The Global Market for Advanced Bio-based and Sustainable Materials 2026-2036

October 2026 | 2514 pages | ID: GDC8068E456CEN
Future Markets, Inc.

Abstracts

The global market for advanced bio-based and sustainable materials is moving from niche substitution into mainstream industrial supply. Bio-based materials replace fossil carbon with renewable biomass: crops, forestry and agricultural residues, algae, and products of microbial fermentation. Sustainable materials are judged on their whole life cycle, including lower emissions, renewable or recycled inputs, reduced toxicity, and the ability to be recycled, reused or composted. The category covers:

• bio-based polymers such as PLA, PHA, bio-PE, bio-PP and PEF
• lignin, cellulose and nanocellulose
• natural fiber composites
• mycelium and other biofabricated materials
• bio-based chemicals and intermediates
• low-carbon construction materials
• coatings, resins and adhesives
• alternative leathers and textiles

Bio-based polymers are the core of the market. Capacity is forecast to grow at around 11% a year, to roughly 15–16 million tonnes by 2036, taking bio-based polymers to 3–4% of the polymer market. When functional polymers, natural rubber and man-made fibers are included, bio-based volumes already total around 42 million tonnes, about 8% of all polymers. The market reached a turning point in 2025. For the first time, Asia did not lead new capacity additions. North America and Europe together are expected to rise from 31% of global capacity to more than 40% by 2036, driven by large PHA, bio-PP and bio-PE projects. Asia remains the largest region, with a share of around 50%.

Regulation is the strongest driver. Key measures include:

• the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation
• restrictions on single-use plastics
• extended producer responsibility schemes
• carbon pricing
• national bioeconomy strategies

Brand owners in packaging, consumer goods, automotive, fashion and electronics are adopting these materials to meet net-zero and Scope 3 commitments. Many bio-based materials also perform better: natural fibers make parts lighter, coatings provide barrier protection, and some materials are biocompatible or controllably biodegradable. PHA, bio-PP and PEF are the fastest-growing polymers. Adoption is spreading beyond packaging and fibers into automotive parts, construction, electronics and medical products.

Challenges remain:

• Cost premiums: about 10–25% over fossil plastics for drop-in polymers and 30–150% for biodegradable grades.
• Other constraints: the cost of financing scale-up, feedstock logistics, and gaps in end-of-life infrastructure.
• Insolvencies: several high-profile failures in 2024–2025 showed how much capital discipline and secure offtake agreements matter.

Premiums are expected to narrow as capacity scales. PLA and PHA are forecast to reach price parity in key applications by 2030–2032. The materials industry is rebuilding its feedstock base around renewable carbon, and The Global Market for Advanced Bio-based and Sustainable Materials 2026–2036 is a complete guide to that transition. It analyses the technologies, markets and companies behind bio-based polymers, chemicals, fibers and composites, and their use in construction, packaging, textiles, coatings, fuels, electronics and adhesives. Forecasts run to 2036. The report combines market data with technology assessment. It includes production capacity and volume forecasts by material, application and region, and analyses feedstocks, conversion routes, costs, regulation and competitive dynamics. It runs to more than 2,500 pages, with 796 tables and 89 figures.

Report contents include:

• Executive summary: definitions, benefits, global polymer supply, bio-based content and regional outlook to 2036
• Bioplastics market: building blocks, next-generation polymers, links to chemical recycling, capacities, market forecasts and regulation
• Bio-based chemicals and intermediates: biorefineries and starch, sugar, lignocellulosic, oil-based, waste and gaseous feedstocks, with production forecasts
• Bio-based polymers and plastics: PLA, PHA, bio-PE, bio-PP, PEF, PBS, PBAT, bio-PA, cellulose, lignin, nanocellulose and more
• Natural fiber plastics and composites: fiber types, processing and markets
• Sustainable construction materials: low-carbon cement and concrete, bio-based insulation, timber and composites
• Bio-based packaging: films, paper and moulded fiber, barrier coatings and active packaging
• Sustainable textiles and apparel: bio-based fibers and alternative leathers
• Bio-based coatings and resins: technologies, applications and market revenues
• Biofuels and e-fuels: feedstocks, production routes, costs and capacity
• Sustainable electronics: materials, manufacturing, PCBs and data-centre sustainability
• Bio-based adhesives and sealants: chemistries and markets
• Company profiles: more than 1,200 companies across the value chain, including producers, technology developers and brand owners. Companies profiled include 1414 Degrees, 3DBioFibR, 3M, 9Fiber, Inc, Aamati Green PVT Ltd, ABIS Aerogel Co., Ltd, Acorn Pulp Group, Actega, Active Aerogels, Adaptavate, ADBioplastics, Adriano di Marti/Desserto, Adsorbi, Aduro Clean Technologies, Inc, Advanced Biochemical (Thailand) Co., Ltd, Advanced Paper Forming, LLC, Aegis Packaging, Aekyung Chemical Co., Ltd, Aemetis, Inc, AEP Polymers, Aerobel BV, Aerofybers Technologies SL, Aerogel Core Ltd, aerogel-it GmbH, Aerogel Technologies LLC, Aeropowder Limited, Aether Fuels, Agilyx, AGITEC International AG, Agra Energy, AGRANA Staerke GmbH, AgroRenew, Agrosustain SA, Ahlstrom, AIM Sweden AB, Aircela Inc, Air Company, Airco Process Technology, Aizawa Concrete Corporation, Akorn Technology, Akzo Nobel N.V, Alberdingk Boley GmbH, Alberta Innovates/Innotech Materials, LLC, Alchemy GmbH, Alfa Kimya S.A, Algaeing, Algal Bio Co., Ltd, Algenesis Corporation, Algenie, Algenol, Alginor ASA, Algix LLC, Algoma Steel, AlixLabs AB, allnex GmbH, AlmaScience, Alpha Assembly Solutions, Alpha Biofuels (Singapore) Pte Ltd, Alpha Recyclage Composites, Altana AG (Heliosonic GmbH), Alter Eco Pulp, Alterpacks, Alt.Leather, Altropol Kunststoff GmbH, Amcor, AM Green, AmicaTerra, AmphiStar, AMSilk GmbH, Andritz AG, Anellotech, Inc, Ankor Bioplastics Co., Ltd, Anomera, Inc, An Ph?t Bioplastics, ANPOLY, Anqing He Xing Chemical Co., Ltd, APChemi Pvt. Ltd, Apeel Sciences, Apeiron Bioenergy, Aperam BioEnergia, Applied Bioplastics, Applied Research Associates, Inc. (ARA), Aquafil S.p.A, Aquapak Polymers Ltd, Aquaspersions, Arcadia eFuels, ArcelorMittal SA, Archer Daniel Midland Company (ADM), Archipelago Technology Group, Archroma, Arctic Biomaterials Oy, Arda Biomaterials, Ardent, Ardra Bio, Arekapak GmbH, Arjowiggins Group, Arkema, Arlanxeo, Armacell International S.A, Arrow Greentech, Arzeda Corp, Asahi Kasei Corporation, ASB Biodiesel Limited, Aspen Aerogels, Inc, Atmonia, Attis Innovations, llc, AVA Biochem AG, Avalon BioEnergy, Avani Eco, Avantium B.V, Avient Corporation, Avioxx, Axalta, Axcelon Biopolymers Corporation, Ayas Renewables Inc, Azolla, BacAlt Biosciences, Balrampur Chini Mills, Bambooder Biobased Fibers B.V, Baril Coatings B.V, BarkTex, BASF, Basilisk, Bast Fiber Technologies, BBCA Biochemical & GALACTIC Lactic Acid Co., Ltd, Bcircular, Bcomp ltd, BDI-BioEnergy International GmbH, BEE Biofuel, BeFC, Be Green Packaging LLC, Betolar, Better Fiber Technologies, Betulium Oy, Beyond Leather Materials ApS, Billerud, Bio2Coat, Bio2Materials Sp. z o.o, Bioelements Group, Bioextrax AB, Bio Fab NZ, BIO-FED, Biofiber, Biofiber Tech Sweden AB, BIOFIBIX, Biofine Technology, LLC, Bioform Technologies, Biofuture, Biofy, BiogasClean A/S, Biohm, Biojet AS, Biokemik, Bioleather, BIOLO, BioLogiQ, Inc, BIO-LUTIONS International AG, Biomason, Inc, Biomass Resin Holdings Co., Ltd, Biome Bioplastics, Bio-Oils, Biophilica, Bioplastech Ltd, Bioplastix, Biopolax, BioSmart Nano, BioSolutions, Biosyntia, Biotecam, BIOTEC GmbH & Co. KG, Biotic Circular Technologies Ltd, Biotrem, Biovox, Bioweg, BioZeroc, Birla Cellulose, bitBiome, Blastr Green Steel, BlockTexx Pty Ltd, Bloom Biorenewables SA, BluCon Biotech GmbH, BlueAlp Technology, Blue BioFuels, Inc, Blue Ocean Closures, Bluepha Beijing Lanjing Microbiology Technology Co., Ltd, Blue Planet Systems Corporation, Blueshift Materials, Inc, BOBST, Bolt Threads, Borealis AG, Borregaard, Bosk Bioproducts Inc, Boston Metal, Bowil Biotech Sp. z o.o, B-PREG, Braskem, Braven Environmental, LLC, Brightmark Energy, Brightplus Oy, Brimstone, bse Methanol GmbH, BTG Bioliquids B.V, Bucha Bio, Inc, Buhl Paperform GmbH, Burgo Group S.p.A, Business Innovation Partners Co., Ltd, Buyo Bioplastic Ltd, ByFusion Global Inc, BYK-Chemie GmbH, Byogy Renewables, Inc, B’ZEOS, C16 Biosciences, C1 Green Chemicals AG, C2CNT LLC/Capital Power, Cabot Corporation, Calyxia, Cambridge Carbon Capture Ltd, Cambridge Electric Cement, Canadian Industrial Hemp Corporation, CapaTec Inc, Caphenia GmbH, Capsol Technologies, CARAPAC Company, Carapace Biopolymers, CarbiCrete, Carbiolice, Carbios, Carbon8 Systems, Carbonaide Oy, CarbonBridge, CarbonBuilt, Carbon Collect Limited, Carbon Crusher, CarbonCure Technologies, Inc, Carbon Engineering (Occidental / 1PointFive), Carbon Infinity Limited, Carbon Re, Carbon Recycling International, Carbon Sink LLC, Carbon Upcycling Technologies, Carbonwave, Carbyon BV, Cardia Bioplastics Ltd, Cardolite, Cargill, Cassandra Oil AB, Cass Materials Pty Ltd, Casterra Ag Ltd, CATACK-H, Catalyxx, Cathay Industrial Biotech, Ltd, C-Capture, Celanese Corporation, Cellicon B.V, CellON, Cellucomp Ltd, Celluforce, Cellugy, Cellutech AB (Stora Enso), Celtic Renewables Ltd, Celus GmbH, Celwise AB, CemVision AB, Cereal Process Technologies (CPT), CERT Systems, Inc, CF Industries Holdings, Inc, CGREEN, ChainCraft, ChakraTech, CH Bioforce, Checkerspot, Chemical Process Services Ltd. (Bitrez), Chemkey Advanced Materials Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Chemol Company (Seydel), Chempolis Oy, Chestnut Bio Polymers, China Baowu Steel Group, Chinova Bioworks, Chitelix, Chitose Bio Evolution Pte Ltd, Chongqing Bofei Biochemical Products Co., Ltd, Chuetsu Pulp & Paper Co., Ltd, CIMV, Circa Group, Circla Nordic, Circular11, Circular Systems, Circulose, Cirkla, CJ Biomaterials, Inc, CKF Inc, CleanJoule, Climeworks, CNF Biofuel AS, CO2BioClean, Coastgrass ApS, Cobratex, COFCO Cooperation Ltd, Coffeeco Upcycle, Concord Blue Engineering, Concrene Limited, Concrete4Change, Concretenne, CondAlign AS, Constantia Flexibles, Coolbrook, Cool Planet Energy Systems, Corbion N.V, Corium Biotech, Corn Next, Corsair Group International, Cortec Corporation, Corumat, Inc, Cosmo Specialty Chemicals, Cosun Beet Company, Coval Energy B.V, Covestro AG, Craft Composite, CreaFill Fibers Corporation, Crimson Renewable Energy LLC, Cristal Union Group, Croda International plc, Croft, Cruz Foam, CuanTec Ltd, Cullen Eco-Friendly Packaging, C-Zero Inc, Daesang, Daicel Corporation, Daicel Polymer Ltd, DaikyoNishikawa Corporation, Daily Polymer, Daio Paper Corporation, Daishowa Paper Products Co. Ltd, DAK Americas LLC, Danimer Scientific, D-CRBN, DENSO Corporation, Diamond Green Diesel LLC, DIC Corporation, DIC Products, Dimensional Energy, Dioxide Materials, Dioxycle, Dispersa, DisSolves, DKS Co. Ltd, DMAT, DMC Biotechnologies, Domsj? Fabriker AB, Domtar Paper Company LLC, Dongjin Semichem, Dongnam Realize, Dongying Hebang Chemical Corp, Dow Chemical Company, DP Patterning AB, dsm-firmenich, DuFor Resins B.V, DuPont, DuPont Tate & Lyle Bio Products Co., LLC, E6PR, EarthForm, Earthodic, Earth Recycle Co., Ltd, Eastman Chemical Company, Ecoat S.A.S, EcoCeres, Inc, Eco Environmental, Eco Fuel Technology, Inc, ecoGenie biotech, Ecohelix, ecoLocked GmbH, Ecologic Brands, Inc, Ecomann Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Ecopel, EcoPHA Biotech Pty Ltd, Eco-Products, Inc, Eco Safety Products, Ecoshell, Eco Shot LLC, Eco-SQ, EcoSynthetix, Inc, EcoTechnilin, Ecovance Co., Ltd, Ecovative Design LLC, Ecovia Renewables, Eden Innovations LLC, Eden Materials, EggPlant Srl, Ehime Paper Manufacturing Co. Ltd, Elea & Lili Ltd, ElectraMet, Electra Steel, Electrified Thermal Solutions, Electro-Active Technologies Inc, Elementis plc, Elephantech, Inc, Elevance Renewable Sciences, Inc, Elisto GmbH, Emerging Fuels Technology (EFT), Emery Oleochemicals LLC and more....

