The Global Market for Bioplastics and Advanced (Chemical) Plastics Recycling 2024-2034
Innovation in bioplastics and plastics recycling is spurring a renaissance in the petrochemical industry, with the latest technologies reinventing plastic and making waste plastic a new resource. The Global Market for Bioplastics and Advanced (Chemical) Plastics Recycling 2024-2034 provides a comprehensive analysis of the global bio-based feedstocks, bio-based plastics, and advanced chemical recycling markets. It covers key trends, drivers, latest developments, production capacities, producers, and market segmentation. The report analyses major feedstocks like starch, sugar crops, plant oils, lignocellulosic biomass, waste streams, algae etc and the key bio-based chemicals produced from them. Market demand projections are provided for chemicals like lactic acid, FDCA, acrylic acid, succinic acid, 1,4-butanediol etc to 2034.
An extensive section is dedicated to the global bio-based and biodegradable plastics market, segmented by types including PLA, PHA, PBS, bio-PET etc. It includes production capacities by leading manufacturers, SWOT analysis, price trends and demand forecast by end-user markets like packaging, automotive, textiles, agriculture etc.
The report also covers technologies in advanced chemical recycling including pyrolysis, gasification, glycolysis, enzymatic processes etc. Profiles are provided of key companies active in these spaces along with their production capacities. An in-depth demand analysis is provided for chemical recycling by region and polymer type through 2040. The role of natural fibers as sustainable reinforcements is also explored including typical properties, manufacturing processes, applications and market statistics.
Report contents include:
An extensive section is dedicated to the global bio-based and biodegradable plastics market, segmented by types including PLA, PHA, PBS, bio-PET etc. It includes production capacities by leading manufacturers, SWOT analysis, price trends and demand forecast by end-user markets like packaging, automotive, textiles, agriculture etc.
The report also covers technologies in advanced chemical recycling including pyrolysis, gasification, glycolysis, enzymatic processes etc. Profiles are provided of key companies active in these spaces along with their production capacities. An in-depth demand analysis is provided for chemical recycling by region and polymer type through 2040. The role of natural fibers as sustainable reinforcements is also explored including typical properties, manufacturing processes, applications and market statistics.
Report contents include:
- Global production capacities and demand forecasts for major bio-based feedstocks like starch, sugar crops, oils, lignocellulosic biomass etc up to 2034
- Production projections for key platform chemicals such as lactic acid, FDCA, acrylic acid, 1,4-butanediol, succinic acid etc derived from bio-based feedstocks
- Market analysis, applications, producers and production capacities for biobased plastics including PLA, PHA, PBS, bio-PET, bio-PE, bio-PP
- Role and demand for bioplastics in major end-user markets: packaging, textiles, automotive, agriculture, building & construction
- Latest technologies and leading companies active in advanced (chemical) plastic recycling markets
- Capacity expansions and anticipated demand growth for chemical recycling techniques: pyrolysis, gasification, enzymatic, etc by region and polymer type
- Applications and market overview of natural fiber reinforced biocomposites
- Comprehensive profiles of over 800 companies active across production, R&D and commercialization of bio-based chemicals, bioplastics and advanced recycling technologies. Companies profiled include Agilyx, APK?AG, Aquafil, Avantium, BASF, Biome Bioplastics, Braskem, Buyo, Carbios, Corsair, Danimer Scientific, Eastman, Extracthive, FabricNano, FlexSea, Floreon, Fych Technologies, Garbo, gr3n SA, Hyundai Chemical Ioniqa, Itero, Licella, LyondellBasell, MetaCycler BioInnovations, Mi Terro, Mura Technology, revalyu Resources GmbH, OMV, PlantSwitch, Plastogaz SA, Plastic Energy, Polystyvert, Pyrowave, RePEaT Co., Ltd., Synova, Synpet Technologies, SABIC, Teijin Limited, Verde Bioresins, Versalis, and Xampla.
- Global policy landscape and regulations promoting sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics
- Comparative life cycle assessments benchmarking eco-profiles of green alternatives against traditional petrochemical routes
- Market challenges and opportunities in scaling up environment-friendly solutions aligned with principles of circular economy
1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2 INTRODUCTION
2.1 Global production of plastics
2.2 The importance of plastic
2.3 Issues with plastics use
2.4 Bio-based or renewable plastics
2.4.1 Drop-in bio-based plastics
2.4.2 Novel bio-based plastics
2.5 Biodegradable and compostable plastics
2.5.1 Biodegradability
2.5.2 Compostability
2.6 Plastic pollution
2.7 Policy and regulations
2.8 The circular economy
2.9 Plastic recycling
2.9.1 Mechanical recycling
2.9.1.1 Closed-loop mechanical recycling
2.9.1.2 Open-loop mechanical recycling
2.9.1.3 Polymer types, use, and recovery
2.9.2 Advanced recycling (molecular recycling, chemical recycling)
2.9.2.1 Main streams of plastic waste
2.9.2.2 Comparison of mechanical and advanced chemical recycling
2.10 Life cycle assessment
3 BIO-BASED FEEDSTOCKS AND INTERMEDIATES MARKET
3.1 BIOREFINERIES
3.2 BIO-BASED FEEDSTOCK AND LAND USE
3.3 PLANT-BASED
3.3.1 STARCH
3.3.1.1 Overview
3.3.1.2 Sources
3.3.1.3 Global production
3.3.1.4 Lysine
3.3.1.4.1 Source
3.3.1.4.2 Applications
3.3.1.4.3 Global production
3.3.1.5 Glucose
3.3.1.5.1 HMDA
3.3.1.5.1.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.1.2 Sources
3.3.1.5.1.3 Applications
3.3.1.5.1.4 Global production
3.3.1.5.2 1,5-diaminopentane (DA5)
3.3.1.5.2.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.2.2 Sources
3.3.1.5.2.3 Applications
3.3.1.5.2.4 Global production
3.3.1.5.3 Sorbitol
3.3.1.5.3.1 Isosorbide
3.3.1.5.3.1.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.3.1.2 Sources
3.3.1.5.3.1.3 Applications
3.3.1.5.3.1.4 Global production
3.3.1.5.4 Lactic acid
3.3.1.5.4.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.4.2 D-lactic acid
3.3.1.5.4.3 L-lactic acid
3.3.1.5.4.4 Lactide
3.3.1.5.5 Itaconic acid
3.3.1.5.5.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.5.2 Sources
3.3.1.5.5.3 Applications
3.3.1.5.5.4 Global production
3.3.1.5.6 3-HP
3.3.1.5.6.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.6.2 Sources
3.3.1.5.6.3 Applications
3.3.1.5.6.4 Global production
3.3.1.5.6.5 Acrylic acid
3.3.1.5.6.5.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.6.5.2 Applications
3.3.1.5.6.5.3 Global production
3.3.1.5.6.6 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO)
3.3.1.5.6.6.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.6.6.2 Applications
3.3.1.5.6.6.3 Global production
3.3.1.5.7 Succinic Acid
3.3.1.5.7.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.7.2 Sources
3.3.1.5.7.3 Applications
3.3.1.5.7.4 Global production
3.3.1.5.7.5 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO)
3.3.1.5.7.5.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.7.5.2 Applications
3.3.1.5.7.5.3 Gobal production
3.3.1.5.7.6 Tetrahydrofuran (THF)
3.3.1.5.7.6.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.7.6.2 Applications
3.3.1.5.7.6.3 Global production
3.3.1.5.8 Adipic acid
3.3.1.5.8.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.8.2 Applications
3.3.1.5.8.3 Caprolactame
3.3.1.5.8.3.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.8.3.2 Applications
3.3.1.5.8.3.3 Global production
3.3.1.5.9 Isobutanol
3.3.1.5.9.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.9.2 Sources
3.3.1.5.9.3 Applications
3.3.1.5.9.4 Global production
3.3.1.5.9.5 p-Xylene
3.3.1.5.9.5.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.9.5.2 Sources
3.3.1.5.9.5.3 Applications
3.3.1.5.9.5.4 Global production
3.3.1.5.9.5.5 Terephthalic acid
3.3.1.5.9.5.6 Overview
3.3.1.5.9.5.6.1 Applications
3.3.1.5.9.5.6.2 Global production
3.3.1.5.10 1,3 Proppanediol
3.3.1.5.10.1.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.10.2 Sources
3.3.1.5.10.3 Applications
3.3.1.5.10.4 Global production
3.3.1.5.11 Monoethylene glycol (MEG)
3.3.1.5.11.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.11.2 Sources
3.3.1.5.11.3 Applications
3.3.1.5.11.4 Global production
3.3.1.5.12 Ethanol
3.3.1.5.12.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.12.2 Sources
3.3.1.5.12.3 Applications
3.3.1.5.12.4 Global production
3.3.1.5.12.5 Ethylene
3.3.1.5.12.5.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.12.5.2 Applications
3.3.1.5.12.5.3 Global production
3.3.1.5.12.5.4 Propylene
3.3.1.5.12.5.4.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.12.5.4.2 Applications
3.3.1.5.12.5.4.3 Global production
3.3.1.5.12.5.5 Vinyl chloride
3.3.1.5.12.5.5.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.12.5.5.2 Applications
3.3.1.5.12.5.5.3 Global production
3.3.1.5.12.6 Methly methacrylate
3.3.1.5.12.6.1.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.12.6.1.2 Applications
3.3.1.5.12.6.1.3 Global production
3.3.2 SUGAR CROPS
3.3.2.1 Saccharose
3.3.2.1.1 Aniline
3.3.2.1.1.1 Overview
3.3.2.1.1.2 Applications
3.3.2.1.1.3 Global production
3.3.2.1.2 Fructose
3.3.2.1.2.1 Overview
3.3.2.1.2.2 Applications
3.3.2.1.2.3 Global production
3.3.2.1.2.4 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF)
3.3.2.1.2.4.1 Overview
3.3.2.1.2.4.2 Applications
3.3.2.1.2.4.3 Global production
3.3.2.1.2.5 5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF)
3.3.2.1.2.5.1 Overview
3.3.2.1.2.5.2 Applications
3.3.2.1.2.5.3 Global production
3.3.2.1.2.6 Levulinic Acid
3.3.2.1.2.6.1 Overview
3.3.2.1.2.6.2 Applications
3.3.2.1.2.6.3 Global production
3.3.2.1.2.7 FDME
3.3.2.1.2.7.1 Overview
3.3.2.1.2.7.2 Applications
3.3.2.1.2.7.3 Global production
3.3.2.1.2.8 2,5-FDCA
3.3.2.1.2.8.1 Overview
3.3.2.1.2.8.2 Applications
3.3.2.1.2.8.3 Global production
3.3.3 LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS
3.3.3.1 Levoglucosenone
3.3.3.1.1 Overview
3.3.3.1.2 Applications
3.3.3.1.3 Global production
3.3.3.2 Hemicellulose
3.3.3.2.1 Overview
3.3.3.2.2 Biochemicals from hemicellulose
3.3.3.2.3 Global production
3.3.3.2.4 Furfural
