production, supply, demand and market growth rate and forecast etc. In the end, the report introduced new project SWOT analysis, investment feasibility analysis, and investment return analysis.
The major players profiled in this report include:
Owens Illinois Group Inc.
Container and Packaging Supply, Inc.
Amcor Ltd
Cospak Pty Ltd.
Gerresheimer AG
Great Western Containers Inc.
RPC Group Plc
Ball Corporation
Silgan Holdings Inc.
Berry Global Group Inc
The end users/applications and product categories analysis:
On the basis of product, this report displays the sales volume, revenue (Million USD), product price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into-
General Type
On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate of Tempered Round Jars for each application, including-
Food & Beverages (F&B) Packaging
PART I TEMPERED ROUND JARS INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
CHAPTER ONE TEMPERED ROUND JARS INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
1.1 Tempered Round Jars Definition
1.2 Tempered Round Jars Classification Analysis
1.2.1 Tempered Round Jars Main Classification Analysis
1.2.2 Tempered Round Jars Main Classification Share Analysis
1.3 Tempered Round Jars Application Analysis
1.3.1 Tempered Round Jars Main Application Analysis
1.3.2 Tempered Round Jars Main Application Share Analysis
1.4 Tempered Round Jars Industry Chain Structure Analysis
1.5 Tempered Round Jars Industry Development Overview
1.5.1 Tempered Round Jars Product History Development Overview
1.5.1 Tempered Round Jars Product Market Development Overview
1.6 Tempered Round Jars Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.1 Tempered Round Jars Global Import Market Analysis
1.6.2 Tempered Round Jars Global Export Market Analysis
1.6.3 Tempered Round Jars Global Main Region Market Analysis
1.6.4 Tempered Round Jars Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.5 Tempered Round Jars Global Market Development Trend Analysis
CHAPTER TWO TEMPERED ROUND JARS UP AND DOWN STREAM INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
2.1 Upstream Raw Materials Analysis
2.1.1 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost
2.1.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure of Tempered Round Jars Analysis
2.2 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.1 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.2 Down Stream Demand Analysis
2.2.3 Down Stream Market Trend Analysis
PART II ASIA TEMPERED ROUND JARS INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER THREE ASIA TEMPERED ROUND JARS MARKET ANALYSIS
3.1 Asia Tempered Round Jars Product Development History
3.2 Asia Tempered Round Jars Competitive Landscape Analysis
3.3 Asia Tempered Round Jars Market Development Trend
CHAPTER FOUR 2015-2020 ASIA TEMPERED ROUND JARS PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
4.1 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Production Overview
4.2 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Production Market Share Analysis
4.3 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Demand Overview
4.4 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Supply Demand and Shortage
4.5 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Import Export Consumption
4.6 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER FIVE ASIA TEMPERED ROUND JARS KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
5.1 Company A
5.1.1 Company Profile
5.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.1.3 Product Application Analysis
5.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.1.5 Contact Information
5.2 Company B
5.2.1 Company Profile
5.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.2.3 Product Application Analysis
5.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.2.5 Contact Information
5.3 Company C
5.3.1 Company Profile
5.3.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.3.3 Product Application Analysis
5.3.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.3.5 Contact Information
5.4 Company D
5.4.1 Company Profile
5.4.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.4.3 Product Application Analysis
5.4.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.4.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER SIX ASIA TEMPERED ROUND JARS INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
6.1 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Production Overview
6.2 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Production Market Share Analysis
6.3 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Demand Overview
6.4 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Supply Demand and Shortage
6.5 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Import Export Consumption
6.6 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART III NORTH AMERICAN TEMPERED ROUND JARS INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER SEVEN NORTH AMERICAN TEMPERED ROUND JARS MARKET ANALYSIS
7.1 North American Tempered Round Jars Product Development History
7.2 North American Tempered Round Jars Competitive Landscape Analysis
7.3 North American Tempered Round Jars Market Development Trend
CHAPTER EIGHT 2015-2020 NORTH AMERICAN TEMPERED ROUND JARS PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
8.1 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Production Overview
8.2 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Production Market Share Analysis
8.3 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Demand Overview
8.4 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Supply Demand and Shortage
8.5 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Import Export Consumption
8.6 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINE NORTH AMERICAN TEMPERED ROUND JARS KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
9.1 Company A
9.1.1 Company Profile
9.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.1.3 Product Application Analysis
9.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.1.5 Contact Information
9.2 Company B
9.2.1 Company Profile
9.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.2.3 Product Application Analysis
9.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER TEN NORTH AMERICAN TEMPERED ROUND JARS INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
10.1 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Production Overview
10.2 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Production Market Share Analysis
10.3 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Demand Overview
10.4 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Supply Demand and Shortage
10.5 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Import Export Consumption
10.6 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART IV EUROPE TEMPERED ROUND JARS INDUSTRY ANALYSIS (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER ELEVEN EUROPE TEMPERED ROUND JARS MARKET ANALYSIS
11.1 Europe Tempered Round Jars Product Development History
11.2 Europe Tempered Round Jars Competitive Landscape Analysis
11.3 Europe Tempered Round Jars Market Development Trend