Contents

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.1 Definition of Bio-based and Sustainable Materials
1.2 Importance and Benefits of Bio-based and Sustainable Materials
1.3 What are bioplastics?
1.4 Global Plastics Market and Supply
1.5 Recycling Polymers
1.6 Bio-based and Biodegradable vs. Non-biodegradable Polymers
1.7 Bio-based Content Across the Full Polymer Market
1.8 Regional Distribution

2 BIOPLASTICS MARKET

2.1 Bio-based Building Blocks Market Overview
2.2 Next Generation Bio-based Polymers
2.3 Integration with Chemical Recycling
2.4 Novel Feedstock Sources
2.5 Turning Waste into Bioplastics
2.6 Bio-based Polymer Production Shares and Bio-based Content: 2025
2.7 Global Bioplastics Capacity
2.7.1 Production capacities 2025
2.7.2 Production capacities forecast 2025-2036
2.7.3 Production capacities by region 2024-2036
2.8 Global Market Forecasts
2.9 Environmental Impact and Sustainability
2.9.1 Plastics carbon footprint
2.9.2 Bioplastics carbon footprint
2.9.3 Life Cycle Assessment of Bioplastics
2.9.4 Use of renewables in production
2.9.5 Land Use and Feedstock Sustainability
2.9.6 Carbon Footprint Comparison with Fossil-based Alternatives
2.10 Bio-composites
2.10.1 Sustainable packaging
2.10.2 Enhanced biodegradation of bio-based polymers
2.10.3 Bio-composite manufacturing
2.10.4 Sustainability and Environmental Performance of Bio-based Polymers
2.11 The Biodegradability and Bio-based Independence Principle
2.12 Types of bioplastics
2.12.1 Introduction
2.12.2 Polymer Types
2.12.2.1 Transition from fossil-based to bio-based polymers
2.12.2.2 Monosaccharides
2.12.2.3 Vegetable Oils
2.12.3 Bio-based monomers
2.12.3.1 Portfolio of available monomers
2.12.3.2 Emerging Monomer Technologies
2.12.4 The Green Premium
2.12.5 Market Pathway Classification: Drop-in, Smart Drop-in and Dedicated Bio-based Polymers
2.13 Feedstocks
2.13.1 Types
2.13.2 Prices
2.13.3 Alternative feedstocks for bioplastics
2.13.4 Food security, land use, and water resources
2.14 Chain of custody
2.15 Chemical tracers and markers
2.16 Bioplastics regulations
2.16.1 Overview
2.16.2 Extended producer responsibility (EPR)
2.16.3 United States
2.16.4 Europe
2.16.4.1 EU Bioeconomy Strategy November 2025
2.16.5 Asia-Pacific