3.3.3.2.4.1 Overview
3.3.3.2.4.2 Applications
3.3.3.2.4.3 Global production
3.3.3.2.4.4 Furfuyl alcohol
3.3.3.2.4.4.1 Overview
3.3.3.2.4.4.2 Applications
3.3.3.2.4.4.3 Global production
3.3.3.3 Lignin
3.3.3.3.1 Overview
3.3.3.3.2 Sources
3.3.3.3.3 Applications
3.3.3.3.3.1 Aromatic compounds
3.3.3.3.3.1.1 Benzene, toluene and xylene
3.3.3.3.3.1.2 Phenol and phenolic resins
3.3.3.3.3.1.3 Vanillin
3.3.3.3.3.2 Polymers
3.3.3.3.4 Global production
3.3.4 PLANT OILS
3.3.4.1 Overview
3.3.4.2 Glycerol
3.3.4.2.1 Overview
3.3.4.2.2 Applications
3.3.4.2.3 Global production
3.3.4.2.4 MPG
3.3.4.2.4.1 Overview
3.3.4.2.4.2 Applications
3.3.4.2.4.3 Global production
3.3.4.2.5 ECH
3.3.4.2.5.1 Overview
3.3.4.2.5.2 Applications
3.3.4.2.5.3 Global production
3.3.4.3 Fatty acids
3.3.4.3.1 Overview
3.3.4.3.2 Applications
3.3.4.3.3 Global production
3.3.4.4 Castor oil
3.3.4.4.1 Overview
3.3.4.4.2 Sebacic acid
3.3.4.4.2.1 Overview
3.3.4.4.2.2 Applications
3.3.4.4.2.3 Global production
3.3.4.4.3 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA)
3.3.4.4.3.1 Overview
3.3.4.4.3.2 Applications
3.3.4.4.3.3 Global production
3.3.4.5 Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA)
3.3.4.5.1 Overview
3.3.4.5.2 Applications
3.3.4.5.3 Global production
3.3.4.6 Pentamethylene diisocyanate
3.3.4.6.1 Overview
3.3.4.6.2 Applications
3.3.4.6.3 Global production
3.3.5 NON-EDIBIBLE MILK
3.3.5.1 Casein
3.3.5.1.1 Overview
3.3.5.1.2 Applications
3.3.5.1.3 Global production
3.4 WASTE
3.4.1 Food waste
3.4.1.1 Overview
3.4.1.2 Products and applications
3.4.1.2.1 Global production
3.4.2 Agricultural waste
3.4.2.1 Overview
3.4.2.2 Products and applications
3.4.2.3 Global production
3.4.3 Forestry waste
3.4.3.1 Overview
3.4.3.2 Products and applications
3.4.3.3 Global production
3.4.4 Aquaculture/fishing waste
3.4.4.1 Overview
3.4.4.2 Products and applications
3.4.4.3 Global production
3.4.5 Municipal solid waste
3.4.5.1 Overview
3.4.5.2 Products and applications
3.4.5.3 Global production
3.4.6 Industrial waste
3.4.6.1 Overview
3.4.7 Waste oils
3.4.7.1 Overview
3.4.7.2 Products and applications
3.4.7.3 Global production
3.5 MICROBIAL & MINERAL SOURCES
3.5.1 Microalgae
3.5.1.1 Overview
3.5.1.2 Products and applications
3.5.1.3 Global production
3.5.2 Macroalgae
3.5.2.1 Overview
3.5.2.2 Products and applications
3.5.2.3 Global production
3.5.3 Mineral sources
3.5.3.1 Overview
3.5.3.2 Products and applications
3.6 GASEOUS
3.6.1 Biogas
3.6.1.1 Overview
3.6.1.2 Products and applications
3.6.1.3 Global production
3.6.2 Syngas
3.6.2.1 Overview
3.6.2.2 Products and applications
3.6.2.3 Global production
3.6.3 Off gases - fermentation CO2, CO
3.6.3.1 Overview
3.6.3.2 Products and applications
3.7 COMPANY PROFILES 176 (115 company profiles)
4 BIO-BASED PLASTICS MARKET
4.1 BIO-BASED OR RENEWABLE PLASTICS
4.1.1 Drop-in bio-based plastics
4.1.2 Novel bio-based plastics
4.2 BIODEGRADABLE AND COMPOSTABLE PLASTICS
4.2.1 Biodegradability
4.2.2 Compostability
4.3 TYPES
4.4 KEY MARKET PLAYERS
4.5 SYNTHETIC BIO-BASED POLYMERS
4.5.1 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
4.5.1.1 Market analysis
4.5.1.2 Production
4.5.1.3 Producers and production capacities, current and planned
4.5.1.3.1 Lactic acid producers and production capacities
4.5.1.3.2 PLA producers and production capacities
4.5.1.3.3 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
4.5.2 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)
4.5.2.1 Market analysis
4.5.2.2 Producers and production capacities
4.5.2.3 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
4.5.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)
4.5.3.1 Market analysis
4.5.3.2 Producers and production capacities
4.5.3.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
4.5.4 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)
4.5.4.1 Market analysis
4.5.4.2 Comparative properties to PET
4.5.4.3 Producers and production capacities
4.5.4.3.1 FDCA and PEF producers and production capacities
4.5.4.3.2 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes).
4.5.5 Polyamides (Bio-PA)
4.5.5.1 Market analysis
4.5.5.2 Producers and production capacities
4.5.5.3 Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
4.5.6 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)
4.5.6.1 Market analysis
4.5.6.2 Producers and production capacities
4.5.6.3 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
4.5.7 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers
4.5.7.1 Market analysis
4.5.7.2 Producers and production capacities
4.5.7.3 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
4.5.8 Polyethylene (Bio-PE)
4.5.8.1 Market analysis
4.5.8.2 Producers and production capacities
4.5.8.3 Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes).
4.5.9 Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
4.5.9.1 Market analysis
4.5.9.2 Producers and production capacities
4.5.9.3 Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
4.6 NATURAL BIO-BASED POLYMERS
4.6.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
4.6.1.1 Technology description
4.6.1.2 Types
4.6.1.2.1 PHB
4.6.1.2.2 PHBV
4.6.1.3 Synthesis and production processes
4.6.1.4 Market analysis
4.6.1.5 Commercially available PHAs
4.6.1.6 Markets for PHAs
4.6.1.6.1 Packaging
4.6.1.6.2 Cosmetics
4.6.1.6.2.1 PHA microspheres
4.6.1.6.3 Medical
4.6.1.6.3.1 Tissue engineering
4.6.1.6.3.2 Drug delivery
4.6.1.6.4 Agriculture
4.6.1.6.4.1 Mulch film
4.6.1.6.4.2 Grow bags
4.6.1.7 Producers and production capacities
4.6.1.8 PHA production capacities 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
4.6.2 Cellulose
4.6.2.1 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
4.6.2.1.1 Market analysis
4.6.2.1.2 Producers and production capacities
4.6.2.2 Nanocellulose
4.6.2.2.1 Cellulose nanocrystals
4.6.2.2.1.1 Synthesis
4.6.2.2.1.2 Properties
4.6.2.2.1.3 Production
4.6.2.2.1.4 Applications
4.6.2.2.1.5 Market analysis
4.6.2.2.1.6 Producers and production capacities
4.6.2.2.2 Cellulose nanofibers
4.6.2.2.2.1 Applications
4.6.2.2.2.2 Market analysis
4.6.2.2.2.3 Producers and production capacities
4.6.2.2.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
4.6.2.2.3.1 Production
4.6.2.2.3.2 Applications
4.6.3 Protein-based bioplastics
4.6.3.1 Types, applications and producers
4.6.4 Algal and fungal
4.6.4.1 Algal
4.6.4.1.1 Advantages
4.6.4.1.2 Production
4.6.4.1.3 Producers
4.6.4.2 Mycelium
4.6.4.2.1 Properties
4.6.4.2.2 Applications
4.6.4.2.3 Commercialization
4.6.5 Chitosan
4.6.5.1 Technology description
4.7 PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED AND BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS, BY REGION
4.7.1 North America
4.7.2 Europe
4.7.3 Asia-Pacific
4.7.3.1 China
4.7.3.2 Japan
4.7.3.3 Thailand
4.7.3.4 Indonesia
4.7.4 Latin America
4.8 MARKET SEGMENTATION OF BIOPLASTICS
4.8.1 Packaging
4.8.1.1 Processes for bioplastics in packaging
4.8.1.2 Applications
4.8.1.3 Flexible packaging
4.8.1.3.1 Production volumes 2019-2034
4.8.1.4 Rigid packaging
4.8.1.4.1 Production volumes 2019-2034
4.8.2 Consumer products
4.8.2.1 Applications
4.8.2.2 Production volumes 2019-2034
4.8.3 Automotive
4.8.3.1 Applications
4.8.3.2 Production volumes 2019-2034
4.8.4 Building & construction
4.8.4.1 Applications
4.8.4.2 Production volumes 2019-2034
4.8.5 Textiles
4.8.5.1 Apparel
4.8.5.2 Footwear
4.8.5.3 Medical textiles
4.8.5.4 Production volumes 2019-2034
4.8.6 Electronics
4.8.6.1 Applications
4.8.6.1.1 Bioplastics in injection moulded electronics parts
4.8.6.1.2 Biodegradable substrates
4.8.6.1.3 Sustainable Chemistry
4.8.6.2 Production volumes 2019-2034
4.8.7 Agriculture and horticulture
4.8.7.1 Production volumes 2019-2034
4.9 NATURAL FIBERS IN BIOPLASTICS
4.9.1 Manufacturing method, matrix materials and applications of natural fibers
4.9.2 Advantages of natural fibers
4.9.3 Natural fiber biopolymer markets
4.9.3.1 Composites
4.9.3.2 Applications
4.9.3.3 Natural fiber injection moulding compounds
4.9.3.3.1 Properties
4.9.3.3.2 Applications
4.9.3.4 Non-woven natural fiber mat composites
4.9.3.4.1 Automotive
4.9.3.4.2 Applications
4.9.3.5 Aligned natural fiber-reinforced composites
4.9.3.6 Natural fiber biobased polymer compounds
4.9.3.7 Natural fiber biobased polymer non-woven mats
4.9.3.7.1 Flax
4.9.3.7.2 Kenaf
4.9.3.8 Natural fiber thermoset bioresin composites
4.9.3.9 Aerospace
4.9.3.9.1 Market overview
4.9.3.10 Automotive
4.9.3.10.1 Market overview
4.9.3.10.2 Applications of natural fibers
4.9.3.11 Packaging
4.9.3.11.1 Market overview
4.9.4 Global production of natural fibers
4.9.4.1 Overall global fibers market
4.9.4.2 Plant-based fiber production
4.9.4.3 Animal-based natural fiber production
4.10 COMPANY PROFILES 381 (517 company profiles)
5 ADVANCED (CHEMICAL) PLASTICS RECYCLING MARKET
5.1 Classification of recycling technologies
5.2 Market drivers and trends
5.3 Industry news, funding and developments 2020-2023
5.4 Capacities
5.5 Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology
5.5.1 PE
5.5.2 PP
5.5.3 PET
5.5.4 PS
5.5.5 Nylon
5.5.6 Others
5.6 Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology, by region
5.6.1 Europe
5.6.2 North America
5.6.3 South America
5.6.4 Asia
5.6.5 Oceania
5.6.6 Africa
5.7 Chemically recycled plastic products
5.8 Market map
5.9 Value chain
5.10 Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) of advanced plastics recycling processes
5.10.1 PE
5.10.2 PP
5.10.3 PET
5.11 Recycled plastic yield and cost
5.11.1 Plastic yield of each chemical recycling technologies
5.11.2 Prices
5.12 Market challenges
6 THE ADVANCED (CHEMICAL) RECYCLING MARKET
6.1 Applications
6.2 Pyrolysis
6.2.1 Non-catalytic
6.2.2 Catalytic
6.2.2.1 Polystyrene pyrolysis
6.2.2.2 Pyrolysis for production of bio fuel
6.2.2.3 Used tires pyrolysis
6.2.2.3.1 Conversion to biofuel
6.2.2.4 Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes
6.2.3 SWOT analysis
6.2.4 Companies and capacities
6.3 Gasification
6.3.1 Technology overview
6.3.1.1 Syngas conversion to methanol
6.3.1.2 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
6.3.1.3 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
6.3.2 SWOT analysis
6.3.3 Companies and capacities (current and planned)
6.4 Dissolution
6.4.1 Technology overview
6.4.2 SWOT analysis
6.4.3 Companies and capacities (current and planned)
6.5 Depolymerisation
6.5.1 Hydrolysis
6.5.1.1 Technology overview
6.5.1.2 SWOT analysis
6.5.2 Enzymolysis
6.5.2.1 Technology overview
