The Global Market for Advanced Biobased and Renewable Fuels 2022
The sustainability of petroleum-based fuel supply has gained broad attention from the global community due to the increase of usage in various sectors, depletion of petroleum resources, and uncertainty around crude oil market prices. Additionally, environmental problems have also been flagged from the increasing emissions of harmful pollutants and greenhouse gases. Therefore, the use of clean energy sources is crucial. Sustainable, Alternative and Renewable Fuels include bio-fuels, bio-diesel, renewable diesel, sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs), biogas, electrofuels (e-fuels), green ammonia based on utilization of:
- First-Generation Feedstocks (food-based) e.g. Waste oils including used cooking oil, animal fats, and other fatty acids.
- Second-Generation Feedstocks (non-food based) e.g. Lignocellulosic wastes and residues, Energy crops, Agricultural residues, Forestry residues, Biogenic fraction of municipal and industrial waste.
- Third-Generation Feedstocks e.g. algal biomass
- Fourth-Generation Feedstocks e.g. genetically modified (GM) algae and cyanobacteria.
- Market trends and drivers.
- Market challenges
- Market analysis including key players, end use markets, production processes, costs, production capacities, market demand for biofuels, bio-jet fuels, biodiesel, renewable diesel, biogas, electrofuels, green ammonia and other relevant technologies.
- Industry developments 2020-2022.
- 114 company profiles including BTG Bioliquids, Byogy Renewables, Caphenia, Enerkem, Infinium. Eni S.p.A., Ensyn, FORGE Hydrocarbons Corporation, Genecis Bioindustries, Gevo, Haldor Topsoe, Steeper Energy, SunFire GmbH, Vertus Energy and many more.
1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2.1 Market drivers
2.2 Market challenges
3 INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS 2020-2022
4 BIOFUELS
4.1 The biofuels market
4.2 Types
4.2.1 Solid Biofuels
4.2.2 Liquid Biofuels
4.2.3 Gaseous Biofuels
4.2.4 Conventional Biofuels
4.2.5 Advanced Biofuels
4.3 Feedstocks
4.3.1 First-Generation Feedstocks
4.3.2 Second-Generation Feedstocks
4.3.2.1 Lignocellulosic wastes and residues
4.3.2.2 Biorefinery lignin
4.3.3 Third-Generation Feedstocks
4.3.3.1 Algal biofuels
4.3.4 Fourth-Generation Feedstocks
4.3.5 Advantages and disadvantages, by generation
4.3.6 Market demand
4.4 Bioethanol
4.5 Bio-jet (bio-aviation) fuels
4.5.1 Description
4.5.2 Global market
4.5.3 Production pathways
4.5.4 Costs
4.5.5 Biojet fuel production capacities
4.5.6 Challenges
4.6 Biomass-based diesel
4.6.1 Biodiesel
4.6.1.1 Production
4.6.1.2 Global market
4.6.2 Renewable diesel
4.6.2.1 Production
4.6.2.2 Global market
4.7 Syngas
4.8 Biogas and biomethane
4.8.1 Feedstocks
4.9 Biobutanol
4.9.1 Production
5 ELECTROFUELS (E-FUELS)
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Benefits of e-fuels
5.2 Feedstocks
5.2.1 Hydrogen electrolysis
5.2.2 CO2 capture
5.3 Production
5.4 Electrolysers
5.4.1 Commercial alkaline electrolyser cells (AECs)
5.4.2 PEM electrolysers (PEMEC)
5.4.3 High-temperature solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOECs)
5.5 Direct Air Capture (DAC)
5.5.1 Technologies
5.5.2 Markets for DAC
5.5.3 Costs
5.5.4 Challenges
5.5.5 Companies and production
5.5.6 CO2 capture from point sources
5.6 Costs
5.7 Market challenges
5.8 Companies
6 GREEN AMMONIA
6.1 Production
6.1.1 Decarbonisation of ammonia production
6.1.2 Green ammonia projects
6.2 Green ammonia synthesis methods
6.2.1 Haber-Bosch process
6.2.2 Biological nitrogen fixation
6.2.3 Electrochemical production
6.2.4 Chemical looping processes
6.3 Blue ammonia
6.3.1 Blue ammonia projects
6.4 Markets and applications
6.4.1 Chemical energy storage
6.4.1.1 Ammonia fuel cells
6.4.2 Marine fuel
6.5 Costs
6.6 Estimated market demand
6.7 Companies and projects
7 COMPANY PROFILES
8 REFERENCES
2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2.1 Market drivers
2.2 Market challenges
3 INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS 2020-2022
4 BIOFUELS
4.1 The biofuels market
4.2 Types
4.2.1 Solid Biofuels
4.2.2 Liquid Biofuels
4.2.3 Gaseous Biofuels
4.2.4 Conventional Biofuels
4.2.5 Advanced Biofuels
4.3 Feedstocks
4.3.1 First-Generation Feedstocks