3 BIO-BASED CHEMICALS AND INTERMEDIATES

3.1 BIOREFINERIES
3.2 BIO-BASED FEEDSTOCK AND LAND USE
3.3 PLANT-BASED
3.3.1 STARCH
3.3.1.1 Overview
3.3.1.2 Sources
3.3.1.3 Global production
3.3.1.4 Lysine
3.3.1.4.1 Source
3.3.1.4.2 Applications
3.3.1.4.3 Global production
3.3.1.5 Glucose
3.3.1.5.1 HMDA
3.3.1.5.1.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.1.2 Sources
3.3.1.5.1.3 Applications
3.3.1.5.1.4 Global production
3.3.1.5.2 1,5-pentamethylenediamine (DA5)
3.3.1.5.2.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.2.2 Sources
3.3.1.5.2.3 Applications
3.3.1.5.2.4 Global production
3.3.1.5.3 Sorbitol
3.3.1.5.3.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.3.2 Applications
3.3.1.5.3.3 Global Production
3.3.1.5.3.4 Isosorbide
3.3.1.5.3.4.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.3.4.2 Sources
3.3.1.5.3.4.3 Applications
3.3.1.5.3.4.4 Global production
3.3.1.5.4 Lactic acid
3.3.1.5.4.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.4.2 D-lactic acid
3.3.1.5.4.3 L-lactic acid
3.3.1.5.4.4 Lactide
3.3.1.5.5 Itaconic acid
3.3.1.5.5.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.5.2 Sources
3.3.1.5.5.3 Applications
3.3.1.5.5.4 Global production
3.3.1.5.6 3-HP
3.3.1.5.6.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.6.2 Sources
3.3.1.5.6.3 Applications
3.3.1.5.6.4 Global production
3.3.1.5.6.5 Acrylic acid
3.3.1.5.6.5.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.6.5.2 Applications
3.3.1.5.6.5.3 Global production
3.3.1.5.6.6 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO)
3.3.1.5.6.6.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.6.6.2 Applications
3.3.1.5.6.6.3 Global production
3.3.1.5.7 Succinic Acid
3.3.1.5.7.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.7.2 Sources
3.3.1.5.7.3 Applications
3.3.1.5.7.4 Global production
3.3.1.5.7.5 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO)
3.3.1.5.7.5.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.7.5.2 Applications
3.3.1.5.7.5.3 Global production
3.3.1.5.7.6 Tetrahydrofuran (THF)
3.3.1.5.7.6.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.7.6.2 Applications
3.3.1.5.7.6.3 Global production
3.3.1.5.8 Adipic acid
3.3.1.5.8.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.8.2 Applications
3.3.1.5.8.3 Caprolactame
3.3.1.5.8.3.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.8.3.2 Applications
3.3.1.5.8.3.3 Global production
3.3.1.5.9 Isobutanol
3.3.1.5.9.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.9.2 Sources
3.3.1.5.9.3 Applications
3.3.1.5.9.4 Global production
3.3.1.5.9.5 p-Xylene
3.3.1.5.9.5.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.9.5.2 Sources
3.3.1.5.9.5.3 Applications
3.3.1.5.9.5.4 Global production
3.3.1.5.9.6 Terephthalic acid
3.3.1.5.9.6.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.10 1,3 Proppanediol
3.3.1.5.10.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.10.2 Sources
3.3.1.5.10.3 Applications
3.3.1.5.10.4 Global production
3.3.1.5.11 Monoethylene glycol (MEG)
3.3.1.5.11.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.11.2 Sources
3.3.1.5.11.3 Applications
3.3.1.5.11.4 Global production
3.3.1.5.12 Ethanol
3.3.1.5.12.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.12.2 Sources
3.3.1.5.12.3 Applications
3.3.1.5.12.4 Global production
3.3.1.5.12.5 Ethylene
3.3.1.5.12.5.1 Overview
3.3.1.5.12.5.2 Applications
3.3.1.5.12.5.3 Global production
3.3.1.5.12.5.4 Propylene
3.3.1.5.12.5.5 Vinyl chloride
3.3.1.5.12.6 Methly methacrylate
3.3.2 SUGAR CROPS
3.3.2.1 Saccharose
3.3.2.1.1 Aniline
3.3.2.1.1.1 Overview
3.3.2.1.1.2 Applications
3.3.2.1.1.3 Global production
3.3.2.1.2 Fructose
3.3.2.1.2.1 Overview
3.3.2.1.2.2 Applications
3.3.2.1.2.3 Global production
3.3.2.1.2.4 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF)
3.3.2.1.2.4.1 Overview
3.3.2.1.2.4.2 Applications
3.3.2.1.2.4.3 Global production
3.3.2.1.2.5 5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF)
3.3.2.1.2.5.1 Overview
3.3.2.1.2.5.2 Applications
3.3.2.1.2.5.3 Global production
3.3.2.1.2.6 Levulinic Acid
3.3.2.1.2.6.1 Overview
3.3.2.1.2.6.2 Applications
3.3.2.1.2.6.3 Global production
3.3.2.1.2.7 FDME
3.3.2.1.2.7.1 Overview
3.3.2.1.2.7.2 Applications
3.3.2.1.2.7.3 Global production
3.3.2.1.2.8 2,5-FDCA
3.3.2.1.2.8.1 Overview
3.3.2.1.2.8.2 Applications
3.3.2.1.2.8.3 Global production
3.3.3 LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS
3.3.3.1 Levoglucosenone
3.3.3.1.1 Overview
3.3.3.1.2 Applications
3.3.3.1.3 Global production
3.3.3.2 Hemicellulose
3.3.3.2.1 Overview
3.3.3.2.2 Biochemicals from hemicellulose
3.3.3.2.3 Global production
3.3.3.2.4 Furfural
3.3.3.2.4.1 Overview
3.3.3.2.4.2 Applications
3.3.3.2.4.3 Global production
3.3.3.2.4.4 Furfuyl alcohol
3.3.3.2.4.4.1 Overview
3.3.3.2.4.4.2 Applications
3.3.3.2.4.4.3 Global production
3.3.3.3 Lignin
3.3.4 PLANT OILS
3.3.4.1 Overview
3.3.4.2 Glycerol
3.3.4.2.1 Overview
3.3.4.2.2 Applications
3.3.4.2.3 Global production
3.3.4.2.4 MPG
3.3.4.2.4.1 Overview
3.3.4.2.4.2 Applications
3.3.4.2.4.3 Global production
3.3.4.2.5 ECH
3.3.4.2.5.1 Overview
3.3.4.2.5.2 Applications
3.3.4.2.5.3 Global production
3.3.4.3 Fatty acids
3.3.4.3.1 Overview
3.3.4.3.2 Applications
3.3.4.3.3 Global production
3.3.4.4 Castor oil
3.3.4.4.1 Overview
3.3.4.4.2 Sebacic acid
3.3.4.4.2.1 Overview
3.3.4.4.2.2 Applications
3.3.4.4.2.3 Global production
3.3.4.4.3 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA)
3.3.4.4.3.1 Overview
3.3.4.4.3.2 Applications
3.3.4.4.3.3 Global production
3.3.4.5 Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA)
3.3.4.5.1 Overview
3.3.4.5.2 Applications
3.3.4.5.3 Global production
3.3.4.6 Pentamethylene diisocyanate
3.3.4.6.1 Overview
3.3.4.6.2 Applications
3.3.4.6.3 Global production
3.3.5 NON-EDIBIBLE MILK
3.3.5.1 Casein
3.3.5.1.1 Overview
3.3.5.1.2 Applications
3.3.5.1.3 Global production
3.3.6 BIO-BASED NAPHTHA
3.3.6.1 Overview
3.3.6.2 Applications
3.3.6.3 Global Production
3.4 WASTE
3.4.1 Food waste
3.4.1.1 Overview
3.4.1.2 Products and applications
3.4.1.3 Global production
3.4.2 Agricultural waste
3.4.2.1 Overview
3.4.2.2 Products and applications
3.4.2.3 Global production
3.4.3 Forestry waste
3.4.3.1 Overview
3.4.3.2 Products and applications
3.4.3.3 Global production
3.4.4 Aquaculture/fishing waste
3.4.4.1 Overview
3.4.4.2 Products and applications
3.4.4.3 Global production
3.4.5 Municipal solid waste
3.4.5.1 Overview
3.4.5.2 Products and applications
3.4.5.3 Global production
3.4.6 Industrial waste
3.4.6.1 Overview
3.4.6.2 Waste oils
3.4.6.3 Overview
3.4.6.4 Products and applications
3.4.6.5 Global production
3.5 MICROBIAL & MINERAL SOURCES
3.5.1 Microalgae
3.5.1.1 Overview
3.5.1.2 Products and applications
3.5.1.3 Global production
3.5.2 Macroalgae
3.5.2.1 Overview
3.5.2.2 Products and applications
3.5.2.3 Global production
3.5.3 Mineral sources
3.5.3.1 Overview
3.5.3.2 Products and applications
3.6 GASEOUS
3.6.1 Biogas
3.6.1.1 Overview
3.6.1.2 Products and applications
3.6.1.3 Global production
3.6.2 Syngas
3.6.2.1 Overview
3.6.2.2 Products and applications
3.6.2.3 Global production
3.6.3 Off gases - fermentation CO2, CO
3.6.3.1 Overview
3.6.3.2 Products and applications
3.7 Feedstock-to-Polymer Mapping and Mass Balance
3.7.1 Overview
3.7.2 Feedstock-to-polymer map
3.7.3 Conversion ratios and mass balance

