The Global Market for Bio-based Chemicals, Polymers and Materials

July 2021 | 685 pages | ID: G69D9A78309FEN
Future Markets, Inc.

Abstracts

Building new value chains through the utilisation of biobased and biomass components for the development of innovative products will accelerate the transition from traditional production technologies to the concept of biorefineries. Developing bio-based chemicals, polymers and products in a sustainable manner allows for substantial new business opportunities. Bio-based chemicals are obtained through biological, chemical or physical transformation of plant or animal based feedstocks, which include sugar, starch, oils and fats, and lignocellulose from forestry, agricultural crops and organic waste.

The global opportunities offered by the transition to a more sustainable, low waste economy arevast, and the last decade has seen a substantial increase in interest in bio-based chemicals with many drop-in or novel bio-based chemicals being developed and introduced to the market.

New technologies and traditional methods coupled with biotechnologies applied to biomass feedstocks and waste streams from various sources, such as urban waste or agricultural residues or wastes from food and feed streams, will convert renewable resources into high added-value sustainable bioproducts.

Report contents include:

• In depth market analysis of bio-based chemical feedstocks, biopolymers, bioplastics, natural fibers and lignin.
• Global production capacities, market demand and trends 2019-2025
• Analysis of biobased chemical including 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA), 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO), Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA), Epichlorohydrin (ECH), Ethylene, Furan derivatives, 5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF), 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (2,5-FDCA), Furandicarboxylic methyl ester (FDME), Isosorbide, Itaconic acid, 5 Hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), Lactic acid (D-LA), Lactic acid – L-lactic acid (L-LA), Lactide, Levoglucosenone, Levulinic acid, Monoethylene glycol (MEG), Monopropylene glycol (MPG), Muconic acid, Naphtha, 1,5-Pentametylenediamine (DN5), 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO) , Sebacic acid and Succinic acid.
• Analysis of synthetic biopolymers market including Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA), Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET), Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT), Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF), Polyamides (Bio-PA), Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT), Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers, Polyethylene (Bio-PE), Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
• Analysis of naturally produced bio-based polymers including Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), Polysaccharides, Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC), Cellulose nanocrystals, Cellulose nanofibers, Protein-based bioplastics, Algal and fungal.
• Market segmentation analysis.
• Analysis of types of natural fibers including plant fibers, animal fibers including alternative leather, wool, silk fiber and down and polysaccharides.
• Markets for natural fibers, including composites, aerospace, automotive, construction & building, sports & leisure, textiles, consumer products and packaging.
• Production capacities of lignin producers.
• In depth analysis of biorefinery lignin production.
• Profiles of over 500 companies. Companies profiled include NatureWorks, Total Corbion, Danimer Scientific, Novamont, Mitsubishi Chemicals, Indorama, Braskem, Avantium, Borealis, Cathay, Dupont, BASF, Arkema, DuPont, BASF , AMSilk GmbH, Notpla, Loliware, Bolt Threads, Ecovative, Kraig Biocraft Laboratories, Spiber, Bast Fiber Technologies Inc., Kelheim Fibres GmbH, BComp, Circular Systems, Evrnu, Natural Fiber Welding, Icytos, Versalis SpA, Clariant, MetGen Oy, Praj Industries Ltd., Bloom Biorenewables SA, FP Innovations, UPM, Klabin SA, RenCom AB and many more.

Contents

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.1 Market trends
1.2 Global production to 2030
1.3 Main producers and global production capacities
1.4 Global demand for biobased and sustainable plastics 2020, by market
1.5 Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the bioplastics market and future demand
1.6 Challenges for the biobased and sustainable plastics market

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3 THE GLOBAL PLASTICS MARKET