6.5.2.2 SWOT analysis
6.5.3 Methanolysis
6.5.3.1 Technology overview
6.5.3.2 SWOT analysis
6.5.4 Glycolysis
6.5.4.1 Technology overview
6.5.4.2 SWOT analysis
6.5.5 Aminolysis
6.5.5.1 Technology overview
6.5.5.2 SWOT analysis
6.5.6 Companies and capacities (current and planned)
6.6 Other advanced chemical recycling technologies
6.6.1 Hydrothermal cracking
6.6.2 Pyrolysis with in-line reforming
6.6.3 Microwave-assisted pyrolysis
6.6.4 Plasma pyrolysis
6.6.5 Plasma gasification
6.6.6 Supercritical fluids
6.6.7 Carbon fiber recycling
6.6.7.1 Processes
6.6.7.2 Companies
6.8 COMPANY PROFILES 877 (164 company profiles)
8 GLOSSARY OF TERMS
9 REFERENCES 1018
2 INTRODUCTION
2.1 Global production of plastics
2.2 The importance of plastic
2.3 Issues with plastics use
2.4 Bio-based or renewable plastics
2.4.1 Drop-in bio-based plastics
2.4.2 Novel bio-based plastics
2.5 Biodegradable and compostable plastics
2.5.1 Biodegradability
2.5.2 Compostability
2.6 Plastic pollution
2.7 Policy and regulations
2.8 The circular economy
2.9 Plastic recycling
2.9.1 Mechanical recycling
2.9.1.1 Closed-loop mechanical recycling
2.9.1.2 Open-loop mechanical recycling
2.9.1.3 Polymer types, use, and recovery
2.9.2 Advanced recycling (molecular recycling, chemical recycling)
2.9.2.1 Main streams of plastic waste
2.9.2.2 Comparison of mechanical and advanced chemical recycling
2.10 Life cycle assessment
3 BIO-BASED FEEDSTOCKS AND INTERMEDIATES MARKET
3.1 BIOREFINERIES
3.2 BIO-BASED FEEDSTOCK AND LAND USE
3.3 PLANT-BASED
3.3.1 STARCH
3.3.1.1 Overview
3.3.1.2 Sources
3.3.1.3 Global production
3.3.1.4 Lysine
3.3.1.4.1 Source
3.3.1.4.2 Applications
3.3.1.4.3 Global production
3.3.1.5 Glucose
3.3.1.5.1 HMDA
3.3.1.5.1.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.1.2 Sources
3.3.1.5.1.3 Applications
3.3.1.5.1.4 Global production
3.3.1.5.2 1,5-diaminopentane (DA5)
3.3.1.5.2.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.2.2 Sources
3.3.1.5.2.3 Applications
3.3.1.5.2.4 Global production
3.3.1.5.3 Sorbitol
3.3.1.5.3.1 Isosorbide
3.3.1.5.3.1.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.3.1.2 Sources
3.3.1.5.3.1.3 Applications
3.3.1.5.3.1.4 Global production
3.3.1.5.4 Lactic acid
3.3.1.5.4.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.4.2 D-lactic acid
3.3.1.5.4.3 L-lactic acid
3.3.1.5.4.4 Lactide
3.3.1.5.5 Itaconic acid
3.3.1.5.5.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.5.2 Sources
3.3.1.5.5.3 Applications
3.3.1.5.5.4 Global production
3.3.1.5.6 3-HP
3.3.1.5.6.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.6.2 Sources
3.3.1.5.6.3 Applications
3.3.1.5.6.4 Global production
3.3.1.5.6.5 Acrylic acid
3.3.1.5.6.5.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.6.5.2 Applications
3.3.1.5.6.5.3 Global production
3.3.1.5.6.6 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO)
3.3.1.5.6.6.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.6.6.2 Applications
3.3.1.5.6.6.3 Global production
3.3.1.5.7 Succinic Acid
3.3.1.5.7.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.7.2 Sources
3.3.1.5.7.3 Applications
3.3.1.5.7.4 Global production
3.3.1.5.7.5 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO)
3.3.1.5.7.5.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.7.5.2 Applications
3.3.1.5.7.5.3 Gobal production
3.3.1.5.7.6 Tetrahydrofuran (THF)
3.3.1.5.7.6.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.7.6.2 Applications
3.3.1.5.7.6.3 Global production
3.3.1.5.8 Adipic acid
3.3.1.5.8.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.8.2 Applications
3.3.1.5.8.3 Caprolactame
3.3.1.5.8.3.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.8.3.2 Applications
3.3.1.5.8.3.3 Global production
3.3.1.5.9 Isobutanol
3.3.1.5.9.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.9.2 Sources
3.3.1.5.9.3 Applications
3.3.1.5.9.4 Global production
3.3.1.5.9.5 p-Xylene
3.3.1.5.9.5.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.9.5.2 Sources
3.3.1.5.9.5.3 Applications
3.3.1.5.9.5.4 Global production
3.3.1.5.9.5.5 Terephthalic acid
3.3.1.5.9.5.6 Overview
3.3.1.5.9.5.6.1 Applications
3.3.1.5.9.5.6.2 Global production
3.3.1.5.10 1,3 Proppanediol
3.3.1.5.10.1.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.10.2 Sources
3.3.1.5.10.3 Applications
3.3.1.5.10.4 Global production
3.3.1.5.11 Monoethylene glycol (MEG)
3.3.1.5.11.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.11.2 Sources
3.3.1.5.11.3 Applications
3.3.1.5.11.4 Global production
3.3.1.5.12 Ethanol
3.3.1.5.12.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.12.2 Sources
3.3.1.5.12.3 Applications
3.3.1.5.12.4 Global production
3.3.1.5.12.5 Ethylene
3.3.1.5.12.5.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.12.5.2 Applications
3.3.1.5.12.5.3 Global production
3.3.1.5.12.5.4 Propylene
3.3.1.5.12.5.4.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.12.5.4.2 Applications
3.3.1.5.12.5.4.3 Global production
3.3.1.5.12.5.5 Vinyl chloride
3.3.1.5.12.5.5.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.12.5.5.2 Applications
3.3.1.5.12.5.5.3 Global production
3.3.1.5.12.6 Methly methacrylate
3.3.1.5.12.6.1.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.12.6.1.2 Applications
3.3.1.5.12.6.1.3 Global production
3.3.2 SUGAR CROPS
3.3.2.1 Saccharose
3.3.2.1.1 Aniline
3.3.2.1.1.1 Overview
3.3.2.1.1.2 Applications
3.3.2.1.1.3 Global production
3.3.2.1.2 Fructose
3.3.2.1.2.1 Overview
3.3.2.1.2.2 Applications
3.3.2.1.2.3 Global production
3.3.2.1.2.4 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF)
3.3.2.1.2.4.1 Overview
3.3.2.1.2.4.2 Applications
3.3.2.1.2.4.3 Global production
3.3.2.1.2.5 5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF)
3.3.2.1.2.5.1 Overview
3.3.2.1.2.5.2 Applications
3.3.2.1.2.5.3 Global production
3.3.2.1.2.6 Levulinic Acid
3.3.2.1.2.6.1 Overview
3.3.2.1.2.6.2 Applications
3.3.2.1.2.6.3 Global production
3.3.2.1.2.7 FDME
3.3.2.1.2.7.1 Overview
3.3.2.1.2.7.2 Applications
3.3.2.1.2.7.3 Global production
3.3.2.1.2.8 2,5-FDCA
3.3.2.1.2.8.1 Overview
3.3.2.1.2.8.2 Applications
3.3.2.1.2.8.3 Global production
3.3.3 LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS
3.3.3.1 Levoglucosenone
3.3.3.1.1 Overview
3.3.3.1.2 Applications
3.3.3.1.3 Global production
3.3.3.2 Hemicellulose
3.3.3.2.1 Overview
3.3.3.2.2 Biochemicals from hemicellulose
3.3.3.2.3 Global production
3.3.3.2.4 Furfural
3.3.3.2.4.1 Overview
3.3.3.2.4.2 Applications
3.3.3.2.4.3 Global production
3.3.3.2.4.4 Furfuyl alcohol
3.3.3.2.4.4.1 Overview
3.3.3.2.4.4.2 Applications
3.3.3.2.4.4.3 Global production
3.3.3.3 Lignin
3.3.3.3.1 Overview
3.3.3.3.2 Sources
3.3.3.3.3 Applications
3.3.3.3.3.1 Aromatic compounds
3.3.3.3.3.1.1 Benzene, toluene and xylene
3.3.3.3.3.1.2 Phenol and phenolic resins
3.3.3.3.3.1.3 Vanillin
3.3.3.3.3.2 Polymers
3.3.3.3.4 Global production
3.3.4 PLANT OILS
3.3.4.1 Overview
3.3.4.2 Glycerol
3.3.4.2.1 Overview
3.3.4.2.2 Applications
3.3.4.2.3 Global production
3.3.4.2.4 MPG
3.3.4.2.4.1 Overview
3.3.4.2.4.2 Applications
3.3.4.2.4.3 Global production
3.3.4.2.5 ECH
3.3.4.2.5.1 Overview
3.3.4.2.5.2 Applications
3.3.4.2.5.3 Global production
3.3.4.3 Fatty acids
3.3.4.3.1 Overview
3.3.4.3.2 Applications
3.3.4.3.3 Global production
3.3.4.4 Castor oil
3.3.4.4.1 Overview
3.3.4.4.2 Sebacic acid
3.3.4.4.2.1 Overview
3.3.4.4.2.2 Applications
3.3.4.4.2.3 Global production
3.3.4.4.3 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA)
3.3.4.4.3.1 Overview
3.3.4.4.3.2 Applications
3.3.4.4.3.3 Global production
3.3.4.5 Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA)
3.3.4.5.1 Overview
3.3.4.5.2 Applications
3.3.4.5.3 Global production
3.3.4.6 Pentamethylene diisocyanate
3.3.4.6.1 Overview
3.3.4.6.2 Applications
3.3.4.6.3 Global production
3.3.5 NON-EDIBIBLE MILK
3.3.5.1 Casein
3.3.5.1.1 Overview
3.3.5.1.2 Applications
3.3.5.1.3 Global production
3.4 WASTE
3.4.1 Food waste
3.4.1.1 Overview
3.4.1.2 Products and applications
3.4.1.2.1 Global production
3.4.2 Agricultural waste
3.4.2.1 Overview
3.4.2.2 Products and applications
3.4.2.3 Global production
3.4.3 Forestry waste
3.4.3.1 Overview
3.4.3.2 Products and applications
3.4.3.3 Global production
3.4.4 Aquaculture/fishing waste
3.4.4.1 Overview
3.4.4.2 Products and applications
3.4.4.3 Global production
3.4.5 Municipal solid waste
3.4.5.1 Overview
3.4.5.2 Products and applications
3.4.5.3 Global production
3.4.6 Industrial waste
3.4.6.1 Overview
3.4.7 Waste oils
3.4.7.1 Overview
3.4.7.2 Products and applications
3.4.7.3 Global production
3.5 MICROBIAL & MINERAL SOURCES
3.5.1 Microalgae
3.5.1.1 Overview
3.5.1.2 Products and applications
3.5.1.3 Global production
3.5.2 Macroalgae
3.5.2.1 Overview
3.5.2.2 Products and applications
3.5.2.3 Global production
3.5.3 Mineral sources
3.5.3.1 Overview
3.5.3.2 Products and applications
3.6 GASEOUS
3.6.1 Biogas
3.6.1.1 Overview
3.6.1.2 Products and applications
3.6.1.3 Global production
3.6.2 Syngas
3.6.2.1 Overview
3.6.2.2 Products and applications
3.6.2.3 Global production
3.6.3 Off gases - fermentation CO2, CO
3.6.3.1 Overview
3.6.3.2 Products and applications
3.7 COMPANY PROFILES 176 (115 company profiles)
4 BIO-BASED PLASTICS MARKET
4.1 BIO-BASED OR RENEWABLE PLASTICS
4.1.1 Drop-in bio-based plastics
4.1.2 Novel bio-based plastics
4.2 BIODEGRADABLE AND COMPOSTABLE PLASTICS
4.2.1 Biodegradability
4.2.2 Compostability
4.3 TYPES
4.4 KEY MARKET PLAYERS
4.5 SYNTHETIC BIO-BASED POLYMERS
4.5.1 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
4.5.1.1 Market analysis
4.5.1.2 Production
4.5.1.3 Producers and production capacities, current and planned
4.5.1.3.1 Lactic acid producers and production capacities
4.5.1.3.2 PLA producers and production capacities
4.5.1.3.3 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
4.5.2 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)
4.5.2.1 Market analysis
4.5.2.2 Producers and production capacities
4.5.2.3 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
4.5.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)
4.5.3.1 Market analysis
4.5.3.2 Producers and production capacities
4.5.3.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
4.5.4 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)
4.5.4.1 Market analysis
4.5.4.2 Comparative properties to PET
4.5.4.3 Producers and production capacities
4.5.4.3.1 FDCA and PEF producers and production capacities
4.5.4.3.2 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes).