4 BIO-BASED POLYMERS AND PLASTICS

4.1 BIO-BASED OR RENEWABLE PLASTICS
4.1.1 Drop-in bio-based plastics
4.1.2 Novel bio-based plastics
4.2 BIODEGRADABLE AND COMPOSTABLE PLASTICS
4.2.1 Biodegradability
4.2.2 Compostability
4.3 TYPES
4.4 KEY MARKET PLAYERS
4.5 SYNTHETIC BIO-BASED POLYMERS
4.5.1 Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) – cyclic and linear
4.5.1.1 Market analysis
4.5.1.2 Production
4.5.1.3 Applications
4.5.1.4 Producers
4.5.2 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
4.5.2.1 What is polylactic acid?
4.5.2.2 Market analysis
4.5.2.3 Applications
4.5.2.4 Production
4.5.2.5 Biomanufacturing of lactic acid (C3H6O3)
4.5.2.6 Bacterial fermentation
4.5.2.6.1 Lactic acid
4.5.2.6.2 Selection of optimal bacterial strains
4.5.2.6.3 Downstream processing of fermentation broth into PLA-grade lactic acid
4.5.2.7 PLA hydrolysis
4.5.2.8 Ocean degradation
4.5.2.9 PLA end-of-life
4.5.2.10 Producers and production capacities, current and planned
4.5.2.10.1 Lactic acid producers and production capacities
4.5.2.10.2 PLA producers and production capacities
4.5.2.10.3 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
4.5.2.10.4 PLA Production by region 2019–2036
4.5.3 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)
4.5.3.1 Market analysis
4.5.3.2 Bio-based MEG and PET
4.5.3.2.1 Monomer production
4.5.3.2.2 Applications
4.5.3.3 Producers and production capacities
4.5.3.4 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
4.5.4 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)
4.5.4.1 Market analysis
4.5.4.2 Producers and production capacities
4.5.4.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
4.5.4.4 PTT Production by region 2019–2036
4.5.5 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)
4.5.5.1 Market analysis
4.5.5.2 Comparative properties to PET
4.5.5.3 Commercial status
4.5.5.4 Producers and production capacities
4.5.5.4.1 FDCA and PEF producers and production capacities
4.5.5.4.2 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
4.5.6 Polyamides (Bio-PA)
4.5.6.1 Market analysis
4.5.6.2 Producers and production capacities
4.5.6.3 Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
4.5.6.4 Bio-PA Production by region 2019–2036
4.5.7 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)
4.5.7.1 Market analysis
4.5.7.2 Producers and production capacities
4.5.7.3 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
4.5.7.4 PBAT Production by region 2019–2036
4.5.8 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers
4.5.8.1 Market analysis
4.5.8.2 Producers and production capacities
4.5.8.3 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
4.5.8.4 PBS Production by region 2019–2036
4.5.9 Polyethylene (Bio-PE)
4.5.9.1 Market analysis
4.5.9.2 Producers and production capacities
4.5.9.3 Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
4.5.9.4 Bio-PE Production by region 2019–2036
4.5.10 Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
4.5.10.1 Market analysis
4.5.10.2 Producers and production capacities
4.5.10.3 Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
4.5.10.4 Bio-PP Production by region 2019–2036
4.5.11 Superabsorbent polymers
4.5.11.1 Market analysis
4.5.11.2 Production
4.5.11.3 Applications
4.5.11.4 Producers
4.5.12 Polytrimethylene Furandicarboxylate (PTF)
4.5.12.1 Market Analysis
4.5.12.2 Production
4.5.12.3 Applications
4.5.12.4 Producers and Production Capacities
4.5.12.5 PTF Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
4.5.13 Bio-based Polybutylene Terephthalate (Bio-PBT)
4.5.13.1 Market Analysis
4.5.13.2 Production
4.5.13.3 Applications
4.5.13.4 Producers and Production Capacities
4.5.13.5 Bio-PBT Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
4.5.14 Polyfurfuryl Alcohol (PFA)
4.5.14.1 Market Analysis
4.5.14.2 Production
4.5.14.3 Applications
4.5.14.4 Producers and Production Capacities
4.5.14.5 PFA Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
4.5.15 Bio-based Polyvinyl Chloride (Bio-PVC)
4.5.15.1 Market Analysis
4.5.15.2 Production
4.5.15.3 Applications
4.5.15.4 Producers and Production Capacities
4.5.15.5 Bio-PVC Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
4.5.16 Bio-based Polymethyl Methacrylate (Bio-PMMA)
4.5.16.1 Market Analysis
4.5.16.2 Production
4.5.16.3 Applications
4.5.16.4 Producers and Production Capacities
4.5.16.5 Bio-PMMA Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
4.5.17 Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR)
4.5.17.1 Market Analysis
4.5.17.2 Production
4.5.17.3 Applications
4.5.17.4 Producers and Production Capacities
4.5.17.5 Bio-SBR Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
4.5.18 Epoxy resins (bio-based content)
4.5.18.1 Market Analysis
4.5.18.2 Producers and Production Capacities
4.5.18.3 Epoxy resins (bio fraction) production 2019–2036
4.5.18.4 Epoxy resins Production by region 2019–2036
4.5.19 Polyurethanes (PUR, bio-based content)
4.5.19.1 Market Analysis
4.5.19.2 Producers and Production Capacities
4.5.19.3 Polyurethanes (PUR, bio fraction) production 2019–2036
4.5.19.4 PUR Production by region 2019–2036
4.6 NATURAL BIO-BASED POLYMERS
4.6.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
4.6.1.1 Technology description
4.6.1.2 Types
4.6.1.2.1 PHB
4.6.1.2.2 PHBV
4.6.1.3 Synthesis and production processes
4.6.1.4 Market analysis
4.6.1.5 Commercially available PHAs
4.6.1.6 Markets for PHAs
4.6.1.6.1 Packaging
4.6.1.6.2 Cosmetics
4.6.1.6.2.1 PHA microspheres
4.6.1.6.3 Medical
4.6.1.6.3.1 Tissue engineering
4.6.1.6.3.2 Drug delivery
4.6.1.6.4 Agriculture
4.6.1.6.4.1 Mulch film
4.6.1.6.4.2 Grow bags
4.6.1.7 Producers and production capacities
4.6.1.8 PHA production capacities 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
4.6.1.9 PHA Production by region 2019–2036
4.6.2 Cellulose
4.6.2.1 Cellulose acetate (CA)
4.6.2.1.1 Market analysis
4.6.2.1.2 Production
4.6.2.1.3 Applications
4.6.2.1.4 Cellulose acetate Production by region 2019–2036
4.6.2.1.5 Producers
4.6.2.2 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
4.6.2.2.1 Market analysis
4.6.2.2.2 Producers and production capacities
4.6.2.3 Nanocellulose
4.6.2.4 Casein polymers
4.6.2.4.1 Market analysis
4.6.2.5 Commercial status
4.6.2.5.1 Production
4.6.2.5.2 Applications
4.6.2.6 Algal, Fungal and Mycelium-based Materials: Emerging Outlook
4.6.3 Starch-containing polymer compounds (SCPC)
4.6.3.1 Market Analysis
4.6.3.2 Producers and Production Capacities
4.6.3.3 SCPC production 2019–2036
4.6.3.4 SCPC Production by region 2019–2036
4.7 END USE MARKETS
4.7.1 Packaging (Flexible and Rigid)
4.7.1.1 Processes for bioplastics in packaging
4.7.1.2 Applications
4.7.1.3 Flexible packaging
4.7.1.3.1 Production volumes 2019-2036
4.7.1.4 Rigid packaging
4.7.1.4.1 Production volumes 2019-2036
4.7.2 Consumer Goods
4.7.2.1 Applications
4.7.2.2 Production volumes 2019-2036
4.7.3 Automotive
4.7.3.1 Applications
4.7.3.2 Production volumes 2019-2036
4.7.4 Building and Construction
4.7.4.1 Applications
4.7.4.2 Production volumes 2019-2036
4.7.5 Textiles and Fibers
4.7.5.1 Apparel
4.7.5.2 Footwear
4.7.5.3 Medical textiles
4.7.5.4 Production volumes 2019-2036
4.7.6 Electronics
4.7.6.1 Applications
4.7.6.2 Production volumes 2019-2036
4.7.7 Agriculture and Horticulture
4.7.7.1 Production volumes 2019-2036
4.7.8 Production of Biopolymers, by region
4.7.8.1 North America
4.7.8.2 Europe
4.7.8.3 Asia-Pacific
4.7.8.4 Latin America
4.7.9 Polymer-Specific Application Distribution
4.7.9.1 All bio-based polymers — Application summary
4.7.9.2 PLA — Application distribution
4.7.9.3 PHA — Application distribution
4.7.9.4 PBAT — Application distribution
4.7.9.5 PBS — Application distribution
4.7.9.6 SCPC — Application distribution
4.7.9.7 Cellulose acetate — Application distribution
4.8 LIGNIN
4.8.1 What is lignin?
4.8.1.1 Lignin structure
4.8.2 Types of lignin
4.8.2.1 Sulfur containing lignin
4.8.2.2 Sulfur-free lignin from biorefinery process
4.8.3 Properties
4.8.4 The lignocellulose biorefinery
4.8.5 Markets and applications
4.8.6 Challenges for using lignin
4.8.7 Lignin production processes
4.8.8 Lignosulphonates
4.8.8.1 SWOT analysis
4.8.9 Kraft lignin
4.8.9.1 SWOT analysis
4.8.9.2 LignoBoost process
4.8.9.3 LignoForce method
4.8.9.4 Sequential Liquid Lignin Recovery and Purification
4.8.9.5 A-Recovery+
4.8.10 Soda lignin
4.8.10.1 SWOT analysis
4.8.11 Biorefinery lignin
4.8.11.1 SWOT analysis
4.8.11.2 Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
4.8.12 High-purity and high-quality lignins
4.8.12.1 What defines a high-quality lignin
4.8.12.2 Purification and fractionation
4.8.13 Organosolv lignins
4.8.13.1 Properties
4.8.13.2 Applications
4.8.13.3 Price positioning
4.8.13.4 SWOT analysis
4.8.14 Hydrolytic lignin
4.8.14.1 Properties
4.8.14.2 SWOT analysis
4.8.15 Markets for lignin
4.8.16 Market drivers and trends for lignin
4.8.17 Production capacities
4.8.17.1 Technical lignin availability (dry ton/y)
4.8.17.2 Biomass conversion (Biorefinery)
4.8.18 Global consumption of lignin
4.8.18.1 By type
4.8.18.1.1 Tonnes
4.8.18.1.2 Revenues
4.8.18.2 By market
4.8.18.2.1 Tonnes
4.8.18.2.2 Revenues
4.8.19 Prices
4.8.19.1 Price outlook to 2037
4.8.19.2 Price by quality tier and upgrade economics
4.8.19.3 Price drivers and trends
4.9 COMPANY PROFILES (577 company profiles)

5 NATURAL FIBER PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES

5.1 Manufacturing method, matrix materials and applications of natural fibers
5.2 Advantages of natural fibers
5.3 Commercially available next-gen natural fiber products
5.4 Market drivers for next-gen natural fibers
5.5 Challenges
5.6 Plants (cellulose, lignocellulose)
5.6.1 Seed fibers
5.6.1.1 Cotton
5.6.1.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
5.6.1.2 Kapok
5.6.1.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
5.6.1.3 Luffa
5.6.2 Bast fibers
5.6.2.1 Jute
5.6.2.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
5.6.2.2 Hemp
5.6.2.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
5.6.2.3 Flax
5.6.2.3.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
5.6.2.4 Ramie
5.6.2.4.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
5.6.2.5 Kenaf
5.6.2.5.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
5.6.3 Leaf fibers
5.6.3.1 Sisal
5.6.3.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
5.6.3.2 Abaca
5.6.3.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
5.6.4 Fruit fibers
5.6.4.1 Coir
5.6.4.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
5.6.4.2 Banana
5.6.4.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
5.6.4.3 Pineapple
5.6.5 Stalk fibers from agricultural residues
5.6.5.1 Rice fiber
5.6.5.2 Corn
5.6.6 Cane, grasses and reed
5.6.6.1 Switch grass
5.6.6.2 Sugarcane (agricultural residues)
5.6.6.3 Bamboo
5.6.6.3.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
5.6.6.4 Fresh grass (green biorefinery)
5.7 Animal (fibrous protein)
5.7.1 Wool
5.7.1.1 Alternative wool materials
5.7.1.2 Producers
5.7.2 Silk fiber
5.7.2.1 Alternative silk materials
5.7.2.1.1 Producers
5.7.3 Leather
5.7.3.1 Alternative leather materials
5.7.3.1.1 Producers
5.7.4 Fur
5.7.4.1 Producers
5.7.5 Down
5.7.5.1 Alternative down materials
5.7.5.1.1 Producers
5.8 Markets for natural fibers
5.8.1 Composites
5.8.2 Applications
5.8.3 Natural fiber injection moulding compounds
5.8.3.1 Properties
5.8.3.2 Applications
5.8.4 Non-woven natural fiber mat composites
5.8.4.1 Automotive
5.8.4.2 Applications
5.8.5 Aligned natural fiber-reinforced composites
5.8.6 Natural fiber biobased polymer compounds
5.8.7 Natural fiber biobased polymer non-woven mats
5.8.7.1 Flax
5.8.7.2 Kenaf
5.8.8 Natural fiber thermoset bioresin composites
5.8.9 Aerospace
5.8.9.1 Market overview
5.8.10 Automotive
5.8.10.1 Market overview
5.8.10.2 Applications of natural fibers
5.8.11 Building/construction
5.8.11.1 Market overview
5.8.11.2 Applications of natural fibers
5.8.12 Sports and leisure
5.8.12.1 Market overview
5.8.13 Textiles
5.8.13.1 Market overview
5.8.13.2 Consumer apparel
5.8.13.3 Geotextiles
5.8.14 Packaging
5.8.14.1 Market overview
5.9 Global production of natural fibers
5.10 COMPANY PROFILES (155 company profiles)

6 SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

6.1 Market overview
6.1.1 Benefits of Sustainable Construction
6.1.2 Global Trends and Drivers
6.2 Global revenues
6.2.1 By materials type
6.2.2 By market
6.3 Types of sustainable construction materials
6.3.1 Established bio-based construction materials
6.3.2 Hemp-based Materials
6.3.2.1 Hemp Concrete (Hempcrete)
6.3.2.2 Hemp Fiberboard
6.3.2.3 Hemp Insulation
6.3.3 Mycelium-based Materials
6.3.3.1 Insulation
6.3.3.2 Structural Elements
6.3.3.3 Acoustic Panels
6.3.3.4 Decorative Elements
6.3.4 Sustainable Concrete and Cement Alternatives
6.3.4.1 Geopolymer Concrete
6.3.4.2 Recycled Aggregate Concrete
6.3.4.3 Lime-Based Materials
6.3.4.4 Self-healing concrete
6.3.4.4.1 Bioconcrete
6.3.4.4.2 Fiber concrete
6.3.4.5 Microalgae biocement
6.3.4.6 Carbon-negative concrete
6.3.4.7 Biomineral binders
6.3.5 Natural Fiber Composites
6.3.5.1 Types of Natural Fibers
6.3.5.2 Properties
6.3.5.3 Applications in Construction
6.3.6 Cellulose nanofibers
6.3.6.1 Sandwich composites
6.3.6.2 Cement additives
6.3.6.3 Pump primers
6.3.6.4 Insulation materials
6.3.6.5 Coatings and paints
6.3.6.6 3D printing materials
6.3.7 Sustainable Insulation Materials
6.3.7.1 Types of sustainable insulation materials
6.3.7.2 Aerogel Insulation
6.3.7.2.1 Silica aerogels
6.3.7.2.1.1 Properties
6.3.7.2.1.2 Thermal conductivity
6.3.7.2.1.3 Mechanical
6.3.7.2.1.4 Silica aerogel precursors
6.3.7.2.1.5 Products
6.3.7.2.1.5.1 Monoliths
6.3.7.2.1.5.2 Powder
6.3.7.2.1.5.3 Granules
6.3.7.2.1.5.4 Blankets
6.3.7.2.1.5.5 Aerogel boards
6.3.7.2.1.5.6 Aerogel renders
6.3.7.2.1.6 3D printing of aerogels
6.3.7.2.1.7 Silica aerogel from sustainable feedstocks
6.3.7.2.1.8 Silica composite aerogels
6.3.7.2.1.8.1 Organic crosslinkers
6.3.7.2.1.9 Cost of silica aerogels
6.3.7.2.1.10 Main players
6.3.7.2.2 Aerogel-like foam materials
6.3.7.2.2.1 Properties
6.3.7.2.2.2 Applications
6.3.7.2.3 Metal oxide aerogels
6.3.7.2.4 Organic aerogels
6.3.7.2.4.1 Polymer aerogels
6.3.7.2.5 Biobased and sustainable aerogels (bio-aerogels)
6.3.7.2.5.1 Cellulose aerogels
6.3.7.2.5.1.1 Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) aerogels
6.3.7.2.5.1.2 Cellulose nanocrystal aerogels
6.3.7.2.5.1.3 Bacterial nanocellulose aerogels
6.3.7.2.5.2 Lignin aerogels
6.3.7.2.5.3 Alginate aerogels
6.3.7.2.5.4 Starch aerogels
6.3.7.2.5.5 Chitosan aerogels
6.3.7.2.6 Carbon aerogels
6.3.7.2.6.1 Carbon nanotube aerogels
6.3.7.2.6.2 Graphene and graphite aerogels
6.3.7.2.7 Additive manufacturing (3D printing)
6.3.7.2.7.1 Carbon nitride
6.3.7.2.7.2 Gold
6.3.7.2.7.3 Cellulose
6.3.7.2.7.4 Graphene oxide
6.3.7.2.8 Hybrid aerogels
6.4 Carbon capture and utilization
6.4.1 Overview
6.4.2 Market structure
6.4.3 CCUS technologies in the cement industry
6.4.4 Products
6.4.4.1 Carbonated aggregates
6.4.4.2 Additives during mixing
6.4.4.3 Carbonates from natural minerals
6.4.4.4 Carbonates from waste
6.4.5 Concrete curing
6.4.6 Costs
6.4.7 Challenges
6.5 Green steel
6.5.1 Current Steelmaking processes
6.5.2 Decarbonization target and policies
6.5.2.1 EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)
6.5.3 Advances in clean production technologies
6.5.4 Production technologies
6.5.4.1 The role of hydrogen
6.5.4.2 Comparative analysis
6.5.4.3 Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI)
6.5.4.4 Electrolysis
6.5.4.5 Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)
6.5.4.6 Biochar replacing coke
6.5.4.7 Hydrogen Blast Furnace
6.5.4.8 Renewable energy powered processes
6.5.4.9 Flash ironmaking
6.5.4.10 Hydrogen Plasma Iron Ore Reduction
6.5.4.11 Ferrous Bioprocessing
6.5.4.12 Microwave Processing
6.5.4.13 Additive Manufacturing
6.5.4.14 Technology readiness level (TRL)
6.5.5 Properties
6.6 Markets and applications
6.6.1 Residential Buildings
6.6.2 Commercial and Office Buildings
6.6.3 Infrastructure
6.7 Company profiles (191 company profiles)