3.1 Global production
3.2 The importance of plastic
3.3 Issues with plastics use
3.4 Biopolymers from waste

4 BIO-BASED CHEMICALS

4.1 Types
4.2 Production capacities
4.3 Bio-based adipic acid
4.4 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA)
4.5 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO)
4.6 Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA)
4.7 Epichlorohydrin (ECH)
4.8 Ethylene
4.9 Furan derivatives
4.10 5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF)
4.11 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (2,5-FDCA)
4.12 Furandicarboxylic methyl ester (FDME)
4.13 Isosorbide
4.14 Itaconic acid
4.15 5 Hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF)
4.16 Lactic acid (D-LA)
4.17 Lactic acid – L-lactic acid (L-LA)
4.18 Lactide
4.19 Levoglucosenone
4.20 Levulinic acid
4.21 Monoethylene glycol (MEG)
4.22 Monopropylene glycol (MPG)
4.23 Muconic acid
4.24 Naphtha
4.25 1,5-Pentametylenediamine (DN5)
4.26 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO)
4.27 Sebacic acid
4.28 Succinic acid (SA)

5 BIOPOLYMERS AND BIOPLASTICS

5.1 Bio-based or renewable plastics
  5.1.1 Drop-in bio-based plastics
  5.1.2 Novel bio-based plastics
5.2 Biodegradable and compostable plastics
  5.2.1 Biodegradability
  5.2.2 Compostability
5.3 Advantages and disadvantages
5.4 BIO-BASED POLYMER TYPES AND MARKET PROSPECTS
5.5 MARKET LEADERS BY BIOBASED AND/OR BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC TYPES
5.6 SYNTHETIC BIO-BASED POLYMERS
  5.6.1 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
    5.6.1.1 Market analysis
    5.6.1.2 Producers
  5.6.2 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)
    5.6.2.1 Market analysis
    5.6.2.2 Producers
  5.6.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)
    5.6.3.1 Market analysis
    5.6.3.2 Producers
  5.6.4 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)
    5.6.4.1 Market analysis
    5.6.4.2 Comparative properties to PET
    5.6.4.3 Producers
  5.6.5 Polyamides (Bio-PA)
    5.6.5.1 Market analysis
    5.6.5.2 Producers
  5.6.6 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)
    5.6.6.1 Market analysis
    5.6.6.2 Producers
  5.6.7 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers
    5.6.7.1 Market analysis
    5.6.7.2 Producers
  5.6.8 Polyethylene (Bio-PE)
    5.6.8.1 Market analysis
    5.6.8.2 Producers
  5.6.9 Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
    5.6.9.1 Market analysis
    5.6.9.2 Producers
5.7 NATURAL BIO-BASED POLYMERS
  5.7.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
    5.7.1.1 Market analysis
    5.7.1.2 Commercially available PHAs
    5.7.1.3 Producers
  5.7.2 Polysaccharides
    5.7.2.1 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
    5.7.2.2 Cellulose nanocrystals
    5.7.2.3 Cellulose nanofibers
  5.7.3 Protein-based bioplastics
    5.7.3.1 Types, applications and producers
  5.7.4 Algal and fungal
    5.7.4.1 Algal
    5.7.4.2 Mycelium
  5.7.5 Chitosan
5.8 PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED AND SUSTAINABLE PLASTICS, BY REGION
  5.8.1 North America
  5.8.2 Europe
  5.8.3 Asia-Pacific
    5.8.3.1 China
    5.8.3.2 Japan
    5.8.3.3 Thailand
    5.8.3.4 Indonesia
  5.8.4 Latin America
5.9 MARKET SEGMENTATION OF BIOPLASTICS
  5.9.1 Packaging
  5.9.2 Consumer products
  5.9.3 Automotive
  5.9.4 Building & construction
  5.9.5 Textiles
  5.9.6 Electronics
  5.9.7 Agriculture and horticulture
5.10 BIO-BASED CHEMCALS, BIOPOLYMERS AND BIOPLASTICS COMPANY PROFILES

6 NATURAL FIBERS

6.1 Manufacturing method, matrix materials and applications of natural fibers
6.2 Advantages of natural fibers
6.3 Plants (cellulose, lignocellulose)
  6.3.1 Seed fibers
    6.3.1.1 Cotton
    6.3.1.2 Kapok
    6.3.1.3 Luffa
  6.3.2 Bast fibers
    6.3.2.1 Jute
    6.3.2.2 Hemp
    6.3.2.3 Flax
    6.3.2.4 Ramie
    6.3.2.5 Kenaf
  6.3.3 Leaf fibers
    6.3.3.1 Sisal
    6.3.3.2 Abaca
  6.3.4 Fruit fibers
    6.3.4.1 Coir
    6.3.4.2 Banana
    6.3.4.3 Pineapple
  6.3.5 Stalk fibers from agricultural residues
    6.3.5.1 Rice fiber
    6.3.5.2 Corn
  6.3.6 Cane, grasses and reed
    6.3.6.1 Switch grass
    6.3.6.2 Sugarcane (agricultural residues)
    6.3.6.3 Bamboo
    6.3.6.4 Fresh grass (green biorefinery)
  6.3.7 Modified natural polymers
    6.3.7.1 Mycelium
    6.3.7.2 Chitosan
    6.3.7.3 Alginate
6.4 Animal (fibrous protein)
  6.4.1 Wool
    6.4.1.1 Alternative wool materials
    6.4.1.2 Producers
  6.4.2 Silk fiber
    6.4.2.1 Alternative silk materials
  6.4.3 Leather
    6.4.3.1 Alternative leather materials
  6.4.4 Down
    6.4.4.1 Alternative down materials
6.5 MARKETS FOR NATURAL FIBERS
  6.5.1 Composites
  6.5.2 Applications
  6.5.3 Natural fiber injection moulding compounds
    6.5.3.1 Properties
    6.5.3.2 Applications
  6.5.4 Non-woven natural fiber mat composites
    6.5.4.1 Automotive
    6.5.4.2 Applications
  6.5.5 Aligned natural fiber-reinforced composites
  6.5.6 Natural fiber biobased polymer compounds
  6.5.7 Natural fiber biobased polymer non-woven mats
    6.5.7.1 Flax
    6.5.7.2 Kenaf
  6.5.8 Natural fiber thermoset bioresin composites
6.6 Aerospace
  6.6.1 Market overview
6.7 Automotive
  6.7.1 Market overview
  6.7.2 Applications of natural fibers
6.8 Building/construction
  6.8.1 Market overview
  6.8.2 Applications of natural fibers
6.9 Sports and leisure
  6.9.1 Market overview
6.10 Textiles
  6.10.1 Market overview
  6.10.2 Consumer apparel
  6.10.3 Geotextiles
6.11 Packaging
  6.11.1 Market overview
6.12 NATURAL FIBERS GLOBAL PRODUCTION
  6.12.1 Overall global fibers market
  6.12.2 Plant-based fiber production
  6.12.3 Animal-based natural fiber production
6.13 NATURAL FIBER COMPANY PROFILES

7 LIGNIN

7.1 INTRODUCTION
  7.1.1 What is lignin?
    7.1.1.1 Lignin structure
  7.1.2 Types of lignin
    7.1.2.1 Sulfur containing lignin
    7.1.2.2 Sulfur-free lignin from biorefinery process
  7.1.3 Properties
  7.1.4 The lignocellulose biorefinery
  7.1.5 Markets and applications
  7.1.6 Challenges for using lignin
7.2 LIGNIN PRODUCTON PROCESSES
  7.2.1 Lignosulphonates
  7.2.2 Kraft Lignin
    7.2.2.1 LignoBoost process
    7.2.2.2 LignoForce method
    7.2.2.3 Sequential Liquid Lignin Recovery and Purification
    7.2.2.4 A-Recovery+
  7.2.3 Soda lignin
  7.2.4 Biorefinery lignin
    7.2.4.1 Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
  7.2.5 Organosolv lignins
  7.2.6 Hydrolytic lignin
7.3 MARKETS FOR LIGNIN
  7.3.1 Market drivers and trends for lignin
  7.3.2 Lignin industry developments 2020-2021
  7.3.3 Production capacities
    7.3.3.1 Technical lignin availability (dry ton/y)
    7.3.3.2 Biomass conversion (Biorefinery)
  7.3.4 Estimated consumption of lignin
  7.3.5 Prices
  7.3.6 Heat and power energy
  7.3.7 Pyrolysis and syngas
  7.3.8 Aromatic compounds
    7.3.8.1 Benzene, toluene and xylene
    7.3.8.2 Phenol and phenolic resins
    7.3.8.3 Vanillin
  7.3.9 Plastics and polymers
  7.3.10 Hydrogels
  7.3.11 Carbon materials
    7.3.11.1 Carbon black
    7.3.11.2 Activated carbons
    7.3.11.3 Carbon fiber
  7.3.12 Concrete
  7.3.13 Rubber
  7.3.14 Biofuels
  7.3.15 Bitumen and Asphalt
  7.3.16 Oil and gas
  7.3.17 Energy storage
    7.3.17.1 Supercapacitors
    7.3.17.2 Anodes for lithium-ion batteries
    7.3.17.3 Gel electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries
    7.3.17.4 Binders for lithium-ion batteries
    7.3.17.5 Cathodes for lithium-ion batteries
    7.3.17.6 Sodium-ion batteries
  7.3.18 Binders, emulsifiers and dispersants
  7.3.19 Chelating agents
  7.3.20 Ceramics
  7.3.21 Automotive interiors
  7.3.22 Fire retardants
  7.3.23 Antioxidants
  7.3.24 Lubricants
  7.3.25 Dust control
7.4 COMPANY PROFILES

8 REFERENCES

Tables

TABLES

Table 1. Market drivers and trends in biobased and sustainable plastics.
Table 2. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2018-2030, in 1,000 tons.
Table 3. Global production capacities, by producers.
Table 4. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2019-2030, by type, in 1,000 tons.
Table 5. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2019-2025, by region, tons.
Table 6. Issues related to the use of plastics.
Table 7. List of Bio-based chemical.
Table 8. Bio-based chemicals production capacities.
Table 9. Type of biodegradation.
Table 10. Advantages and disadvantages of biobased plastics compared to conventional plastics.
Table 11. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics, applications.
Table 12. Market leader by Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastic types.
Table 13. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis.
Table 14. Lactic acid producers and production capacities.
Table 15. PLA producers and production capacities.
Table 16. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis.
Table 17. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers.
Table 18. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis.
Table 19. Production capacities of Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), by leading producers.
Table 20. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis.
Table 21. PEF vs. PET.
Table 22. FDCA and PEF producers.
Table 23. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) market analysis.
Table 24. Leading Bio-PA producers production capacities.
Table 25. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) market analysis.
Table 26. Leading PBAT producers, production capacities and brands.
Table 27. Bio-PBS market analysis.
Table 28. Leading PBS producers and production capacities.
Table 29. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis.
Table 30. Leading Bio-PE producers.
Table 31. Bio-PP market analysis.
Table 32. Leading Bio-PP producers and capacities.
Table 33. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis.
Table 34. Commercially available PHAs.
Table 35. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers.
Table 36. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) market analysis.
Table 37. Leading MFC producers and capacities.
Table 38. Cellulose nanocrystals analysis.
Table 39: Cellulose nanocrystal production capacities and production process, by producer.
Table 40. Cellulose nanofibers market analysis.
Table 41. CNF production capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer.
Table 42. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies.
Table 43. Types of algal and fungal based-bioplastics, applications and companies.
Table 44. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size.
Table 45. Companies developing algal-based bioplastics.
Table 46. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 47. Companies developing mycelium-based bioplastics.
Table 48. Overview of chitosan-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 49. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics in 2019-2025, by region, tons.
Table 50. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in North America.
Table 51. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Europe.
Table 52. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Asia-Pacific.
Table 53. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Latin America.
Table 98. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes.
Table 99. Lactips plastic pellets.
Table 100. Oji Holdings CNF products.
Table 54. Application, manufacturing method, and matrix materials of natural fibers.
Table 55. Typical properties of natural fibers.
Table 56. Overview of cotton fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 57. Overview of kapok fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 58. Overview of luffa fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 59. Overview of jute fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 60. Overview of hemp fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 61. Overview of flax fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 62. Overview of ramie fibers- description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 63. Overview of kenaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 64. Overview of sisal fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 65. Overview of abaca fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 66. Overview of coir fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 67. Overview of banana fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 68. Overview of pineapple fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 69. Overview of rice fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 70. Overview of corn fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 71. Overview of switch grass fibers-description, properties and applications.
Table 72. Overview of sugarcane fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and application and market size.
Table 73. Overview of bamboo fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 74. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 75. Overview of chitosan fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 76. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size.
Table 77. Overview of wool fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 78. Alternative wool materials producers.
Table 79. Overview of silk fibers-description, properties, application and market size.
Table 80. Alternative silk materials producers.
Table 81. Alternative leather materials producers.
Table 82. Alternative down materials producers.
Table 83. Applications of natural fiber composites.
Table 84. Typical properties of short natural fiber-thermoplastic composites.
Table 85. Properties of non-woven natural fiber mat composites.
Table 86. Properties of aligned natural fiber composites.
Table 87. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer compounds.
Table 88. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer non-woven mats.
Table 89. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
Table 90. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite in the automotive market.
Table 91. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
Table 92. Applications of natural fibers in the automotive industry.
Table 93. Natural fibers in the building/construction sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
Table 94. Applications of natural fibers in the building/construction sector.
Table 95. Natural fibers in the sports and leisure sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
Table 96. Natural fibers in the textiles sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
Table 97. Natural fibers in the packaging sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
Table 102. Oji Holdings CNF products.
Table 103. Technical lignin types and applications.
Table 104. Classification of technical lignins.
Table 105. Lignin content of selected biomass.
Table 106. Properties of lignins and their applications.
Table 107. Example markets and applications for lignin.
Table 108. Processes for lignin production.
Table 109. Biorefinery feedstocks.
Table 110. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins.
Table 111. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
Table 112. Market drivers and trends for lignin.
Table 113. Lignin industry developments 2020-2021.
Table 114. Production capacities of technical lignin producers.
Table 115. Production capacities of biorefinery lignin producers.
Table 116. Estimated consumption of lignin, 2019-2031 (000 MT).
Table 117. Prices of benzene, toluene, xylene and their derivatives.
Table 118. Application of lignin in plastics and polymers.
Table 119. Lignin-derived anodes in lithium batteries.
Table 120. Application of lignin in binders, emulsifiers and dispersants.