CHAPTER TWELVE 2015-2020 EUROPE TEMPERED ROUND JARS PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
12.1 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Production Overview
12.2 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Production Market Share Analysis
12.3 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Demand Overview
12.4 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Supply Demand and Shortage
12.5 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Import Export Consumption
12.6 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER THIRTEEN EUROPE TEMPERED ROUND JARS KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
13.1 Company A
13.1.1 Company Profile
13.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.1.3 Product Application Analysis
13.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.1.5 Contact Information
13.2 Company B
13.2.1 Company Profile
13.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.2.3 Product Application Analysis
13.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER FOURTEEN EUROPE TEMPERED ROUND JARS INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
14.1 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Production Overview
14.2 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Production Market Share Analysis
14.3 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Demand Overview
14.4 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Supply Demand and Shortage
14.5 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Import Export Consumption
14.6 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART V TEMPERED ROUND JARS MARKETING CHANNELS AND INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY
CHAPTER FIFTEEN TEMPERED ROUND JARS MARKETING CHANNELS DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS ANALYSIS
15.1 Tempered Round Jars Marketing Channels Status
15.2 Tempered Round Jars Marketing Channels Characteristic
15.3 Tempered Round Jars Marketing Channels Development Trend
15.2 New Firms Enter Market Strategy
15.3 New Project Investment Proposals
CHAPTER SIXTEEN DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
16.1 China Macroeconomic Environment Analysis
16.2 European Economic Environmental Analysis
16.3 United States Economic Environmental Analysis
16.4 Japan Economic Environmental Analysis
16.5 Global Economic Environmental Analysis
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN TEMPERED ROUND JARS NEW PROJECT INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
17.1 Tempered Round Jars Market Analysis
17.2 Tempered Round Jars Project SWOT Analysis
17.3 Tempered Round Jars New Project Investment Feasibility Analysis
PART VI GLOBAL TEMPERED ROUND JARS INDUSTRY CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN 2015-2020 GLOBAL TEMPERED ROUND JARS PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
18.1 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Production Overview
18.2 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Production Market Share Analysis
18.3 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Demand Overview
18.4 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Supply Demand and Shortage
18.5 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Import Export Consumption
18.6 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINETEEN GLOBAL TEMPERED ROUND JARS INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
19.1 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Production Overview
19.2 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Production Market Share Analysis
19.3 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Demand Overview
19.4 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Supply Demand and Shortage
19.5 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Import Export Consumption
19.6 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER TWENTY GLOBAL TEMPERED ROUND JARS INDUSTRY RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER ONE TEMPERED ROUND JARS INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
1.1 Tempered Round Jars Definition
1.2 Tempered Round Jars Classification Analysis
1.2.1 Tempered Round Jars Main Classification Analysis
1.2.2 Tempered Round Jars Main Classification Share Analysis
1.3 Tempered Round Jars Application Analysis
1.3.1 Tempered Round Jars Main Application Analysis
1.3.2 Tempered Round Jars Main Application Share Analysis
1.4 Tempered Round Jars Industry Chain Structure Analysis
1.5 Tempered Round Jars Industry Development Overview
1.5.1 Tempered Round Jars Product History Development Overview
1.5.1 Tempered Round Jars Product Market Development Overview
1.6 Tempered Round Jars Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.1 Tempered Round Jars Global Import Market Analysis
1.6.2 Tempered Round Jars Global Export Market Analysis
1.6.3 Tempered Round Jars Global Main Region Market Analysis
1.6.4 Tempered Round Jars Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.5 Tempered Round Jars Global Market Development Trend Analysis
CHAPTER TWO TEMPERED ROUND JARS UP AND DOWN STREAM INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
2.1 Upstream Raw Materials Analysis
2.1.1 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost
2.1.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure of Tempered Round Jars Analysis
2.2 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.1 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.2 Down Stream Demand Analysis
2.2.3 Down Stream Market Trend Analysis
PART II ASIA TEMPERED ROUND JARS INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER THREE ASIA TEMPERED ROUND JARS MARKET ANALYSIS
3.1 Asia Tempered Round Jars Product Development History
3.2 Asia Tempered Round Jars Competitive Landscape Analysis
3.3 Asia Tempered Round Jars Market Development Trend
CHAPTER FOUR 2015-2020 ASIA TEMPERED ROUND JARS PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
4.1 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Production Overview
4.2 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Production Market Share Analysis
4.3 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Demand Overview
4.4 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Supply Demand and Shortage
4.5 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Import Export Consumption
4.6 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER FIVE ASIA TEMPERED ROUND JARS KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
5.1 Company A
5.1.1 Company Profile
5.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.1.3 Product Application Analysis
5.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.1.5 Contact Information
5.2 Company B
5.2.1 Company Profile
5.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.2.3 Product Application Analysis
5.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.2.5 Contact Information
5.3 Company C
5.3.1 Company Profile
5.3.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.3.3 Product Application Analysis
5.3.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.3.5 Contact Information
5.4 Company D
5.4.1 Company Profile