7 BIOBASED PACKAGING MATERIALS

7.1 Market overview
7.1.1 Current global packaging market and materials
7.1.2 The global market for sustainable packaging
7.1.2.1 By packaging materials
7.1.2.1.1 Tonnes
7.1.2.1.2 Revenues
7.1.2.2 By packaging product type
7.1.2.2.1 Tonnes
7.1.2.2.2 Revenues
7.1.2.3 By end-use market
7.1.2.3.1 Tonnes
7.1.2.3.2 Revenues
7.1.2.4 By region
7.1.2.4.1 Tonnes
7.1.2.4.2 Revenues
7.1.3 Market trends
7.1.4 Drivers for growth in bio-based and sustainable packaging
7.1.4.1 Regulatory Mandates and PFAS Phase-Out Impact
7.1.4.2 Circular Economy Initiatives and Recyclability Requirements
7.1.4.3 Consumer Demand for Sustainable Packaging
7.1.4.4 E-Commerce Growth and Packaging Performance Needs
7.1.4.5 Brand Owner Sustainability Commitments
7.1.5 Challenges for bio-based and sustainable packaging
7.1.6 Prices
7.2 Materials
7.2.1 Materials innovation
7.2.2 Active packaging
7.2.3 Monomaterial packaging
7.2.4 Conventional polymer materials used in packaging
7.2.4.1 Polyolefins: Polypropylene and polyethylene
7.2.4.1.1 Overview
7.2.4.1.2 Grades
7.2.4.1.3 Producers
7.2.4.2 PET and other polyester polymers
7.2.4.2.1 Overview
7.2.4.3 Renewable and bio-based polymers for packaging
7.2.4.4 Comparison of synthetic fossil-based and bio-based polymers
7.2.4.5 Processes for bioplastics in packaging
7.2.4.6 End-of-life treatment of bio-based and sustainable packaging
7.3 Synthetic bio-based packaging materials
7.3.1 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
7.3.1.1 Overview
7.3.1.2 Properties
7.3.1.3 Applications
7.3.1.4 Advantages
7.3.1.5 Challenges
7.3.1.6 Commercial examples
7.3.2 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)
7.3.2.1 Overview
7.3.2.2 Properties
7.3.2.3 Applications
7.3.2.4 Advantages of Bio-PET in Packaging
7.3.2.5 Challenges and Limitations
7.3.2.6 Commercial examples
7.3.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)
7.3.3.1 Overview
7.3.3.2 Production Process
7.3.3.3 Properties
7.3.3.4 Applications
7.3.3.5 Advantages of Bio-PTT in Packaging
7.3.3.6 Challenges and Limitations
7.3.3.7 Commercial examples
7.3.4 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)
7.3.4.1 Overview
7.3.4.2 Properties
7.3.4.3 Applications
7.3.4.4 Advantages of Bio-PEF in Packaging
7.3.4.5 Challenges and Limitations
7.3.4.6 Commercial examples
7.3.5 Bio-PA
7.3.5.1 Overview
7.3.5.2 Properties
7.3.5.3 Applications in Packaging
7.3.5.4 Advantages of Bio-PA in Packaging
7.3.5.5 Challenges and Limitations
7.3.5.6 Commercial examples
7.3.6 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)- Aliphatic aromatic copolyesters
7.3.6.1 Overview
7.3.6.2 Properties
7.3.6.3 Applications in Packaging
7.3.6.4 Advantages of Bio-PBAT in Packaging
7.3.6.5 Challenges and Limitations
7.3.6.6 Commercial examples
7.3.7 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers
7.3.7.1 Overview
7.3.7.2 Properties
7.3.7.3 Applications in Packaging
7.3.7.4 Advantages of Bio-PBS and Co-polymers in Packaging
7.3.7.5 Challenges and Limitations
7.3.7.6 Commercial examples
7.3.8 Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
7.3.8.1 Overview
7.3.8.2 Properties
7.3.8.3 Applications in Packaging
7.3.8.4 Advantages of Bio-PP in Packaging
7.3.8.5 Challenges and Limitations
7.3.8.6 Commercial examples
7.4 Natural bio-based packaging materials
7.4.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
7.4.1.1 Properties
7.4.1.2 Applications in Packaging
7.4.1.3 Advantages of PHA in Packaging
7.4.1.4 Challenges and Limitations
7.4.1.5 Commercial examples
7.4.2 Starch-based blends
7.4.2.1 Overview
7.4.2.2 Properties
7.4.2.3 Applications in Packaging
7.4.2.4 Advantages of Starch-Based Blends in Packaging
7.4.2.5 Challenges and Limitations
7.4.2.6 Commercial examples
7.4.3 Cellulose
7.4.3.1 Feedstocks
7.4.3.1.1 Wood
7.4.3.1.2 Plant
7.4.3.1.3 Tunicate
7.4.3.1.4 Algae
7.4.3.1.5 Bacteria
7.4.3.2 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
7.4.3.2.1 Properties
7.4.3.3 Nanocellulose
7.4.3.3.1 Cellulose nanocrystals
7.4.3.3.1.1 Applications in packaging
7.4.3.3.2 Cellulose nanofibers
7.4.3.3.2.1 Applications in packaging
7.4.3.3.2.1.1 Reinforcement and barrier
7.4.3.3.2.1.2 Biodegradable food packaging foil and films
7.4.3.3.2.1.3 Paperboard coatings
7.4.3.3.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
7.4.3.3.3.1 Applications in packaging
7.4.3.4 Commercial examples
7.4.4 Protein-based bioplastics in packaging
7.4.4.1 Feedstocks
7.4.4.2 Commercial examples
7.4.5 Lipids and waxes for packaging
7.4.5.1 Overview
7.4.5.2 Commercial examples
7.4.6 Seaweed-based packaging
7.4.6.1 Overview
7.4.6.2 Production
7.4.6.3 Applications in packaging
7.4.6.4 Producers
7.4.7 Mycelium
7.4.7.1 Overview
7.4.7.2 Applications in packaging
7.4.7.3 Commercial examples
7.4.8 Chitosan
7.4.8.1 Overview
7.4.8.2 Applications in packaging
7.4.8.3 Commercial examples
7.4.9 Bio-naphtha
7.4.9.1 Overview
7.4.9.2 Markets and applications
7.4.9.3 Commercial examples
7.5 Applications
7.5.1 Paper and board packaging
7.5.1.1 Market overview
7.5.1.2 Recycled Paper and Cardboard
7.5.1.2.1 Post-consumer recycled (PCR) content paperboard
7.5.1.2.2 Kraft paper made from recycled fibers
7.5.1.2.3 Corrugated cardboard with high recycled content
7.5.1.3 FSC/PEFC Certified Virgin Fibers
7.5.1.3.1 Sustainably managed forest sources
7.5.1.3.2 Chain-of-custody certified materials
7.5.1.4 Alternative Fiber Sources
7.5.1.4.1 Bamboo-based paper and board
7.5.1.4.2 Agricultural waste fibers (wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse)
7.5.1.4.3 Hemp and flax fiber papers
7.5.1.5 Plastic-Free Barrier Papers
7.5.1.5.1 Clay-coated papers
7.5.1.5.2 Silicone-coated papers
7.5.1.5.3 Mineral oil barrier papers
7.5.1.6 Water-Based Coatings and Adhesives
7.5.1.6.1 Replacing plastic laminations with aqueous coatings
7.5.1.6.2 Plant-based adhesives for box construction
7.5.2 Food packaging
7.5.2.1 Films and trays
7.5.2.2 Pouches and bags
7.5.2.3 Textiles and nets
7.5.2.4 Compostable Food Containers
7.5.2.4.1 PLA (polylactic acid) trays and containers
7.5.2.4.2 Bagasse food service items
7.5.2.4.3 Molded fiber clamshells and trays
7.5.2.5 Biodegradable Films and Wraps
7.5.2.5.1 Cellulose-based films
7.5.2.5.2 PLA films for food wrapping
7.5.2.5.3 Starch-based wraps
7.5.2.6 Bio-Based Barrier Materials
7.5.2.6.1 Paper with biopolymer coatings
7.5.2.6.2 Plant-based waxes for moisture resistance
7.5.2.6.3 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) coatings
7.5.2.7 Reusable Food Packaging Systems
7.5.2.7.1 Returnable Glass Containers
7.5.2.7.2 Durable Bioplastic Containers
7.5.2.7.3 Loop-Style Reuse Systems
7.5.2.8 Bioadhesives
7.5.2.8.1 Starch
7.5.2.8.2 Cellulose
7.5.2.8.3 Protein-Based
7.5.2.9 Barrier coatings and films
7.5.2.9.1 Polysaccharides
7.5.2.9.1.1 Chitin
7.5.2.9.1.2 Chitosan
7.5.2.9.1.3 Starch
7.5.2.9.2 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
7.5.2.9.3 Poly(butylene Succinate)
7.5.2.9.4 Functional Lipid and Proteins Based Coatings
7.5.2.10 Active and Smart Food Packaging
7.5.2.10.1 Active Materials and Packaging Systems
7.5.2.10.2 Intelligent and Smart Food Packaging
7.5.2.10.3 Oxygen scavengers from natural materials
7.5.2.10.4 Antimicrobial packaging from plant extracts
7.5.2.10.5 Bio-based sensors for food freshness
7.5.2.11 Antimicrobial films and agents
7.5.2.11.1 Natural
7.5.2.11.2 Inorganic nanoparticles
7.5.2.11.3 Biopolymers
7.5.2.12 Bio-based Inks and Dyes
7.5.2.13 Edible films and coatings
7.5.2.13.1 Overview
7.5.2.13.2 Commercial examples
7.6 Biobased films and coatings in packaging
7.6.1 Challenges using bio-based paints and coatings
7.6.2 Types of bio-based coatings and films in packaging
7.6.2.1 Polyurethane coatings
7.6.2.1.1 Properties
7.6.2.1.2 Bio-based polyurethane coatings
7.6.2.1.3 Products
7.6.2.2 Acrylate resins
7.6.2.2.1 Properties
7.6.2.2.2 Bio-based acrylates
7.6.2.2.3 Products
7.6.2.3 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
7.6.2.3.1 Properties
7.6.2.3.2 Bio-PLA coatings and films
7.6.2.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) coatings
7.6.2.5 Cellulose coatings and films
7.6.2.5.1 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
7.6.2.5.2 Cellulose nanofibers
7.6.2.5.2.1 Properties
7.6.2.5.2.2 Product developers
7.6.2.6 Lignin coatings
7.6.2.7 Protein-based biomaterials for coatings
7.6.2.7.1 Plant derived proteins
7.6.2.7.2 Animal origin proteins
7.6.3 Sustainable barrier coatings
7.6.3.1 Substrates: Paper and Plastic
7.6.3.1.1 Paper substrate characteristics and coating requirements
7.6.3.1.2 Plastic substrate applications and sustainability challenges
7.6.3.1.3 Substrate selection criteria and performance trade-offs
7.6.3.2 Extrusion Barrier Coatings
7.6.3.3 Thermoplastic Polymers
7.6.3.4 Aluminium
7.6.3.5 Waxes
7.6.3.6 Silicone and Other Natural Materials
7.6.3.7 High Barrier Polymers
7.6.3.8 Wet-Barrier Coatings