Figures

FIGURES

Figure 1. Total global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics, all types, 000 tons.
Figure 2. Global production capacities of bioplastics 2018-2030, in 1,000 tons by biodegradable/non-biodegradable types.
Figure 3. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics in 2019-2030, by type, in 1,000 tons.
Figure 4. Global production capacities of bioplastics in 2019-2025, by type.
Figure 5. Global production capacities of bioplastics in 2030, by type.
Figure 6. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2019.
Figure 7. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2025.
Figure 8. Current and future applications of biobased and sustainable plastics.
Figure 9. Global demand for biobased and sustainable plastics by end user market, 2020.
Figure 10. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics by end user market 2019-2030, tons.
Figure 11. Challenges for the biobased and sustainable plastics market.
Figure 12. Global plastics production 1950-2018, millions of tons.
Figure 13. Coca-Cola PlantBottle®.
Figure 14. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics.
Figure 15. Production capacities of Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) to 2025.
Figure 16. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix.
Figure 17. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam.
Figure 18. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials.
Figure 19. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2019.
Figure 20. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2025.
Figure 21. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics by end user market 2019, 1,000 tons.
Figure 22. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics by end user market 2020, 1,000 tons.
Figure 23. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics by end user market 2030
Figure 24. PHA bioplastics products.
Figure 25. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in packaging 2019-2030, in 1,000 tons.
Figure 26. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in consumer products 2019-2030, in 1,000 tons.
Figure 27. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in automotive 2019-2030, in 1,000 tons.
Figure 28. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in building and construction 2019-2030, in 1,000 tons.
Figure 29. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in textiles 2019-2030, in 1,000 tons.
Figure 30. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in electronics 2019-2030, in 1,000 tons.
Figure 31. Biodegradable mulch films.
Figure 32. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics in agriculture 2019-2030, in 1,000 tons.
Figure 33. Algiknit yarn.
Figure 34. Bio-PA rear bumper stay.
Figure 35. nanoforest-S.
Figure 36. nanoforest-PDP.
Figure 37. nanoforest-MB.
Figure 38. CuanSave film.
Figure 39. ELLEX products.
Figure 40. CNF-reinforced PP compounds.
Figure 41. Kirekira! toilet wipes.
Figure 42. Mushroom leather.
Figure 43. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE).
Figure 44. PHA production process.
Figure 45. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials.
Figure 46. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion 'Senaf' (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer).
Figure 47. CNF gel.
Figure 48. Block nanocellulose material.
Figure 49. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu.
Figure 50. IPA synthesis method.
Figure 51. MOGU-Wave panels.
Figure 52. Reishi.
Figure 53. Nippon Paper Industries’ adult diapers.
Figure 54. Compostable water pod.
Figure 55. CNF clear sheets.
Figure 56. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product.
Figure 57. Manufacturing process for STARCEL.
Figure 58. Lyocell process.
Figure 59. Spider silk production.
Figure 60. Sulapac cosmetics containers.
Figure 61. Sulzer equipment for PLA polymerization processing.
Figure 62. Teijin bioplastic film for door handles.
Figure 63. Corbion FDCA production process.
Figure 64. Types of natural fibers.
Figure 65. Cotton production volume 2018-2030 (Million MT).
Figure 66. Kapok production volume 2018-2030 (MT).
Figure 67. Luffa cylindrica fiber.
Figure 68. Jute production volume 2018-2030 (Million MT).
Figure 69. Hemp fiber production volume 2018-2030 (Million MT).
Figure 70. Flax fiber production volume 2018-2030 (MT).
Figure 71. Ramie fiber production volume 2018-2030 (MT).
Figure 72. Kenaf fiber production volume 2018-2030 (MT).
Figure 73. Sisal fiber production volume 2018-2030 (MT).
Figure 74. Abaca fiber production volume 2018-2030 (MT).
Figure 75. Coir fiber production volume 2018-2030 (MILLION MT).
Figure 76. Banana fiber production volume 2018-2030 (MT).
Figure 77. Pineapple fiber.
Figure 78. Bamboo fiber production volume 2018-2030 (MILLION MT).
Figure 79. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam.
Figure 80. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials.
Figure 81. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix.
Figure 82. Hemp fibers combined with PP in car door panel.
Figure 83. Car door produced from Hemp fiber.
Figure 84. Mercedes-Benz components containing natural fibers.
Figure 85. AlgiKicks sneaker, made with the Algiknit biopolymer gel.