5.4.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.4.3 Product Application Analysis
5.4.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.4.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER SIX ASIA TEMPERED ROUND JARS INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
6.1 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Production Overview
6.2 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Production Market Share Analysis
6.3 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Demand Overview
6.4 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Supply Demand and Shortage
6.5 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Import Export Consumption
6.6 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART III NORTH AMERICAN TEMPERED ROUND JARS INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER SEVEN NORTH AMERICAN TEMPERED ROUND JARS MARKET ANALYSIS
7.1 North American Tempered Round Jars Product Development History
7.2 North American Tempered Round Jars Competitive Landscape Analysis
7.3 North American Tempered Round Jars Market Development Trend
CHAPTER EIGHT 2015-2020 NORTH AMERICAN TEMPERED ROUND JARS PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
8.1 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Production Overview
8.2 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Production Market Share Analysis
8.3 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Demand Overview
8.4 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Supply Demand and Shortage
8.5 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Import Export Consumption
8.6 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINE NORTH AMERICAN TEMPERED ROUND JARS KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
9.1 Company A
9.1.1 Company Profile
9.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.1.3 Product Application Analysis
9.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.1.5 Contact Information
9.2 Company B
9.2.1 Company Profile
9.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.2.3 Product Application Analysis
9.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER TEN NORTH AMERICAN TEMPERED ROUND JARS INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
10.1 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Production Overview
10.2 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Production Market Share Analysis
10.3 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Demand Overview
10.4 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Supply Demand and Shortage
10.5 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Import Export Consumption
10.6 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART IV EUROPE TEMPERED ROUND JARS INDUSTRY ANALYSIS (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER ELEVEN EUROPE TEMPERED ROUND JARS MARKET ANALYSIS
11.1 Europe Tempered Round Jars Product Development History
11.2 Europe Tempered Round Jars Competitive Landscape Analysis
11.3 Europe Tempered Round Jars Market Development Trend
CHAPTER TWELVE 2015-2020 EUROPE TEMPERED ROUND JARS PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
12.1 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Production Overview
12.2 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Production Market Share Analysis
12.3 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Demand Overview
12.4 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Supply Demand and Shortage
12.5 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Import Export Consumption
12.6 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER THIRTEEN EUROPE TEMPERED ROUND JARS KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
13.1 Company A
13.1.1 Company Profile
13.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.1.3 Product Application Analysis
13.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.1.5 Contact Information
13.2 Company B
13.2.1 Company Profile
13.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.2.3 Product Application Analysis
13.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.2.5 Contact Information
CHAPTER FOURTEEN EUROPE TEMPERED ROUND JARS INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
14.1 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Production Overview
14.2 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Production Market Share Analysis
14.3 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Demand Overview
14.4 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Supply Demand and Shortage
14.5 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Import Export Consumption
14.6 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART V TEMPERED ROUND JARS MARKETING CHANNELS AND INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY
CHAPTER FIFTEEN TEMPERED ROUND JARS MARKETING CHANNELS DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS ANALYSIS
15.1 Tempered Round Jars Marketing Channels Status
15.2 Tempered Round Jars Marketing Channels Characteristic
15.3 Tempered Round Jars Marketing Channels Development Trend
15.2 New Firms Enter Market Strategy
15.3 New Project Investment Proposals
CHAPTER SIXTEEN DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
16.1 China Macroeconomic Environment Analysis
16.2 European Economic Environmental Analysis
16.3 United States Economic Environmental Analysis
16.4 Japan Economic Environmental Analysis
16.5 Global Economic Environmental Analysis
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN TEMPERED ROUND JARS NEW PROJECT INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
17.1 Tempered Round Jars Market Analysis
17.2 Tempered Round Jars Project SWOT Analysis
17.3 Tempered Round Jars New Project Investment Feasibility Analysis
PART VI GLOBAL TEMPERED ROUND JARS INDUSTRY CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN 2015-2020 GLOBAL TEMPERED ROUND JARS PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
18.1 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Production Overview
18.2 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Production Market Share Analysis
18.3 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Demand Overview
18.4 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Supply Demand and Shortage
18.5 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Import Export Consumption
18.6 2015-2020 Tempered Round Jars Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINETEEN GLOBAL TEMPERED ROUND JARS INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
19.1 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Production Overview
19.2 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Production Market Share Analysis
19.3 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Demand Overview
19.4 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Supply Demand and Shortage
19.5 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Import Export Consumption
19.6 2020-2024 Tempered Round Jars Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER TWENTY GLOBAL TEMPERED ROUND JARS INDUSTRY RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS