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Key Benefits of Bio-based and Sustainable Materials
Table 2. Global Plastics Production (1950-2025).
Table 3. Bio-based and Biodegradable vs. Non-biodegradable Polymers (2025).
Table 4. Regional Biopolymer Distribution and Projections (2025–2036)
Table 5. Regional Production Capacity Projections (1,000 tonnes).
Table 6. Bio-based Building Blocks Market Overview
Table 7. Global Bio-based Building Block Production Capacities 2011–2036 (million tonnes total, all building blocks)
Table 8. Next Generation Bio-based Polymers.
Table 9. Bio-based Polymers and Chemical Recycling (2024-2036).
Table 10. Novel Feedstock Sources
Table 11. Bio-based Polymer Production Shares and Bio-based Content: 2025
Table 12. Global Bio-based Polymer Production Capacities and Production 2025
Table 13. Bio-based Polymer Global Installed Capacity Forecast 2025–2036 by Type (1,000 tonnes)
Table 14. Bioplastics Production Capacities by Region 2024-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
Table 15. Global Bio-based Polymers Market by Type 2020–2036 (Revenues $M)
Table 16. Life Cycle Assessment of Bio-based Polymers.
Table 17. Carbon Footprint Comparison with Fossil-based Alternative
Table 18. Available Bio-based Monomers.
Table 19. Bioplastic feedstocks,
Table 20. Bioplastics regulations around the world.
Table 21. Plant-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced.
Table 22. Waste-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced.
Table 23. Microbial and mineral-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced.
Table 24. Common starch sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals.
Table 25. Global Production of Starch for Bio-based Chemicals and Intermediates, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
Table 26. Common lysine sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals.
Table 27. Applications of lysine as a feedstock for biochemicals.
Table 28. Global Production of Bio-based Lysine, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
Table 29. Global Glucose Production for Bio-based Chemicals and Intermediates, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
Table 30. HDMA sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals.
Table 31. Applications of bio-based HDMA.
Table 32. Global Production Volumes of Bio-HMDA, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
Table 33. Biobased feedstocks that can be used to produce 1,5-diaminopentane (DA5).
Table 34. Applications of DA5.
Table 35. Global Production of Bio-based DA5, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
Table 36. Sorbitol Applications
Table 37. Global Production (sorbitol directed to polymer/chemical applications, thousand tonnes)
Table 38. Biobased feedstocks for isosorbide.
Table 39. Applications of bio-based isosorbide.
Table 40. Global production of bio-based isosorbide, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
Table 41. L-lactic acid (L-LA) production, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
Table 42. Lactide applications.
Table 43. Global Lactide Production, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
Table 44. Biobased feedstock sources for itaconic acid.
Table 45. Applications of bio-based itaconic acid.
Table 46. Global Production of Bio-itaconic Acid, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
Table 47. Biobased feedstock sources for 3-HP.
Table 48. Applications of 3-HP.
Table 49. Global production of 3-HP, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
Table 50. Applications of bio-based acrylic acid.
Table 51. Global production of bio-based acrylic acid, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
Table 52. Applications of bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO).
Table 53. Global Production of Bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
Table 54. Biobased feedstock sources for Succinic acid.
Table 55. Applications of succinic acid.
Table 56. Global Production of Bio-based Succinic Acid, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
Table 57. Applications of bio-based 1,4-Butanediol (BDO).
Table 58. Global production of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO), 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
Table 59. Applications of bio-based Tetrahydrofuran (THF).
Table 60. Global Production of Bio-based Tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
Table 61. Applications of bio-based adipic acid.
Table 62. Applications of bio-based caprolactam.
Table 63. Global production of bio-based caprolactam, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
Table 64. Biobased feedstock sources for isobutanol.
Table 65. Applications of bio-based isobutanol.
Table 66. Global Production of Bio-based Isobutanol, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
Table 67. Biobased feedstock sources for p-Xylene.
Table 68. Applications of bio-based p-Xylene.
Table 69. Global Production of Bio-based p-Xylene, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
Table 70. Applications of bio-based Terephthalic acid (TPA).
Table 71. Global Production of Biobased Terephthalic Acid (TPA), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
Table 72. Biobased feedstock sources for 1,3 Proppanediol.
Table 73. Applications of bio-based 1,3 Proppanediol.
Table 74. Global production of biobased 1,3 Proppanediol, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
Table 75. Biobased feedstock sources for MEG.
Table 76. Applications of bio-based MEG.
Table 77. Biobased MEG producers capacities.
Table 78. Global Production of Biobased MEG, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
Table 79. Biobased feedstock sources for ethanol.
Table 80. Applications of bio-based ethanol.
Table 81. Global Production of Biobased Ethanol, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
Table 82. Applications of bio-based ethylene.
Table 83. Global Production of Biobased Ethylene, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
Table 84. Applications of bio-based propylene.
Table 85. Global Production of Biobased Propylene, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
Table 86. Applications of bio-based vinyl chloride.
Table 87. Global Production of Biobased Vinyl Chloride, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
Table 88. Applications of bio-based Methly methacrylate.
Table 89. Global Production of Bio-based Methyl Methacrylate, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
Table 90. Applications of bio-based aniline.
Table 91. Global Production of Biobased Aniline, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
Table 92. Applications of biobased fructose.
Table 93. Applications of bio-based 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF).
Table 94. Global Production of Biobased 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
Table 95. Applications of 5-(Chloromethyl)furfural (CMF).
Table 96. Global Production of Biobased 5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
Table 97. Applications of Levulinic acid.
Table 98. Global production of biobased Levulinic acid, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
Table 99. Markets and applications for bio-based FDME.
Table 100. Global production of biobased FDME, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
Table 101. Applications of FDCA.
Table 102. Global Production of Biobased Furan-2,5-dicarboxylic Acid (FDCA), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
Table 103. Markets and applications for bio-based levoglucosenone.
Table 104. Global Production of Bio-based Levoglucosenone, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
Table 105. Biochemicals derived from hemicellulose
Table 106. Markets and applications for bio-based hemicellulose
Table 107. Global Production of Hemicellulose, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
Table 108. Global Production of Biobased Furfural, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
Table 109. Markets and applications for bio-based furfuryl alcohol.
Table 110. Global Production of Biobased Furfuryl Alcohol, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
Table 111. Global Production of Biobased Lignin, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
Table 112. Markets and applications for bio-based glycerol.
Table 113. Global Production of Biobased Glycerol, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
Table 114. Markets and applications for Bio-based MPG.
Table 115. Global Production of Bio-MPG, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
Table 116. Markets and applications: Bio-based ECH.
Table 117. Global production of biobased ECH, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
Table 118. Global Production of Biobased Fatty Acids, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
Table 119. Global Production of Biobased Sebacic Acid, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
Table 120. Global Production of Biobased 11-Aminoundecanoic Acid (11-AA), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
Table 121. Global Production of Biobased Dodecanedioic Acid (DDDA), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
Table 122. Global production of biobased Pentamethylene diisocyanate, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
Table 123. Global Production of Biobased Casein, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
Table 124. Bio-based naphtha applications.
Table 125. Bio-based naphthaProduction Volume (thousand tonnes)
Table 126. Global Production of Food Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (billion tonnes)
Table 127. Global Production of Agricultural Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (billion tonnes)
Table 128. Global Production of Forestry Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (billion tonnes)
Table 129. Global Production of Aquaculture/Fishing Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
Table 130. Global Production of Municipal Solid Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (billion tonnes)
Table 131. Global Production of Waste Oils for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
Table 132. Global Microalgae Production, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
Table 133. Global Macroalgae Production, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
Table 134. Mineral source products and applications.
Table 135. Global Production of Biogas, 2018–2036 (billion m?)
Table 136. Global Production of Syngas, 2018–2036 (billion m?)
Table 137. Consolidated feedstock-to-polymer map
Table 138. Representative feedstock-to-polymer mass balances (tonnes feedstock per tonne polymer at typical commercial yield)
Table 139. Type of biodegradation.
Table 140. Advantages and disadvantages of biobased plastics compared to conventional plastics.
Table 141. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics, applications.
Table 142. Key market players by Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastic types.
Table 143. Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) – cyclic and linear production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 144. Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) – cyclic and linear Applications.
Table 145. Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) producers.