4.3.2 Second-Generation Feedstocks
4.3.2.1 Lignocellulosic wastes and residues
4.3.2.2 Biorefinery lignin
4.3.3 Third-Generation Feedstocks
4.3.3.1 Algal biofuels
4.3.4 Fourth-Generation Feedstocks
4.3.5 Advantages and disadvantages, by generation
4.3.6 Market demand
4.4 Bioethanol
4.5 Bio-jet (bio-aviation) fuels
4.5.1 Description
4.5.2 Global market
4.5.3 Production pathways
4.5.4 Costs
4.5.5 Biojet fuel production capacities
4.5.6 Challenges
4.6 Biomass-based diesel
4.6.1 Biodiesel
4.6.1.1 Production
4.6.1.2 Global market
4.6.2 Renewable diesel
4.6.2.1 Production
4.6.2.2 Global market
4.7 Syngas
4.8 Biogas and biomethane
4.8.1 Feedstocks
4.9 Biobutanol
4.9.1 Production
5 ELECTROFUELS (E-FUELS)
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Benefits of e-fuels
5.2 Feedstocks
5.2.1 Hydrogen electrolysis
5.2.2 CO2 capture
5.3 Production
5.4 Electrolysers
5.4.1 Commercial alkaline electrolyser cells (AECs)
5.4.2 PEM electrolysers (PEMEC)
5.4.3 High-temperature solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOECs)
5.5 Direct Air Capture (DAC)
5.5.1 Technologies
5.5.2 Markets for DAC
5.5.3 Costs
5.5.4 Challenges
5.5.5 Companies and production
5.5.6 CO2 capture from point sources
5.6 Costs
5.7 Market challenges
5.8 Companies
6 GREEN AMMONIA
6.1 Production
6.1.1 Decarbonisation of ammonia production
6.1.2 Green ammonia projects
6.2 Green ammonia synthesis methods
6.2.1 Haber-Bosch process
6.2.2 Biological nitrogen fixation
6.2.3 Electrochemical production
6.2.4 Chemical looping processes
6.3 Blue ammonia
6.3.1 Blue ammonia projects
6.4 Markets and applications
6.4.1 Chemical energy storage
6.4.1.1 Ammonia fuel cells
6.4.2 Marine fuel
6.5 Costs
6.6 Estimated market demand
6.7 Companies and projects
7 COMPANY PROFILES
8 REFERENCES
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Market drivers for advanced biobased and renewable fuels.
Table 2. Market challenges for advanced biobased and renewable fuels.
Table 3. Industry developments in advanced biobased and renewable fuels 2020-2022.
Table 4. Categories and examples of solid biofuel.
Table 5. Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity.
Table 6. Biorefinery feedstocks.
Table 7. Feedstock conversion pathways.
Table 8. First-Generation Feedstocks.
Table 9. Lignocellulosic ethanol plants and capacities.
Table 10. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins.
Table 11. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
Table 12. Operating and planned lignocellulosic biorefineries and industrial flue gas-to-ethanol.
Table 13. Properties of microalgae and macroalgae.
Table 14. Yield of algae and other biodiesel crops.
Table 15. Advantages and disadvantages of biofuels, by generation.
Table 16. Advantages and disadvantages of biojet fuel
Table 17. Production pathways for bio-jet fuel.
Table 18. Current and announced biojet fuel facilities and capacities.
Table 19, Biodiesel production techniques.
Table 20. Biodiesel by generation.
Table 21. Biogas feedstocks.
Table 22. Applications of e-fuels, by type.
Table 23. Overview of e-fuels.
Table 24. Benefits of e-fuels.
Table 25. Main characteristics of different electrolyzer technologies.
Table 26. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC.
Table 27. DAC companies and technologies.
Table 28. Markets for DAC.
Table 29. Cost estimates of DAC.
Table 30. Challenges for DAC technology.
Table 31. DAC technology developers and production.
Table 32. Market challenges for e-fuels.
Table 33. E-fuels companies.
Table 34. Green ammonia projects (current and planned).
Table 35. Blue ammonia projects.
Table 36. Ammonia fuel cell technologies.
Table 37. Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel.
Table 38. Summary of marine alternative fuels.
Table 39. Estimated costs for different types of ammonia.
Table 40. Main players in green ammonia.
Table 41. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes.
Table 1. Market drivers for advanced biobased and renewable fuels.
Table 2. Market challenges for advanced biobased and renewable fuels.
Table 3. Industry developments in advanced biobased and renewable fuels 2020-2022.
Table 4. Categories and examples of solid biofuel.
Table 5. Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity.
Table 6. Biorefinery feedstocks.
Table 7. Feedstock conversion pathways.
Table 8. First-Generation Feedstocks.
Table 9. Lignocellulosic ethanol plants and capacities.
Table 10. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins.
Table 11. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
Table 12. Operating and planned lignocellulosic biorefineries and industrial flue gas-to-ethanol.
Table 13. Properties of microalgae and macroalgae.
Table 14. Yield of algae and other biodiesel crops.
Table 15. Advantages and disadvantages of biofuels, by generation.
Table 16. Advantages and disadvantages of biojet fuel
Table 17. Production pathways for bio-jet fuel.
Table 18. Current and announced biojet fuel facilities and capacities.
Table 19, Biodiesel production techniques.
Table 20. Biodiesel by generation.
Table 21. Biogas feedstocks.
Table 22. Applications of e-fuels, by type.
Table 23. Overview of e-fuels.
Table 24. Benefits of e-fuels.
Table 25. Main characteristics of different electrolyzer technologies.
Table 26. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC.
Table 27. DAC companies and technologies.
Table 28. Markets for DAC.
Table 29. Cost estimates of DAC.
Table 30. Challenges for DAC technology.
Table 31. DAC technology developers and production.
Table 32. Market challenges for e-fuels.
Table 33. E-fuels companies.
Table 34. Green ammonia projects (current and planned).
Table 35. Blue ammonia projects.
Table 36. Ammonia fuel cell technologies.
Table 37. Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel.
Table 38. Summary of marine alternative fuels.
Table 39. Estimated costs for different types of ammonia.
Table 40. Main players in green ammonia.
Table 41. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes.
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals.
Figure 2. Hydrolytic lignin powder.
Figure 3. Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2021.
Figure 4. Distribution of global liquid biofuel production in 2021.
Figure 5. Ethanol consumption 2010-2027 (million litres).
Figure 6. Global bio-jet fuel consumption 2010-2027 (M litres/year).
Figure 7. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2027 (M litres/year).
Figure 8. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2010-2027 (M litres/year).
Figure 9. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm?/h of Syngas, 2021.
Figure 10. Biogas and biomethane pathways.
Figure 11. Properties of petrol and biobutanol.
Figure 12. Biobutanol production route.
Figure 13. Process steps in the production of electrofuels.
Figure 14. Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics.
Figure 15. Production process for green hydrogen.
Figure 16. E-liquids production routes.
Figure 17. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products.
Figure 18. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production.
Figure 19. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system.
Figure 20. Levelized cost and fuel-switching CO2 prices of e-fuels.
Figure 21. Cost breakdown for e-fuels.
Figure 22. Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production.
Figure 23. Green ammonia production and use.
Figure 24. Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction.
Figure 25. Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation.
Figure 26. Estimated production cost of green ammonia.
Figure 27. Projected annual ammonia production, million tons.
Figure 28. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process.
Figure 29. FBPO process
Figure 30. Direct Air Capture Process.
Figure 31. CRI process.
Figure 32. Domsj? process.
Figure 33. FuelPositive system.
Figure 34. Infinitree swing method.
Figure 35. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process.
Figure 36: Plantrose process.
Figure 37. The Velocys process.
Figure 38. Goldilocks process and applications.
Figure 1. Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals.
Figure 2. Hydrolytic lignin powder.
Figure 3. Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2021.
Figure 4. Distribution of global liquid biofuel production in 2021.
Figure 5. Ethanol consumption 2010-2027 (million litres).
Figure 6. Global bio-jet fuel consumption 2010-2027 (M litres/year).
Figure 7. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2027 (M litres/year).
Figure 8. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2010-2027 (M litres/year).
Figure 9. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm?/h of Syngas, 2021.
Figure 10. Biogas and biomethane pathways.
Figure 11. Properties of petrol and biobutanol.
Figure 12. Biobutanol production route.
Figure 13. Process steps in the production of electrofuels.
Figure 14. Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics.
Figure 15. Production process for green hydrogen.
Figure 16. E-liquids production routes.
Figure 17. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products.
Figure 18. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production.
Figure 19. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system.
Figure 20. Levelized cost and fuel-switching CO2 prices of e-fuels.
Figure 21. Cost breakdown for e-fuels.
Figure 22. Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production.
Figure 23. Green ammonia production and use.
Figure 24. Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction.
Figure 25. Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation.
Figure 26. Estimated production cost of green ammonia.
Figure 27. Projected annual ammonia production, million tons.
Figure 28. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process.
Figure 29. FBPO process
Figure 30. Direct Air Capture Process.
Figure 31. CRI process.
Figure 32. Domsj? process.
Figure 33. FuelPositive system.
Figure 34. Infinitree swing method.
Figure 35. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process.
Figure 36: Plantrose process.
Figure 37. The Velocys process.
Figure 38. Goldilocks process and applications.
