The Global Market for Alternative and Renewable Fuels
The sustainability of petroleum-based fuel supply has gained broad attention from the global community due to the increase of usage in various sectors, depletion of petroleum resources, and uncertainty around crude oil market prices. Additionally, environmental problems have also been flagged from the increasing emissions of harmful pollutants and greenhouse gases. Therefore, the use of clean energy sources is crucial. Sustainable, Alternative and Renewable Fuels include bio-fuels, bio-diesel, renewable diesel, sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs), biogas, electrofuels (e-fuels), green ammonia based on utilization of:
- First-Generation Feedstocks (food-based) e.g. Waste oils including used cooking oil, animal fats, and other fatty acids.
- Second-Generation Feedstocks (non-food based) e.g. Lignocellulosic wastes and residues, Energy crops, Agricultural residues, Forestry residues, Biogenic fraction of municipal and industrial waste.
- Third-Generation Feedstocks e.g. algal biomass
- Fourth-Generation Feedstocks e.g. genetically modified (GM) algae and cyanobacteria.
- Market trends and drivers.
- Market challenges
- Market analysis including key players, end use markets, production processes, costs, production capacities, market demand for biofuels, bio-jet fuels, biodiesel, renewable diesel, biogas, electrofuels, green ammonia and other relevant technologies.
- Industry developments 2020-2021.
- 95 companies profiled include BTG Bioliquids, Byogy Renewables, Caphenia, Enerkem, Eni S.p.A., Ensyn, FORGE Hydrocarbons Corporation, Genecis Bioindustries, Gevo, Haldor Topsoe, Steeper Energy, SunFire GmbH, Vertus Energy and many more.
1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2.1 Market drivers
2.2 Definitions of advanced, alternative and renewable fuels
2.3 Market challenges
3 INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS 2020-2021
4 BIOFUELS
4.1 Feedstocks
4.1.1 First-Generation Feedstocks
4.1.1.1 Waste fats, oils, and greases
4.1.2 Second-Generation Feedstocks
4.1.2.1 Lignocellulosic wastes and residues
4.1.2.2 Energy crops
4.1.2.3 Agricultural residues
4.1.2.4 Forestry residues
4.1.2.5 Biogenic fraction of municipal and industrial waste
4.1.3 Third-Generation Feedstocks
4.1.3.1 Algal biofuels
4.1.4 Fourth-Generation Feedstocks
4.2 Production processes by generation
4.3 Bioethanol
4.4 Bio-jet (bio-aviation) fuels
4.4.1 Description
4.4.2 Sustainable aviation fuels market
4.4.3 Feedstocks
4.4.3.1 Waste fats, oils, and greases
4.4.3.2 Lignocellulosic wastes and residues
4.4.4 Production pathways
4.4.4.1 HEFA bio-jets
4.4.4.2 FT fuels
4.4.4.3 SIP fuels
4.4.4.4 ATJ fuels
4.4.5 Costs
4.4.6 Biojet fuel production capacities
4.4.7 Challenges
4.4.8 Market demand forecast in litres and $
4.5 Biomass-based diesel
4.5.1 Biodiesel
4.5.1.1 Introduction
4.5.1.2 Production capacities
4.5.2 Renewable diesel
4.5.2.1 Feedstocks
4.5.2.2 Production
4.5.2.3 Production capacities
4.5.2.4 Market growth
4.6 Syngas
4.7 Biogas
4.8 Biomethanol
4.9 Biobutanol
4.10 Biofuel challenges
4.11 Companies
5 ELECTROFUELS (E-FUELS)
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Benefits of e-fuels
5.2 Feedstocks
5.2.1 Hydrogen electrolysis
5.2.2 CO2 capture
5.3 Electrolysers
5.3.1 Commercial alkaline electrolyser cells (AECs)
5.3.2 PEM electrolysers
5.3.3 High-temperature solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOECs)
5.3.3.1 Syngas production
5.3.3.2 Companies
5.3.4 Electrolysis for power-to-X
5.4 Direct Air Capture (DAC)
5.4.1 Markets for DAC
5.4.2 Costs
5.4.3 Challenges