4.5.5 Polyamides (Bio-PA)
4.5.5.1 Market analysis
4.5.5.2 Producers and production capacities
4.5.5.3 Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
4.5.6 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)
4.5.6.1 Market analysis
4.5.6.2 Producers and production capacities
4.5.6.3 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
4.5.7 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers
4.5.7.1 Market analysis
4.5.7.2 Producers and production capacities
4.5.7.3 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
4.5.8 Polyethylene (Bio-PE)
4.5.8.1 Market analysis
4.5.8.2 Producers and production capacities
4.5.8.3 Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes).
4.5.9 Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
4.5.9.1 Market analysis
4.5.9.2 Producers and production capacities
4.5.9.3 Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
4.6 NATURAL BIO-BASED POLYMERS
4.6.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
4.6.1.1 Technology description
4.6.1.2 Types
4.6.1.2.1 PHB
4.6.1.2.2 PHBV
4.6.1.3 Synthesis and production processes
4.6.1.4 Market analysis
4.6.1.5 Commercially available PHAs
4.6.1.6 Markets for PHAs
4.6.1.6.1 Packaging
4.6.1.6.2 Cosmetics
4.6.1.6.2.1 PHA microspheres
4.6.1.6.3 Medical
4.6.1.6.3.1 Tissue engineering
4.6.1.6.3.2 Drug delivery
4.6.1.6.4 Agriculture
4.6.1.6.4.1 Mulch film
4.6.1.6.4.2 Grow bags
4.6.1.7 Producers and production capacities
4.6.1.8 PHA production capacities 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
4.6.2 Cellulose
4.6.2.1 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
4.6.2.1.1 Market analysis
4.6.2.1.2 Producers and production capacities
4.6.2.2 Nanocellulose
4.6.2.2.1 Cellulose nanocrystals
4.6.2.2.1.1 Synthesis
4.6.2.2.1.2 Properties
4.6.2.2.1.3 Production
4.6.2.2.1.4 Applications
4.6.2.2.1.5 Market analysis
4.6.2.2.1.6 Producers and production capacities
4.6.2.2.2 Cellulose nanofibers
4.6.2.2.2.1 Applications
4.6.2.2.2.2 Market analysis
4.6.2.2.2.3 Producers and production capacities
4.6.2.2.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
4.6.2.2.3.1 Production
4.6.2.2.3.2 Applications
4.6.3 Protein-based bioplastics
4.6.3.1 Types, applications and producers
4.6.4 Algal and fungal
4.6.4.1 Algal
4.6.4.1.1 Advantages
4.6.4.1.2 Production
4.6.4.1.3 Producers
4.6.4.2 Mycelium
4.6.4.2.1 Properties
4.6.4.2.2 Applications
4.6.4.2.3 Commercialization
4.6.5 Chitosan
4.6.5.1 Technology description
4.7 PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED AND BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS, BY REGION
4.7.1 North America
4.7.2 Europe
4.7.3 Asia-Pacific
4.7.3.1 China
4.7.3.2 Japan
4.7.3.3 Thailand
4.7.3.4 Indonesia
4.7.4 Latin America
4.8 MARKET SEGMENTATION OF BIOPLASTICS
4.8.1 Packaging
4.8.1.1 Processes for bioplastics in packaging
4.8.1.2 Applications
4.8.1.3 Flexible packaging
4.8.1.3.1 Production volumes 2019-2034
4.8.1.4 Rigid packaging
4.8.1.4.1 Production volumes 2019-2034
4.8.2 Consumer products
4.8.2.1 Applications
4.8.2.2 Production volumes 2019-2034
4.8.3 Automotive
4.8.3.1 Applications
4.8.3.2 Production volumes 2019-2034
4.8.4 Building & construction
4.8.4.1 Applications
4.8.4.2 Production volumes 2019-2034
4.8.5 Textiles
4.8.5.1 Apparel
4.8.5.2 Footwear
4.8.5.3 Medical textiles
4.8.5.4 Production volumes 2019-2034
4.8.6 Electronics
4.8.6.1 Applications
4.8.6.1.1 Bioplastics in injection moulded electronics parts
4.8.6.1.2 Biodegradable substrates
4.8.6.1.3 Sustainable Chemistry
4.8.6.2 Production volumes 2019-2034
4.8.7 Agriculture and horticulture
4.8.7.1 Production volumes 2019-2034
4.9 NATURAL FIBERS IN BIOPLASTICS
4.9.1 Manufacturing method, matrix materials and applications of natural fibers
4.9.2 Advantages of natural fibers
4.9.3 Natural fiber biopolymer markets
4.9.3.1 Composites
4.9.3.2 Applications
4.9.3.3 Natural fiber injection moulding compounds
4.9.3.3.1 Properties
4.9.3.3.2 Applications
4.9.3.4 Non-woven natural fiber mat composites
4.9.3.4.1 Automotive
4.9.3.4.2 Applications
4.9.3.5 Aligned natural fiber-reinforced composites
4.9.3.6 Natural fiber biobased polymer compounds
4.9.3.7 Natural fiber biobased polymer non-woven mats
4.9.3.7.1 Flax
4.9.3.7.2 Kenaf
4.9.3.8 Natural fiber thermoset bioresin composites
4.9.3.9 Aerospace
4.9.3.9.1 Market overview
4.9.3.10 Automotive
4.9.3.10.1 Market overview
4.9.3.10.2 Applications of natural fibers
4.9.3.11 Packaging
4.9.3.11.1 Market overview
4.9.4 Global production of natural fibers
4.9.4.1 Overall global fibers market
4.9.4.2 Plant-based fiber production
4.9.4.3 Animal-based natural fiber production
4.10 COMPANY PROFILES 381 (517 company profiles)
5 ADVANCED (CHEMICAL) PLASTICS RECYCLING MARKET
5.1 Classification of recycling technologies
5.2 Market drivers and trends
5.3 Industry news, funding and developments 2020-2023
5.4 Capacities
5.5 Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology
5.5.1 PE
5.5.2 PP
5.5.3 PET
5.5.4 PS
5.5.5 Nylon
5.5.6 Others
5.6 Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology, by region
5.6.1 Europe
5.6.2 North America
5.6.3 South America
5.6.4 Asia
5.6.5 Oceania
5.6.6 Africa
5.7 Chemically recycled plastic products
5.8 Market map
5.9 Value chain
5.10 Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) of advanced plastics recycling processes
5.10.1 PE
5.10.2 PP
5.10.3 PET
5.11 Recycled plastic yield and cost
5.11.1 Plastic yield of each chemical recycling technologies
5.11.2 Prices
5.12 Market challenges
6 THE ADVANCED (CHEMICAL) RECYCLING MARKET
6.1 Applications
6.2 Pyrolysis
6.2.1 Non-catalytic
6.2.2 Catalytic
6.2.2.1 Polystyrene pyrolysis
6.2.2.2 Pyrolysis for production of bio fuel
6.2.2.3 Used tires pyrolysis
6.2.2.3.1 Conversion to biofuel
6.2.2.4 Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes
6.2.3 SWOT analysis
6.2.4 Companies and capacities
6.3 Gasification
6.3.1 Technology overview
6.3.1.1 Syngas conversion to methanol
6.3.1.2 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
6.3.1.3 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
6.3.2 SWOT analysis
6.3.3 Companies and capacities (current and planned)
6.4 Dissolution
6.4.1 Technology overview
6.4.2 SWOT analysis
6.4.3 Companies and capacities (current and planned)
6.5 Depolymerisation
6.5.1 Hydrolysis
6.5.1.1 Technology overview
6.5.1.2 SWOT analysis
6.5.2 Enzymolysis
6.5.2.1 Technology overview
6.5.2.2 SWOT analysis
6.5.3 Methanolysis
6.5.3.1 Technology overview
6.5.3.2 SWOT analysis
6.5.4 Glycolysis
6.5.4.1 Technology overview
6.5.4.2 SWOT analysis
6.5.5 Aminolysis
6.5.5.1 Technology overview
6.5.5.2 SWOT analysis
6.5.6 Companies and capacities (current and planned)
6.6 Other advanced chemical recycling technologies
6.6.1 Hydrothermal cracking
6.6.2 Pyrolysis with in-line reforming
6.6.3 Microwave-assisted pyrolysis
6.6.4 Plasma pyrolysis
6.6.5 Plasma gasification
6.6.6 Supercritical fluids
6.6.7 Carbon fiber recycling
6.6.7.1 Processes
6.6.7.2 Companies
6.8 COMPANY PROFILES 877 (164 company profiles)
8 GLOSSARY OF TERMS
9 REFERENCES 1018
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Issues related to the use of plastics.
Table 2. Type of biodegradation.
Table 3. Overview of the recycling technologies.
Table 4. Polymer types, use, and recovery.
Table 5. Composition of plastic waste streams.
Table 6. Comparison of mechanical and advanced chemical recycling.
Table 7. Life cycle assessment of virgin plastic production, mechanical recycling and chemical recycling.
Table 8. Life cycle assessment of chemical recycling technologies (pyrolysis, gasification, depolymerization and dissolution).
Table 9. Plant-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced.
Table 10. Waste-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced.
Table 11. Microbial and mineral-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced.
Table 12. Common starch sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals.
Table 13. Common lysine sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals.
Table 14. Applications of lysine as a feedstock for biochemicals.
Table 15. HDMA sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals.
Table 16. Applications of bio-based HDMA.
Table 17. Biobased feedstocks that can be used to produce 1,5-diaminopentane (DA5).
Table 18. Applications of DN5.
Table 19. Biobased feedstocks for isosorbide.
Table 20. Applications of bio-based isosorbide.
Table 21. Lactide applications.
Table 22. Biobased feedstock sources for itaconic acid.
Table 23. Applications of bio-based itaconic acid.
Table 24. Biobased feedstock sources for 3-HP.
Table 25. Applications of 3-HP.
Table 26. Applications of bio-based acrylic acid.
Table 27. Applications of bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO).
Table 28. Biobased feedstock sources for Succinic acid.
Table 29. Applications of succinic acid.
Table 30. Applications of bio-based 1,4-Butanediol (BDO).
Table 31. Applications of bio-based Tetrahydrofuran (THF).
Table 32. Applications of bio-based adipic acid.
Table 33. Applications of bio-based caprolactam.
Table 34. Biobased feedstock sources for isobutanol.
Table 35. Applications of bio-based isobutanol.
Table 36. Biobased feedstock sources for p-Xylene.
Table 37. Applications of bio-based p-Xylene.
Table 38. Applications of bio-based Terephthalic acid (TPA).
Table 39. Biobased feedstock sources for 1,3 Proppanediol.
Table 40. Applications of bio-based 1,3 Proppanediol.
Table 41. Biobased feedstock sources for MEG.
Table 42. Applications of bio-based MEG.
Table 43. Biobased MEG producers capacities.
Table 44. Biobased feedstock sources for ethanol.
Table 45. Applications of bio-based ethanol.
Table 46. Applications of bio-based ethylene.
Table 47. Applications of bio-based propylene.
Table 48. Applications of bio-based vinyl chloride.
Table 49. Applications of bio-based Methly methacrylate.
Table 50. Applications of bio-based aniline.
Table 51. Applications of biobased fructose.
Table 52. Applications of bio-based 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF).
Table 53. Applications of 5-(Chloromethyl)furfural (CMF).
Table 54. Applications of Levulinic acid.
Table 55. Markets and applications for bio-based FDME.
Table 56. Applications of FDCA.
Table 57. Markets and applications for bio-based levoglucosenone.
Table 58. Biochemicals derived from hemicellulose
Table 59. Markets and applications for bio-based hemicellulose
Table 60. Markets and applications for bio-based furfuryl alcohol.
Table 61. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
Table 62. Lignin aromatic compound products.
Table 63. Prices of benzene, toluene, xylene and their derivatives.
Table 64. Lignin products in polymeric materials.
Table 65. Application of lignin in plastics and composites.
Table 66. Markets and applications for bio-based glycerol.
Table 67. Markets and applications for Bio-based MPG.
Table 68. Markets and applications: Bio-based ECH.
Table 69. Mineral source products and applications.
Table 70. Type of biodegradation.
Table 71. Advantages and disadvantages of biobased plastics compared to conventional plastics.
Table 72. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics, applications.
Table 73. Key market players by Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastic types.
Table 74. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 75. Lactic acid producers and production capacities.
Table 76. PLA producers and production capacities.
Table 77. Planned PLA capacity expansions in China.
Table 78. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 79. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers and production capacities,
Table 80. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 81. Production capacities of Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), by leading producers.
Table 82. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 83. PEF vs. PET.
Table 84. FDCA and PEF producers.
Table 85. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) market analysis - manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 86. Leading Bio-PA producers production capacities.
Table 87. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 88. Leading PBAT producers, production capacities and brands.
Table 89. Bio-PBS market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 90. Leading PBS producers and production capacities.
Table 91. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 92. Leading Bio-PE producers.
Table 93. Bio-PP market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 94. Leading Bio-PP producers and capacities.
Table 95.Types of PHAs and properties.
Table 96. Comparison of the physical properties of different PHAs with conventional petroleum-based polymers.
Table 97. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) extraction methods.
Table 98. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis.
Table 99. Commercially available PHAs.
Table 100. Markets and applications for PHAs.
Table 101. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging.
Table 102. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers.
Table 103. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 104. Leading MFC producers and capacities.
Table 105. Synthesis methods for cellulose nanocrystals (CNC).
Table 106. CNC sources, size and yield.
Table 107. CNC properties.
Table 108. Mechanical properties of CNC and other reinforcement materials.
Table 109. Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC).
Table 110. Cellulose nanocrystals analysis.
Table 111: Cellulose nanocrystal production capacities and production process, by producer.
Table 112. Applications of cellulose nanofibers (CNF).
Table 113. Cellulose nanofibers market analysis.
Table 114. CNF production capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes.
Table 115. Applications of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC).
Table 116. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies.
Table 117. Types of algal and fungal based-bioplastics, applications and companies.
Table 118. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size.
Table 119. Companies developing algal-based bioplastics.
Table 120. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 121. Companies developing mycelium-based bioplastics.
Table 122. Overview of chitosan-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 123. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics in 2019-2034, by region, 1,000 tonnes.
Table 124. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in North America.
Table 125. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Europe.
Table 126. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Asia-Pacific.
Table 127. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Latin America.
Table 128. Processes for bioplastics in packaging.
Table 129. Comparison of bioplastics (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging.
Table 130. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging.
Table 131. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging.
Table 132. Bio-based and non-toxic materials in sustainable electronics.
Table 133. Biodegradable substrates for PCBs.
Table 134. Types of next-gen natural fibers.
Table 135. Application, manufacturing method, and matrix materials of natural fibers.
Table 136. Typical properties of natural fibers.
Table 137. Applications of natural fiber composites.
Table 138. Typical properties of short natural fiber-thermoplastic composites.
Table 139. Properties of non-woven natural fiber mat composites.
Table 140. Properties of aligned natural fiber composites.
Table 141. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer compounds.
Table 142. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer non-woven mats.
Table 143. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
Table 144. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite in the automotive market.
Table 145. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
Table 146. Applications of natural fibers in the automotive industry.
Table 147. Natural fibers in the packaging sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
Table 148. Lactips plastic pellets.
Table 149. Oji Holdings CNF products.
Table 150. Types of recycling.
Table 151. Market drivers and trends in the advanced chemical recycling market.
Table 152. Advanced chemical recycling industry news, funding and developments 2020-2023.
Table 153. Advanced plastics recycling capacities, by technology.
Table 154. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PE (million tonnes).
Table 155. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PP (million tonnes).
Table 156. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PET (million tonnes).
Table 157. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PS (million tonnes).
Table 158. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for Nylon (million tonnes).
Table 159. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for Other types (million tonnes).*
Table 160. Global polymer demand in Europe, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Table 161. Global polymer demand in North America, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Table 162. Global polymer demand in South America, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Table 163. Global polymer demand in Asia, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Table 164. Global polymer demand in Oceania, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Table 165. Global polymer demand in Africa, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Table 166. Example chemically recycled plastic products.
Table 167. Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) of Advanced Chemical Recycling Processes.
Table 168. Life cycle assessment of mechanically versus chemically recycling polyethylene (PE).
Table 169. Life cycle assessment of mechanically versus chemically recycling polypropylene (PP).
Table 170. Life cycle assessment of mechanically versus chemically recycling polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
Table 171. Plastic yield of each chemical recycling technologies.
Table 172. Chemically recycled plastics prices in USD.
Table 173. Challenges in the advanced chemical recycling market.
Table 174. Applications of chemically recycled materials.
Table 175. Summary of non-catalytic pyrolysis technologies.
Table 176. Summary of catalytic pyrolysis technologies.
Table 177. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions.
Table 178. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield.
Table 179. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process.
Table 180. Pyrolysis companies and plant capacities, current and planned.
Table 181. Summary of gasification technologies.
Table 182. Advanced recycling (Gasification) companies.
Table 183. Summary of dissolution technologies.
Table 184. Advanced recycling (Dissolution) companies
Table 185. Depolymerisation processes for PET, PU, PC and PA, products and yields.
Table 186. Summary of hydrolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers.
Table 187. Summary of Enzymolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers.
Table 188. Summary of methanolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers.
Table 189. Summary of glycolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers.
Table 190. Summary of aminolysis technologies.
Table 191. Advanced recycling (Depolymerisation) companies and capacities (current and planned).
Table 192. Overview of hydrothermal cracking for advanced chemical recycling.
Table 193. Overview of Pyrolysis with in-line reforming for advanced chemical recycling.
Table 194. Overview of microwave-assisted pyrolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Table 195. Overview of plasma pyrolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Table 196. Overview of plasma gasification for advanced chemical recycling.
Table 197. Summary of carbon fiber (CF) recycling technologies. Advantages and disadvantages.
Table 198. Retention rate of tensile properties of recovered carbon fibres by different recycling processes.
Table 199. Recycled carbon fiber producers, technology and capacity.
Table 1. Issues related to the use of plastics.
Table 2. Type of biodegradation.
Table 3. Overview of the recycling technologies.
Table 4. Polymer types, use, and recovery.
Table 5. Composition of plastic waste streams.
Table 6. Comparison of mechanical and advanced chemical recycling.
Table 7. Life cycle assessment of virgin plastic production, mechanical recycling and chemical recycling.
Table 8. Life cycle assessment of chemical recycling technologies (pyrolysis, gasification, depolymerization and dissolution).
Table 9. Plant-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced.
Table 10. Waste-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced.
Table 11. Microbial and mineral-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced.
Table 12. Common starch sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals.
Table 13. Common lysine sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals.
Table 14. Applications of lysine as a feedstock for biochemicals.
Table 15. HDMA sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals.
Table 16. Applications of bio-based HDMA.
Table 17. Biobased feedstocks that can be used to produce 1,5-diaminopentane (DA5).
Table 18. Applications of DN5.
Table 19. Biobased feedstocks for isosorbide.
Table 20. Applications of bio-based isosorbide.
Table 21. Lactide applications.
Table 22. Biobased feedstock sources for itaconic acid.
Table 23. Applications of bio-based itaconic acid.
Table 24. Biobased feedstock sources for 3-HP.
Table 25. Applications of 3-HP.
Table 26. Applications of bio-based acrylic acid.
Table 27. Applications of bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO).
Table 28. Biobased feedstock sources for Succinic acid.
Table 29. Applications of succinic acid.
Table 30. Applications of bio-based 1,4-Butanediol (BDO).
Table 31. Applications of bio-based Tetrahydrofuran (THF).
Table 32. Applications of bio-based adipic acid.
Table 33. Applications of bio-based caprolactam.
Table 34. Biobased feedstock sources for isobutanol.
Table 35. Applications of bio-based isobutanol.
Table 36. Biobased feedstock sources for p-Xylene.
Table 37. Applications of bio-based p-Xylene.
Table 38. Applications of bio-based Terephthalic acid (TPA).
Table 39. Biobased feedstock sources for 1,3 Proppanediol.