Figure 86. Coir mats for erosion control.
Figure 87. Global fiber production in 2019, by fiber type, million MT and %.
Figure 88. Global fiber production (million MT) to 2020-2030.
Figure 89. Plant-based fiber production 2018-2030, by fiber type, MT.
Figure 90. Animal based fiber production 2018-2030, by fiber type, million MT.
Figure 91. Pluumo.
Figure 92. Algiknit yarn.
Figure 93. Amadou leather shoes.
Figure 94. Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel.
Figure 95. MEDICELLU.
Figure 96. Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet.
Figure 97. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric.
Figure 98. CNF nonwoven fabric.
Figure 99. Roof frame made of natural fiber.
Figure 100. Beyond Leather Materials product.
Figure 101. Natural fibres racing seat.
Figure 102. Cellugy materials.
Figure 103. nanoforest-S.
Figure 104. nanoforest-PDP.
Figure 105. nanoforest-MB.
Figure 106. Celish.
Figure 107. Trunk lid incorporating CNF.
Figure 108. ELLEX products.
Figure 109. CNF-reinforced PP compounds.
Figure 110. Kirekira! toilet wipes.
Figure 111. Color CNF.
Figure 112. Rheocrysta spray.
Figure 113. DKS CNF products.
Figure 114. Mushroom leather.
Figure 115. CNF based on citrus peel.
Figure 116. Citrus cellulose nanofiber.
Figure 117. Filler Bank CNC products.
Figure 118. Fibers on kapok tree and after processing.
Figure 119. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE).
Figure 120. CNF products from Furukawa Electric.
Figure 121. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes.
Figure 122. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials.
Figure 123. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion 'Senaf' (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer).
Figure 124. CNF gel.
Figure 125. Block nanocellulose material.
Figure 126. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu.
Figure 127. Marine leather products.
Figure 128. Dual Graft System.
Figure 129. Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins.
Figure 130. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended).
Figure 131. Kami Shoji CNF products.
Figure 132. 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side).
Figure 133. BioFlex process.
Figure 134. Chitin nanofiber product.
Figure 135. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products.
Figure 136. FibriMa cellulose nanofiber powder.
Figure 137. Cellulomix production process.
Figure 138. Nanobase versus conventional products.
Figure 139. MOGU-Wave panels.
Figure 140. CNF slurries.
Figure 141. Range of CNF products.
Figure 142. Reishi.
Figure 143. Nippon Paper Industries’ adult diapers.
Figure 144. Leather made from leaves.
Figure 145. Nike shoe with beLEAF.
Figure 146. CNF clear sheets.
Figure 147. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product.
Figure 148. XCNF.
Figure 149. CNF insulation flat plates.
Figure 150. Manufacturing process for STARCEL.
Figure 151. Lyocell process.
Figure 152. North Face Spiber Moon Parka.
Figure 153. Spider silk production.
Figure 154. 2 wt.? CNF suspension.
Figure 155. BiNFi-s Dry Powder.
Figure 156. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet.
Figure 157. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material.
Figure 158. Sulapac cosmetics containers.
Figure 159. Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF.
Figure 160. CNF resin products.
Figure 161. Vegea production process.
Figure 162. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test.
Figure 163. Bio-based barrier bags prepared from Tempo-CNF coated bio-HDPE film.
Figure 164. Worn Again products.
Figure 165. Zelfo Technology GmbH CNF production process.
Figure 166. High purity lignin.
Figure 167. Lignocellulose architecture.
Figure 168. Extraction processes to separate lignin from lignocellulosic biomass and corresponding technical lignins.
Figure 169. The lignocellulose biorefinery.
Figure 170. LignoBoost process.
Figure 171. LignoForce system for lignin recovery from black liquor.
Figure 172. Sequential liquid-lignin recovery and purification (SLPR) system.
Figure 173. A-Recovery+ chemical recovery concept.
Figure 174. Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals.
Figure 175. Organosolv lignin.
Figure 176. Hydrolytic lignin powder.
Figure 177. Estimated consumption of lignin, 2019-2031 (000 MT).
Figure 178. Schematic of WISA plywood home.
Figure 179. Lignin based activated carbon.
Figure 180. Lignin/celluose precursor.
Figure 181. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process.
Figure 182. DAWN Technology Process.
Figure 183. BALI technology.
Figure 184. Pressurized Hot Water Extraction.
Figure 185. sunliquid® production process.
Figure 186. Domsj? process.
Figure 187. TMP-Bio Process.
Figure 188. Flow chart of the lignocellulose biorefinery pilot plant in Leuna.
Figure 189. AVAPTM process.
Figure 190. GreenPower+ process.
Figure 191. BioFlex process.
Figure 192. LX Process.
Figure 193. METNIN Lignin refining technology.
Figure 194. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process.
Figure 195: Plantrose process.
Figure 196. Hansa lignin.
Figure 197. UPM biorefinery process.
Figure 198. The Proesa® Process.
Figure 199. Goldilocks process and applications.