5.4.4 Companies and technologies
5.4.5 CO2 capture from point sources
5.5 Production routes
5.6 Costs
5.7 Estimate market demand for e-fuels
5.8 Market challenges
5.9 Companies
6 GREEN AMMONIA
6.1 Production
6.1.1 Decarbonisation of ammonia production
6.1.2 Green ammonia demonstration plants
6.2 Green ammonia synthesis methods
6.2.1 Haber-Bosch process
6.2.2 Biological nitrogen fixation
6.2.3 Electrochemical production
6.2.4 Chemical looping processes
6.3 Markets and applications
6.3.1 Chemical energy storage and transporation
6.3.1.1 Ammonia fuel cells
6.3.2 Thermal energy storage
6.3.3 Transport fuel
6.3.4 Marine fuel
6.4 Costs
6.5 Companies
7 COMPANY PROFILES 127 (95 COMPANY PROFILES)
8 REFERENCES
2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2.1 Market drivers
2.2 Definitions of advanced, alternative and renewable fuels
2.3 Market challenges
3 INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS 2020-2021
4 BIOFUELS
4.1 Feedstocks
4.1.1 First-Generation Feedstocks
4.1.1.1 Waste fats, oils, and greases
4.1.2 Second-Generation Feedstocks
4.1.2.1 Lignocellulosic wastes and residues
4.1.2.2 Energy crops
4.1.2.3 Agricultural residues
4.1.2.4 Forestry residues
4.1.2.5 Biogenic fraction of municipal and industrial waste
4.1.3 Third-Generation Feedstocks
4.1.3.1 Algal biofuels
4.1.4 Fourth-Generation Feedstocks
4.2 Production processes by generation
4.3 Bioethanol
4.4 Bio-jet (bio-aviation) fuels
4.4.1 Description
4.4.2 Sustainable aviation fuels market
4.4.3 Feedstocks
4.4.3.1 Waste fats, oils, and greases
4.4.3.2 Lignocellulosic wastes and residues
4.4.4 Production pathways
4.4.4.1 HEFA bio-jets
4.4.4.2 FT fuels
4.4.4.3 SIP fuels
4.4.4.4 ATJ fuels
4.4.5 Costs
4.4.6 Biojet fuel production capacities
4.4.7 Challenges
4.4.8 Market demand forecast in litres and $
4.5 Biomass-based diesel
4.5.1 Biodiesel
4.5.1.1 Introduction
4.5.1.2 Production capacities
4.5.2 Renewable diesel
4.5.2.1 Feedstocks
4.5.2.2 Production
4.5.2.3 Production capacities
4.5.2.4 Market growth
4.6 Syngas
4.7 Biogas
4.8 Biomethanol
4.9 Biobutanol
4.10 Biofuel challenges
4.11 Companies
5 ELECTROFUELS (E-FUELS)
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Benefits of e-fuels
5.2 Feedstocks
5.2.1 Hydrogen electrolysis
5.2.2 CO2 capture
5.3 Electrolysers
5.3.1 Commercial alkaline electrolyser cells (AECs)
5.3.2 PEM electrolysers
5.3.3 High-temperature solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOECs)
5.3.3.1 Syngas production
5.3.3.2 Companies
5.3.4 Electrolysis for power-to-X
5.4 Direct Air Capture (DAC)
5.4.1 Markets for DAC
5.4.2 Costs
5.4.3 Challenges
5.4.4 Companies and technologies
5.4.5 CO2 capture from point sources
5.5 Production routes
5.6 Costs
5.7 Estimate market demand for e-fuels
5.8 Market challenges
5.9 Companies
6 GREEN AMMONIA
6.1 Production
6.1.1 Decarbonisation of ammonia production
6.1.2 Green ammonia demonstration plants
6.2 Green ammonia synthesis methods
6.2.1 Haber-Bosch process
6.2.2 Biological nitrogen fixation
6.2.3 Electrochemical production
6.2.4 Chemical looping processes
6.3 Markets and applications
6.3.1 Chemical energy storage and transporation
6.3.1.1 Ammonia fuel cells
6.3.2 Thermal energy storage
6.3.3 Transport fuel
6.3.4 Marine fuel
6.4 Costs
6.5 Companies
7 COMPANY PROFILES 127 (95 COMPANY PROFILES)
8 REFERENCES
TABLES
Table 1. Market drivers for alternative and biofuels.
Table 2. Types of advanced, alternative and renewable fuels.
Table 3. Market challenges for alternative and bio-fuels.
Table 4. Industry developments in alternative and bio-fuels 2020-2021.
Table 5. Biofuels summary.
Table 6. Feedstock conversion pathways.
Table 7. Operating and planned lignocellulosic biorefineries.
Table 8. Lignocellulosic ethanol plants and capacities.
Table 9. Yield of algae and other biodiesel crops.
Table 10. Biofuel production processes.
Table 11. Biofuel production facilities using organic wastes.
Table 12. Advantages and disadvantages of biojet fuel
Table 13. Feedstocks for bio-jet fuel production.
Table 14. Production pathways for bio-jet fuel.
Table 15. Current and announced biojet fuel facilities and capacities.
Table 16. Preparation and production of biodiesel using different methods.
Table 17. Biodiesel production capacities.
Table 18. Challenges for biofuels.
Table 19. Bio-fuel producers.
Table 20. Overview of e-fuels.
Table 21. Markets for DAC.
Table 22. Cost estimates of DAC.
Table 23. DAC technology developers and production.
Table 24. E-fuels companies.
Table 25. Green ammonia demonstration plantsGreen ammonia demonstration plants.
Table 26. Summary of marine alternative fuels.
Table 27. Main players in green ammonia.
Table 28. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes.
Table 1. Market drivers for alternative and biofuels.
Table 2. Types of advanced, alternative and renewable fuels.
Table 3. Market challenges for alternative and bio-fuels.
Table 4. Industry developments in alternative and bio-fuels 2020-2021.
Table 5. Biofuels summary.
Table 6. Feedstock conversion pathways.
Table 7. Operating and planned lignocellulosic biorefineries.
Table 8. Lignocellulosic ethanol plants and capacities.
Table 9. Yield of algae and other biodiesel crops.
Table 10. Biofuel production processes.
Table 11. Biofuel production facilities using organic wastes.
Table 12. Advantages and disadvantages of biojet fuel
Table 13. Feedstocks for bio-jet fuel production.
Table 14. Production pathways for bio-jet fuel.
Table 15. Current and announced biojet fuel facilities and capacities.
Table 16. Preparation and production of biodiesel using different methods.
Table 17. Biodiesel production capacities.
Table 18. Challenges for biofuels.
Table 19. Bio-fuel producers.
Table 20. Overview of e-fuels.
Table 21. Markets for DAC.
Table 22. Cost estimates of DAC.
Table 23. DAC technology developers and production.
Table 24. E-fuels companies.
Table 25. Green ammonia demonstration plantsGreen ammonia demonstration plants.
Table 26. Summary of marine alternative fuels.
Table 27. Main players in green ammonia.
Table 28. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes.
FIGURES
Figure 1. SAF demand forecast, billion litres to 2031.
Figure 2. SAF demand forecast, billion $ to 2031.
Figure 3. Biodiesel market forecasts to2031.
Figure 4. Renewable diesel produciton capacities.
Figure 5. Renewable diesel market forecast to 2031.
Figure 6. Process steps in the production of electrofuels.
Figure 7. Schematic of electrofuel production.
Figure 8. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system.
Figure 9. E-liquids production routes.
Figure 10. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products.
Figure 11. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production.
Figure 12. Liquid hydrocarbon e-fuel costs (min/max).
Figure 13. Cost breakdown for e-fuels.
Figure 14. Estimated market demand for e-fuels.
Figure 15. E-fuels final efficiency in engines.
Figure 16. Green ammonia production and use.
Figure 17. Schematic of green ammonia production.
Figure 18. Applications of green ammonia.
Figure 19. Estimated market demand for green ammonia to 2031.
Figure 20. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials.
Figure 1. SAF demand forecast, billion litres to 2031.
Figure 2. SAF demand forecast, billion $ to 2031.
Figure 3. Biodiesel market forecasts to2031.
Figure 4. Renewable diesel produciton capacities.
Figure 5. Renewable diesel market forecast to 2031.
Figure 6. Process steps in the production of electrofuels.
Figure 7. Schematic of electrofuel production.
Figure 8. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system.
Figure 9. E-liquids production routes.
Figure 10. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products.
Figure 11. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production.
Figure 12. Liquid hydrocarbon e-fuel costs (min/max).
Figure 13. Cost breakdown for e-fuels.
Figure 14. Estimated market demand for e-fuels.
Figure 15. E-fuels final efficiency in engines.
Figure 16. Green ammonia production and use.
Figure 17. Schematic of green ammonia production.
Figure 18. Applications of green ammonia.
Figure 19. Estimated market demand for green ammonia to 2031.
Figure 20. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials.