Table 40. Applications of bio-based 1,3 Proppanediol.
Table 41. Biobased feedstock sources for MEG.
Table 42. Applications of bio-based MEG.
Table 43. Biobased MEG producers capacities.
Table 44. Biobased feedstock sources for ethanol.
Table 45. Applications of bio-based ethanol.
Table 46. Applications of bio-based ethylene.
Table 47. Applications of bio-based propylene.
Table 48. Applications of bio-based vinyl chloride.
Table 49. Applications of bio-based Methly methacrylate.
Table 50. Applications of bio-based aniline.
Table 51. Applications of biobased fructose.
Table 52. Applications of bio-based 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF).
Table 53. Applications of 5-(Chloromethyl)furfural (CMF).
Table 54. Applications of Levulinic acid.
Table 55. Markets and applications for bio-based FDME.
Table 56. Applications of FDCA.
Table 57. Markets and applications for bio-based levoglucosenone.
Table 58. Biochemicals derived from hemicellulose
Table 59. Markets and applications for bio-based hemicellulose
Table 60. Markets and applications for bio-based furfuryl alcohol.
Table 61. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
Table 62. Lignin aromatic compound products.
Table 63. Prices of benzene, toluene, xylene and their derivatives.
Table 64. Lignin products in polymeric materials.
Table 65. Application of lignin in plastics and composites.
Table 66. Markets and applications for bio-based glycerol.
Table 67. Markets and applications for Bio-based MPG.
Table 68. Markets and applications: Bio-based ECH.
Table 69. Mineral source products and applications.
Table 70. Type of biodegradation.
Table 71. Advantages and disadvantages of biobased plastics compared to conventional plastics.
Table 72. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics, applications.
Table 73. Key market players by Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastic types.
Table 74. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 75. Lactic acid producers and production capacities.
Table 76. PLA producers and production capacities.
Table 77. Planned PLA capacity expansions in China.
Table 78. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 79. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers and production capacities,
Table 80. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 81. Production capacities of Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), by leading producers.
Table 82. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 83. PEF vs. PET.
Table 84. FDCA and PEF producers.
Table 85. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) market analysis - manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 86. Leading Bio-PA producers production capacities.
Table 87. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 88. Leading PBAT producers, production capacities and brands.
Table 89. Bio-PBS market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 90. Leading PBS producers and production capacities.
Table 91. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 92. Leading Bio-PE producers.
Table 93. Bio-PP market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 94. Leading Bio-PP producers and capacities.
Table 95.Types of PHAs and properties.
Table 96. Comparison of the physical properties of different PHAs with conventional petroleum-based polymers.
Table 97. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) extraction methods.
Table 98. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis.
Table 99. Commercially available PHAs.
Table 100. Markets and applications for PHAs.
Table 101. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging.
Table 102. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers.
Table 103. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 104. Leading MFC producers and capacities.
Table 105. Synthesis methods for cellulose nanocrystals (CNC).
Table 106. CNC sources, size and yield.
Table 107. CNC properties.
Table 108. Mechanical properties of CNC and other reinforcement materials.
Table 109. Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC).
Table 110. Cellulose nanocrystals analysis.
Table 111: Cellulose nanocrystal production capacities and production process, by producer.
Table 112. Applications of cellulose nanofibers (CNF).
Table 113. Cellulose nanofibers market analysis.
Table 114. CNF production capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes.
Table 115. Applications of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC).
Table 116. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies.
Table 117. Types of algal and fungal based-bioplastics, applications and companies.
Table 118. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size.
Table 119. Companies developing algal-based bioplastics.
Table 120. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 121. Companies developing mycelium-based bioplastics.
Table 122. Overview of chitosan-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 123. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics in 2019-2034, by region, 1,000 tonnes.
Table 124. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in North America.
Table 125. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Europe.
Table 126. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Asia-Pacific.
Table 127. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Latin America.
Table 128. Processes for bioplastics in packaging.
Table 129. Comparison of bioplastics (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging.
Table 130. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging.
Table 131. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging.
Table 132. Bio-based and non-toxic materials in sustainable electronics.
Table 133. Biodegradable substrates for PCBs.
Table 134. Types of next-gen natural fibers.
Table 135. Application, manufacturing method, and matrix materials of natural fibers.
Table 136. Typical properties of natural fibers.
Table 137. Applications of natural fiber composites.
Table 138. Typical properties of short natural fiber-thermoplastic composites.
Table 139. Properties of non-woven natural fiber mat composites.
Table 140. Properties of aligned natural fiber composites.
Table 141. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer compounds.
Table 142. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer non-woven mats.
Table 143. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
Table 144. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite in the automotive market.
Table 145. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
Table 146. Applications of natural fibers in the automotive industry.
Table 147. Natural fibers in the packaging sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
Table 148. Lactips plastic pellets.
Table 149. Oji Holdings CNF products.
Table 150. Types of recycling.
Table 151. Market drivers and trends in the advanced chemical recycling market.
Table 152. Advanced chemical recycling industry news, funding and developments 2020-2023.
Table 153. Advanced plastics recycling capacities, by technology.
Table 154. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PE (million tonnes).
Table 155. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PP (million tonnes).
Table 156. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PET (million tonnes).
Table 157. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PS (million tonnes).
Table 158. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for Nylon (million tonnes).
Table 159. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for Other types (million tonnes).*
Table 160. Global polymer demand in Europe, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Table 161. Global polymer demand in North America, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Table 162. Global polymer demand in South America, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Table 163. Global polymer demand in Asia, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Table 164. Global polymer demand in Oceania, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Table 165. Global polymer demand in Africa, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Table 166. Example chemically recycled plastic products.
Table 167. Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) of Advanced Chemical Recycling Processes.
Table 168. Life cycle assessment of mechanically versus chemically recycling polyethylene (PE).
Table 169. Life cycle assessment of mechanically versus chemically recycling polypropylene (PP).
Table 170. Life cycle assessment of mechanically versus chemically recycling polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
Table 171. Plastic yield of each chemical recycling technologies.
Table 172. Chemically recycled plastics prices in USD.
Table 173. Challenges in the advanced chemical recycling market.
Table 174. Applications of chemically recycled materials.
Table 175. Summary of non-catalytic pyrolysis technologies.
Table 176. Summary of catalytic pyrolysis technologies.
Table 177. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions.
Table 178. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield.
Table 179. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process.
Table 180. Pyrolysis companies and plant capacities, current and planned.
Table 181. Summary of gasification technologies.
Table 182. Advanced recycling (Gasification) companies.
Table 183. Summary of dissolution technologies.
Table 184. Advanced recycling (Dissolution) companies
Table 185. Depolymerisation processes for PET, PU, PC and PA, products and yields.
Table 186. Summary of hydrolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers.
Table 187. Summary of Enzymolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers.
Table 188. Summary of methanolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers.
Table 189. Summary of glycolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers.
Table 190. Summary of aminolysis technologies.
Table 191. Advanced recycling (Depolymerisation) companies and capacities (current and planned).
Table 192. Overview of hydrothermal cracking for advanced chemical recycling.
Table 193. Overview of Pyrolysis with in-line reforming for advanced chemical recycling.
Table 194. Overview of microwave-assisted pyrolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Table 195. Overview of plasma pyrolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Table 196. Overview of plasma gasification for advanced chemical recycling.
Table 197. Summary of carbon fiber (CF) recycling technologies. Advantages and disadvantages.
Table 198. Retention rate of tensile properties of recovered carbon fibres by different recycling processes.
Table 199. Recycled carbon fiber producers, technology and capacity.
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Global plastics production 1950-2021, millions of tonnes.
Figure 2. Coca-Cola PlantBottle .
Figure 3. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics.
Figure 4. Global production, use, and fate of polymer resins, synthetic fibers, and additives.
Figure 5. The circular plastic economy.
Figure 6. Current management systems for waste plastics.
Figure 7. Overview of the different circular pathways for plastics.
Figure 8. Schematic of biorefinery processes.
Figure 9. Global production of starch for biobased chemicals and intermediates, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).
Figure 10. Global production of biobased lysine, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 11. Global glucose production for bio-based chemicals and intermediates 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).
Figure 12. Global production volumes of bio-HMDA, 2018 to 2034 in metric tonnes.
Figure 13. Global production of bio-based DN5, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 14. Global production of bio-based isosorbide, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 15. L-lactic acid (L-LA) production, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 16. Global lactide production, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 17. Global production of bio-itaconic acid, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 18. Global production of 3-HP, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 19. Global production of bio-based acrylic acid, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 20. Global production of bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 21. Global production of bio-based Succinic acid, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 22. Global production of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 23. Global production of bio-based tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 24. Overview of Toray process.
Figure 25. Global production of bio-based caprolactam, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 26. Global production of bio-based isobutanol, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 27. Global production of bio-based p-xylene, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 28. Global production of biobased terephthalic acid (TPA), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 29. Global production of biobased 1,3 Proppanediol, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 30. Global production of biobased MEG, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 31. Global production of biobased ethanol, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).
Figure 32. Global production of biobased ethylene, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).
Figure 33. Global production of biobased propylene, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 34. Global production of biobased vinyl chloride, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 35. Global production of bio-based Methly methacrylate, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 36. Global production of biobased aniline, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 37. Global production of biobased fructose, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 38. Global production of biobased 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 39. Global production of biobased 5-(Chloromethyl)furfural (CMF), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 40. Global production of biobased Levulinic acid, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 41. Global production of biobased FDME, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 42. Global production of biobased Furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (FDCA), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 43. Global production projections for bio-based levoglucosenone from 2018 to 2034 in metric tonnes:
Figure 44. Global production of hemicellulose, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 45. Global production of biobased furfural, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 46. Global production of biobased furfuryl alcohol, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 47. Schematic of WISA plywood home.
Figure 48. Global production of biobased lignin, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 49. Global production of biobased glycerol, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 50. Global production of Bio-MPG, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 51. Global production of biobased ECH, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 52. Global production of biobased fatty acids, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).
Figure 53. Global production of biobased sebacic acid, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 54. Global production of biobased 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 55. Global production of biobased Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 56. Global production of biobased Pentamethylene diisocyanate, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 57. Global production of biobased casein, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 58. Global production of food waste for biochemicals, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).
Figure 59. Global production of agricultural waste for biochemicals, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).
Figure 60. Global production of forestry waste for biochemicals, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).
Figure 61. Global production of aquaculture/fishing waste for biochemicals, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).
Figure 62. Global production of municipal solid waste for biochemicals, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).
Figure 63. Global production of waste oils for biochemicals, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).
Figure 64. Global microalgae production, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).
Figure 65. Global macroalgae production, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).
Figure 66. Global production of biogas, 2018-2034 (billion m3).
Figure 67. Global production of syngas, 2018-2034 (billion m3).
Figure 68. formicobio technology.
Figure 69. Domsjo process.
Figure 70. TMP-Bio Process.
Figure 71. Lignin gel.
Figure 72. BioFlex process.
Figure 73. LX Process.
Figure 74. METNIN Lignin refining technology.
Figure 75. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process.
Figure 76. Precision Photosynthesis technology.
Figure 77. Fabric consisting of 70 per cent wool and 30 per cent Qmilk.
Figure 78. UPM biorefinery process.
Figure 79. The Proesa Process.
Figure 80. Goldilocks process and applications.
Figure 81. Coca-Cola PlantBottle .
Figure 82. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics.
Figure 83. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes).
Figure 84. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
Figure 85. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes).
Figure 86. Production capacities of Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) to 2025.
Figure 87. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes).
Figure 88. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes).
Figure 89. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes).
Figure 90. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes).
Figure 91. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes).
Figure 92. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes).
Figure 93. PHA family.
Figure 94. PHA production capacities 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes).
Figure 95. TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals.
Figure 96. CNC preparation.
Figure 97. Extracting CNC from trees.
Figure 98. CNC slurry.
Figure 99. CNF gel.
Figure 100. Bacterial nanocellulose shapes
Figure 101. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix.
Figure 102. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam.
Figure 103. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials.
Figure 104. Global production capacities for bioplastics by end user market 2019-2034, 1,000 tonnes.
Figure 105. Global production capacities for bioplastics by end user market 2019-2034, 1,000 tonnes.
Figure 106. PHA bioplastics products.
Figure 107. The global market for biobased and biodegradable plastics for flexible packaging 2019 2033 ( 000 tonnes).
Figure 108. Production volumes for bioplastics for rigid packaging, 2019 2033 ( 000 tonnes).
Figure 109. Global production for biobased and biodegradable plastics in consumer products 2019-2034, in 1,000 tonnes.
Figure 110. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in automotive 2019-2034, in 1,000 tonnes.
Figure 111. Global production volumes for biobased and biodegradable plastics in building and construction 2019-2034, in 1,000 tonnes.
Figure 112. Global production volumes for biobased and biodegradable plastics in textiles 2019-2034, in 1,000 tonnes.
Figure 113. Global production volumes for biobased and biodegradable plastics in electronics 2019-2034, in 1,000 tonnes.
Figure 114. Biodegradable mulch films.
Figure 115. Global production volulmes for biobased and biodegradable plastics in agriculture 2019-2034, in 1,000 tonnes.
Figure 116. Types of natural fibers.
Figure 117. Hemp fibers combined with PP in car door panel.
Figure 118. Car door produced from Hemp fiber.
Figure 119. Mercedes-Benz components containing natural fibers.
Figure 120. Global fiber production in 2022, by fiber type, million MT and %.
Figure 121. Global fiber production (million MT) to 2020-2034.
Figure 122. Plant-based fiber production 2018-2034, by fiber type, MT.
Figure 123. Animal based fiber production 2018-2034, by fiber type, million MT.
Figure 124. Pluumo.
Figure 125. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process.
Figure 126. Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel.
Figure 127. MEDICELLU .
Figure 128. Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet.
Figure 129. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric.
Figure 130. CNF nonwoven fabric.
Figure 131. Roof frame made of natural fiber.
Figure 132. Beyond Leather Materials product.
Figure 133. BIOLO e-commerce mailer bag made from PHA.
Figure 134. Reusable and recyclable foodservice cups, lids, and straws from Joinease Hong Kong Ltd., made with plant-based NuPlastiQ BioPolymer from BioLogiQ, Inc.
Figure 135. Fiber-based screw cap.
Figure 136. formicobio technology.
Figure 137. nanoforest-S.
Figure 138. nanoforest-PDP.
Figure 139. nanoforest-MB.
Figure 140. sunliquid production process.
Figure 141. CuanSave film.
Figure 142. Celish.
Figure 143. Trunk lid incorporating CNF.
Figure 144. ELLEX products.
Figure 145. CNF-reinforced PP compounds.
Figure 146. Kirekira! toilet wipes.
Figure 147. Color CNF.
Figure 148. Rheocrysta spray.
Figure 149. DKS CNF products.
Figure 150. Domsjo process.
Figure 151. Mushroom leather.
Figure 152. CNF based on citrus peel.
Figure 153. Citrus cellulose nanofiber.
Figure 154. Filler Bank CNC products.
Figure 155. Fibers on kapok tree and after processing.
Figure 156. TMP-Bio Process.
Figure 157. Flow chart of the lignocellulose biorefinery pilot plant in Leuna.
Figure 158. Water-repellent cellulose.
Figure 159. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE).
Figure 160. PHA production process.
Figure 161. CNF products from Furukawa Electric.
Figure 162. AVAPTM process.
Figure 163. GreenPower+ process.
Figure 164. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials.
Figure 165. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer).
Figure 166. CNF gel.
Figure 167. Block nanocellulose material.
Figure 168. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu.
Figure 169. Marine leather products.
Figure 170. Inner Mettle Milk products.
Figure 171. Soluboard immersed in water.
Figure 172. Infineon PCB before and after immersion.
Figure 173. Kami Shoji CNF products.
Figure 174. Dual Graft System.
Figure 175. Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins.
Figure 176. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended).
Figure 177. Kel Labs yarn.
Figure 178. 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side).
Figure 179. Lignin gel.
Figure 180. BioFlex process.
Figure 181. Nike Algae Ink graphic tee.
Figure 182. LX Process.
Figure 183. Made of Air's HexChar panels.
Figure 184. TransLeather.
Figure 185. Chitin nanofiber product.
Figure 186. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products.
Figure 187. FibriMa cellulose nanofiber powder.
Figure 188. METNIN Lignin refining technology.
Figure 189. IPA synthesis method.
Figure 190. MOGU-Wave panels.
Figure 191. CNF slurries.
Figure 192. Range of CNF products.
Figure 193. Reishi.
Figure 194. Compostable water pod.
Figure 195. Leather made from leaves.
Figure 196. Nike shoe with beLEAF .
Figure 197. CNF clear sheets.
Figure 198. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product.
Figure 199. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process.
Figure 200. Fabric consisting of 70 per cent wool and 30 per cent Qmilk.
Figure 201. XCNF.
Figure 202: Plantrose process.
Figure 203. LOVR hemp leather.
Figure 204. CNF insulation flat plates.
Figure 205. Hansa lignin.
Figure 206. Manufacturing process for STARCEL.
Figure 207. Manufacturing process for STARCEL.
Figure 208. 3D printed cellulose shoe.
Figure 209. Lyocell process.
Figure 210. North Face Spiber Moon Parka.
Figure 211. PANGAIA LAB NXT GEN Hoodie.
Figure 212. Spider silk production.
Figure 213. Stora Enso lignin battery materials.
Figure 214. 2 wt.% CNF suspension.
Figure 215. BiNFi-s Dry Powder.
Figure 216. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet.
Figure 217. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material.
Figure 218. Sulapac cosmetics containers.
Figure 219. Sulzer equipment for PLA polymerization processing.
Figure 220. Solid Novolac Type lignin modified phenolic resins.
Figure 221. Teijin bioplastic film for door handles.
Figure 222. Corbion FDCA production process.
Figure 223. Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF.
Figure 224. CNF resin products.
Figure 225. UPM biorefinery process.
Figure 226. Vegea production process.
Figure 227. The Proesa Process.
Figure 228. Goldilocks process and applications.
Figure 229. Visolis Hybrid Bio-Thermocatalytic Process.
Figure 230. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test.
Figure 231. Worn Again products.
Figure 232. Zelfo Technology GmbH CNF production process.
Figure 233. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PE (million tonnes).
Figure 234. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PP (million tonnes).
Figure 235. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PET (million tonnes).
Figure 236. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PS (million tonnes).
Figure 237. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for Nylon (million tonnes).
Figure 238. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for Other types (million tonnes).
Figure 239. Global polymer demand in Europe, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Figure 240. Global polymer demand in North America, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Figure 241. Global polymer demand in South America, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Figure 242. Global polymer demand in Asia, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Figure 243. Global polymer demand in Oceania, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Figure 244. Global polymer demand in Africa, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Figure 245. Market map for advanced plastics recycling.
Figure 246. Value chain for advanced plastics recycling market.
Figure 247. Schematic layout of a pyrolysis plant.
Figure 248. Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline
Figure 249. Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires.
Figure 250. Used tires conversion process.
Figure 251. SWOT analysis-pyrolysis for advanced recycling.
Figure 252. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm?/h of Syngas, 2021.
Figure 253. Overview of biogas utilization.
Figure 254. Biogas and biomethane pathways.
Figure 255. SWOT analysis-gasification for advanced recycling.
Figure 256. SWOT analysis-dissoluton for advanced recycling.
Figure 257. Products obtained through the different solvolysis pathways of PET, PU, and PA.
Figure 258. SWOT analysis-Hydrolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Figure 259. SWOT analysis-Enzymolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Figure 260. SWOT analysis-Methanolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Figure 261. SWOT analysis-Glycolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Figure 262. SWOT analysis-Aminolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Figure 263. NewCycling process.
Figure 264. ChemCyclingTM prototypes.
Figure 265. ChemCycling circle by BASF.
Figure 266. Recycled carbon fibers obtained through the R3FIBER process.
Figure 267. Cassandra Oil process.
Figure 268. CuRe Technology process.
Figure 269. MoReTec.
Figure 270. Chemical decomposition process of polyurethane foam.
Figure 271. OMV ReOil process.
Figure 272. Schematic Process of Plastic Energy s TAC Chemical Recycling.
Figure 273. Easy-tear film material from recycled material.
Figure 274. Polyester fabric made from recycled monomers.
Figure 275. A sheet of acrylic resin made from conventional, fossil resource-derived MMA monomer (left) and a sheet of acrylic resin made from chemically recycled MMA monomer (right).
Figure 276. Teijin Frontier Co., Ltd. Depolymerisation process.
Figure 277. The Velocys process.
Figure 278. The Proesa Process.
Figure 279. Worn Again products.
Figure 1. Global plastics production 1950-2021, millions of tonnes.
Figure 2. Coca-Cola PlantBottle .
Figure 3. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics.
Figure 4. Global production, use, and fate of polymer resins, synthetic fibers, and additives.
Figure 5. The circular plastic economy.
Figure 6. Current management systems for waste plastics.
Figure 7. Overview of the different circular pathways for plastics.
Figure 8. Schematic of biorefinery processes.
Figure 9. Global production of starch for biobased chemicals and intermediates, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).
Figure 10. Global production of biobased lysine, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 11. Global glucose production for bio-based chemicals and intermediates 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).
Figure 12. Global production volumes of bio-HMDA, 2018 to 2034 in metric tonnes.
Figure 13. Global production of bio-based DN5, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 14. Global production of bio-based isosorbide, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 15. L-lactic acid (L-LA) production, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 16. Global lactide production, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 17. Global production of bio-itaconic acid, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 18. Global production of 3-HP, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 19. Global production of bio-based acrylic acid, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 20. Global production of bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 21. Global production of bio-based Succinic acid, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 22. Global production of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 23. Global production of bio-based tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 24. Overview of Toray process.
Figure 25. Global production of bio-based caprolactam, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 26. Global production of bio-based isobutanol, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 27. Global production of bio-based p-xylene, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 28. Global production of biobased terephthalic acid (TPA), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 29. Global production of biobased 1,3 Proppanediol, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 30. Global production of biobased MEG, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 31. Global production of biobased ethanol, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).
Figure 32. Global production of biobased ethylene, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).
Figure 33. Global production of biobased propylene, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 34. Global production of biobased vinyl chloride, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 35. Global production of bio-based Methly methacrylate, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 36. Global production of biobased aniline, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 37. Global production of biobased fructose, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 38. Global production of biobased 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 39. Global production of biobased 5-(Chloromethyl)furfural (CMF), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 40. Global production of biobased Levulinic acid, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 41. Global production of biobased FDME, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 42. Global production of biobased Furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (FDCA), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 43. Global production projections for bio-based levoglucosenone from 2018 to 2034 in metric tonnes:
Figure 44. Global production of hemicellulose, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 45. Global production of biobased furfural, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 46. Global production of biobased furfuryl alcohol, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 47. Schematic of WISA plywood home.
Figure 48. Global production of biobased lignin, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 49. Global production of biobased glycerol, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 50. Global production of Bio-MPG, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 51. Global production of biobased ECH, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 52. Global production of biobased fatty acids, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).
Figure 53. Global production of biobased sebacic acid, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 54. Global production of biobased 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 55. Global production of biobased Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 56. Global production of biobased Pentamethylene diisocyanate, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 57. Global production of biobased casein, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes).
Figure 58. Global production of food waste for biochemicals, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).
Figure 59. Global production of agricultural waste for biochemicals, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).
Figure 60. Global production of forestry waste for biochemicals, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).
Figure 61. Global production of aquaculture/fishing waste for biochemicals, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).
Figure 62. Global production of municipal solid waste for biochemicals, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).
Figure 63. Global production of waste oils for biochemicals, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).
Figure 64. Global microalgae production, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).
Figure 65. Global macroalgae production, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes).
Figure 66. Global production of biogas, 2018-2034 (billion m3).
Figure 67. Global production of syngas, 2018-2034 (billion m3).
Figure 68. formicobio technology.
Figure 69. Domsjo process.
Figure 70. TMP-Bio Process.
Figure 71. Lignin gel.
Figure 72. BioFlex process.
Figure 73. LX Process.
Figure 74. METNIN Lignin refining technology.
Figure 75. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process.
Figure 76. Precision Photosynthesis technology.
Figure 77. Fabric consisting of 70 per cent wool and 30 per cent Qmilk.
Figure 78. UPM biorefinery process.
Figure 79. The Proesa Process.
Figure 80. Goldilocks process and applications.
Figure 81. Coca-Cola PlantBottle .
Figure 82. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics.
Figure 83. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes).
Figure 84. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
Figure 85. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes).
Figure 86. Production capacities of Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) to 2025.
Figure 87. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes).
Figure 88. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes).
Figure 89. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes).
Figure 90. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes).
Figure 91. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes).
Figure 92. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes).
Figure 93. PHA family.
Figure 94. PHA production capacities 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes).
Figure 95. TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals.
Figure 96. CNC preparation.
Figure 97. Extracting CNC from trees.
Figure 98. CNC slurry.
Figure 99. CNF gel.
Figure 100. Bacterial nanocellulose shapes
Figure 101. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix.
Figure 102. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam.
Figure 103. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials.
Figure 104. Global production capacities for bioplastics by end user market 2019-2034, 1,000 tonnes.
Figure 105. Global production capacities for bioplastics by end user market 2019-2034, 1,000 tonnes.
Figure 106. PHA bioplastics products.
Figure 107. The global market for biobased and biodegradable plastics for flexible packaging 2019 2033 ( 000 tonnes).
Figure 108. Production volumes for bioplastics for rigid packaging, 2019 2033 ( 000 tonnes).
Figure 109. Global production for biobased and biodegradable plastics in consumer products 2019-2034, in 1,000 tonnes.
Figure 110. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in automotive 2019-2034, in 1,000 tonnes.
Figure 111. Global production volumes for biobased and biodegradable plastics in building and construction 2019-2034, in 1,000 tonnes.
Figure 112. Global production volumes for biobased and biodegradable plastics in textiles 2019-2034, in 1,000 tonnes.
Figure 113. Global production volumes for biobased and biodegradable plastics in electronics 2019-2034, in 1,000 tonnes.
Figure 114. Biodegradable mulch films.
Figure 115. Global production volulmes for biobased and biodegradable plastics in agriculture 2019-2034, in 1,000 tonnes.
Figure 116. Types of natural fibers.
Figure 117. Hemp fibers combined with PP in car door panel.
Figure 118. Car door produced from Hemp fiber.
Figure 119. Mercedes-Benz components containing natural fibers.
Figure 120. Global fiber production in 2022, by fiber type, million MT and %.
Figure 121. Global fiber production (million MT) to 2020-2034.
Figure 122. Plant-based fiber production 2018-2034, by fiber type, MT.
Figure 123. Animal based fiber production 2018-2034, by fiber type, million MT.
Figure 124. Pluumo.
Figure 125. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process.
Figure 126. Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel.
Figure 127. MEDICELLU .
Figure 128. Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet.
Figure 129. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric.
Figure 130. CNF nonwoven fabric.
Figure 131. Roof frame made of natural fiber.
Figure 132. Beyond Leather Materials product.
Figure 133. BIOLO e-commerce mailer bag made from PHA.
Figure 134. Reusable and recyclable foodservice cups, lids, and straws from Joinease Hong Kong Ltd., made with plant-based NuPlastiQ BioPolymer from BioLogiQ, Inc.
Figure 135. Fiber-based screw cap.
Figure 136. formicobio technology.
Figure 137. nanoforest-S.
Figure 138. nanoforest-PDP.
Figure 139. nanoforest-MB.
Figure 140. sunliquid production process.
Figure 141. CuanSave film.
Figure 142. Celish.
Figure 143. Trunk lid incorporating CNF.
Figure 144. ELLEX products.
Figure 145. CNF-reinforced PP compounds.
Figure 146. Kirekira! toilet wipes.
Figure 147. Color CNF.
Figure 148. Rheocrysta spray.
Figure 149. DKS CNF products.
Figure 150. Domsjo process.
Figure 151. Mushroom leather.
Figure 152. CNF based on citrus peel.
Figure 153. Citrus cellulose nanofiber.
Figure 154. Filler Bank CNC products.
Figure 155. Fibers on kapok tree and after processing.
Figure 156. TMP-Bio Process.
Figure 157. Flow chart of the lignocellulose biorefinery pilot plant in Leuna.
Figure 158. Water-repellent cellulose.
Figure 159. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE).
Figure 160. PHA production process.
Figure 161. CNF products from Furukawa Electric.
Figure 162. AVAPTM process.
Figure 163. GreenPower+ process.
Figure 164. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials.
Figure 165. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer).
Figure 166. CNF gel.
Figure 167. Block nanocellulose material.
Figure 168. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu.
Figure 169. Marine leather products.
Figure 170. Inner Mettle Milk products.
Figure 171. Soluboard immersed in water.
Figure 172. Infineon PCB before and after immersion.
Figure 173. Kami Shoji CNF products.
Figure 174. Dual Graft System.
Figure 175. Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins.
Figure 176. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended).
Figure 177. Kel Labs yarn.
Figure 178. 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side).
Figure 179. Lignin gel.
Figure 180. BioFlex process.
Figure 181. Nike Algae Ink graphic tee.
Figure 182. LX Process.
Figure 183. Made of Air's HexChar panels.
Figure 184. TransLeather.
Figure 185. Chitin nanofiber product.
Figure 186. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products.
Figure 187. FibriMa cellulose nanofiber powder.
Figure 188. METNIN Lignin refining technology.
Figure 189. IPA synthesis method.
Figure 190. MOGU-Wave panels.
Figure 191. CNF slurries.
Figure 192. Range of CNF products.
Figure 193. Reishi.
Figure 194. Compostable water pod.
Figure 195. Leather made from leaves.
Figure 196. Nike shoe with beLEAF .
Figure 197. CNF clear sheets.
Figure 198. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product.
Figure 199. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process.
Figure 200. Fabric consisting of 70 per cent wool and 30 per cent Qmilk.
Figure 201. XCNF.
Figure 202: Plantrose process.
Figure 203. LOVR hemp leather.
Figure 204. CNF insulation flat plates.
Figure 205. Hansa lignin.
Figure 206. Manufacturing process for STARCEL.
Figure 207. Manufacturing process for STARCEL.
Figure 208. 3D printed cellulose shoe.
Figure 209. Lyocell process.
Figure 210. North Face Spiber Moon Parka.
Figure 211. PANGAIA LAB NXT GEN Hoodie.
Figure 212. Spider silk production.
Figure 213. Stora Enso lignin battery materials.
Figure 214. 2 wt.% CNF suspension.
Figure 215. BiNFi-s Dry Powder.
Figure 216. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet.
Figure 217. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material.
Figure 218. Sulapac cosmetics containers.
Figure 219. Sulzer equipment for PLA polymerization processing.
Figure 220. Solid Novolac Type lignin modified phenolic resins.
Figure 221. Teijin bioplastic film for door handles.
Figure 222. Corbion FDCA production process.
Figure 223. Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF.
Figure 224. CNF resin products.
Figure 225. UPM biorefinery process.
Figure 226. Vegea production process.
Figure 227. The Proesa Process.
Figure 228. Goldilocks process and applications.
Figure 229. Visolis Hybrid Bio-Thermocatalytic Process.
Figure 230. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test.
Figure 231. Worn Again products.
Figure 232. Zelfo Technology GmbH CNF production process.
Figure 233. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PE (million tonnes).
Figure 234. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PP (million tonnes).
Figure 235. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PET (million tonnes).
Figure 236. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for PS (million tonnes).
Figure 237. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for Nylon (million tonnes).
Figure 238. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology for Other types (million tonnes).
Figure 239. Global polymer demand in Europe, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Figure 240. Global polymer demand in North America, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Figure 241. Global polymer demand in South America, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Figure 242. Global polymer demand in Asia, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Figure 243. Global polymer demand in Oceania, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Figure 244. Global polymer demand in Africa, by recycling technology 2022-2040 (million tonnes).
Figure 245. Market map for advanced plastics recycling.
Figure 246. Value chain for advanced plastics recycling market.
Figure 247. Schematic layout of a pyrolysis plant.
Figure 248. Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline
Figure 249. Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires.
Figure 250. Used tires conversion process.
Figure 251. SWOT analysis-pyrolysis for advanced recycling.
Figure 252. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm?/h of Syngas, 2021.
Figure 253. Overview of biogas utilization.
Figure 254. Biogas and biomethane pathways.
Figure 255. SWOT analysis-gasification for advanced recycling.
Figure 256. SWOT analysis-dissoluton for advanced recycling.
Figure 257. Products obtained through the different solvolysis pathways of PET, PU, and PA.
Figure 258. SWOT analysis-Hydrolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Figure 259. SWOT analysis-Enzymolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Figure 260. SWOT analysis-Methanolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Figure 261. SWOT analysis-Glycolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Figure 262. SWOT analysis-Aminolysis for advanced chemical recycling.
Figure 263. NewCycling process.
Figure 264. ChemCyclingTM prototypes.
Figure 265. ChemCycling circle by BASF.
Figure 266. Recycled carbon fibers obtained through the R3FIBER process.
Figure 267. Cassandra Oil process.
Figure 268. CuRe Technology process.
Figure 269. MoReTec.
Figure 270. Chemical decomposition process of polyurethane foam.
Figure 271. OMV ReOil process.
Figure 272. Schematic Process of Plastic Energy s TAC Chemical Recycling.
Figure 273. Easy-tear film material from recycled material.
Figure 274. Polyester fabric made from recycled monomers.
Figure 275. A sheet of acrylic resin made from conventional, fossil resource-derived MMA monomer (left) and a sheet of acrylic resin made from chemically recycled MMA monomer (right).
Figure 276. Teijin Frontier Co., Ltd. Depolymerisation process.
Figure 277. The Velocys process.
Figure 278. The Proesa Process.
Figure 279. Worn Again products.