Table 146. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 147. Optimal Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains for Fermentation
Table 148. Lactic acid producers and production capacities.
Table 149. PLA producers and production capacities.
Table 150. Planned PLA Capacity Expansions (2025 confirmed)
Table 151. PLA Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 152. Polylactic acid (PLA) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 153. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 154. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers and production capacities.
Table 155. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
Table 156. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 157. PTT Production Capacities (2025)
Table 158. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
Table 159. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 160. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 161. PEF vs. PET.
Table 162. FDCA and PEF Producers (2025)
Table 163. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
Table 164. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) market analysis - manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 165. Bio-PA Producers Production Capacities (2025)
Table 166. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
Table 167. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 168. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 169. PBAT Producers, Production Capacities and Brands (2025)
Table 170. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
Table 171. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 172. Bio-PBS market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 173. PBS Producers and Production Capacities (2025)
Table 174. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
Table 175. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 176. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 177. Leading Bio-PE producers.
Table 178. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
Table 179. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 180. Bio-PP market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 181. Bio-PP Producers and Capacities (2025)
Table 182. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
Table 183. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 184. Superabsorbent Polymers Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 185. Superabsorbent polymers Applications.
Table 186. Superabsorbent polymers producers.
Table 187. Polytrimethylene furandicarboxylate (PTF) Applications
Table 188. Polytrimethylene furandicarboxylate (PTF) Producers and Production Capacities
Table 189. PTF Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 190. Bio-based polybutylene terephthalate (bio-PBT) Applications
Table 191. Bio-based polybutylene terephthalate (bio-PBT) Producers and Production Capacities
Table 192. Bio-based polybutylene terephthalate (bio-PBT) Bio-PBT Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 193. Polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) Applications
Table 194. Polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) Producers and Production Capacities
Table 195. Polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 196. Bio-based polyvinyl chloride (bio-PVC)
Table 197. Bio-based polyvinyl chloride (bio-PVC) Producers and Production Capacities
Table 198. Bio-PVC Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 199. Bio-PMMA Applications
Table 200. Bio-PMMA Producers and Production Capacities
Table 201. Bio-PMMA Bio-PMMA Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 202. Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR) Applications
Table 203. Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR)
Table 204. Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR)
Table 205. Epoxy resins (bio fraction) production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 206. Epoxy resins (bio fraction) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 207. Polyurethanes (PUR, bio fraction) production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 208. Types of PHAs and properties.
Table 209. Comparison of the physical properties of different PHAs with conventional petroleum-based polymers.
Table 210. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) extraction methods.
Table 211. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis.
Table 212. Commercially available PHAs.
Table 213. Markets and applications for PHAs.
Table 214. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging.
Table 215. PHA Producers (2025)
Table 216. PHA production capacities 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
Table 217. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 218. Cellulose acetate (CA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 219. Cellulose acetate (CA) applications.
Table 220. Cellulose acetate (CA) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 221. Cellulose acetate (CA) producers.
Table 222. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 223. Leading MFC producers and capacities.
Table 224. Casein polymers production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 225. Casein polymers applications.
Table 226. Starch-containing polymer compounds Producers and Production Capacities
Table 227. Starch-containing polymer compounds (SCPC) production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 228. SCPC production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 229. Global Production Capacities by End-Use Market 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes total)
Table 230. Processes for bioplastics in packaging.
Table 231. Comparison of bioplastics’ (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging.
Table 232. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging.
Table 233. Bio-based Polymers for Flexible Packaging — Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 234. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging.
Table 235. Bio-based Polymers for Rigid Packaging — Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 236. Global production for bio-based polymers in consumer goods 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes.
Table 237. Bio-based Polymers in Automotive and Transport 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 238. Bio-based Polymers in Building and Construction 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 239. Bio-based Polymers in Textiles and Fibers 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 240. Global production volumes for bio-based polymers in electronics 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes.
Table 241. Bio-based Polymers in Agriculture and Horticulture 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 242. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in North America.
Table 243. Bio-based Polymers in North America by Type 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 244. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Europe.
Table 245. Bio-based Polymers in Europe by Type 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 246. Production volumes for bio-based polymers in Asia-Pacific by type 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes
Table 247. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Latin America.
Table 248. All bio-based polymers by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 249. Polylactic acid (PLA) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 250. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 251. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 252. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 253. Starch-containing polymer compounds (SCPC) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 254. Cellulose acetate (CA) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 255. Properties of lignins and their applications.
Table 256. Technical lignin types and applications.
Table 257. Classification of technical lignins.
Table 258. Properties of lignin, by type.
Table 259. Lignin content of selected biomass.
Table 260. Lignocellulosic biomass conversion and products.
Table 261. Markets and applications for lignin, with lignin grade requirement and TRL
Table 262. Market challenges for lignin.
Table 263. Processes for lignin production.
Table 264. Biorefinery feedstocks.
Table 265. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins.
Table 266. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
Table 267. Comparative positioning of principal lignin grades by quality attributes.
Table 268. Effect on grade and value
Table 269. Properties of organosolv lignin.
Table 270. Principal applications of organosolv lignin and technology readiness
Table 271. Properties of hydrolysis (hydrolytic) lignin.
Table 272. Markets for lignin.
Table 273. Market drivers and trends for lignin.
Table 274. Production capacities of technical lignin producers.
Table 275. Production capacities of biorefinery lignin producers.
Table 276. Selected announced and planned lignin capacity additions to 2030.
Table 277. Consumption of lignin, by type, 2019-2037 (000 Tonnes).
Table 278. Revenues from lignin, by type, 2019-2037 (US$ million).
Table 279. Consumption of lignin, by grade, 2019 and 2037 (000 Tonnes), with CAGR.
Table 280. Consumption of lignin, by market, 2019-2037 (000 Tonnes).
Table 281. Revenues from lignin, by market, 2019-2037 (US$ million).
Table 282. Lignin price ranges by grade, 2026 and 2037 outlook (USD/MT).
Table 283. Price by lignin grade, 2026 and 2037 (USD/tonne, mid-band).
Table 284. Price uplift by quality tier, relative to commodity grade.
Table 285. Oji Holdings CNF products.
Table 286. Types of next-gen natural fibers.
Table 287. Application, manufacturing method, and matrix materials of natural fibers.
Table 288. Typical properties of natural fibers.
Table 289. Commercially available next-gen natural fiber products.
Table 290. Market drivers for natural fibers.
Table 291. Overview of cotton fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 292. Cotton production volume 2018-2036 (Million MT).
Table 293. Overview of kapok fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 294. Kapok production volume 2018-2036 (MT).
Table 295. Overview of luffa fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 296. Overview of jute fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 297. Jute production volume 2018-2036 (Million MT).
Table 298. Overview of hemp fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 299. Hemp fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).
Table 300. Overview of flax fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 301. Flax fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).
Table 302. Overview of ramie fibers- description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 303. Ramie fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).
Table 304. Overview of kenaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 305. Kenaf fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).
Table 306. Overview of sisal leaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 307. Sisal fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).
Table 308. Overview of abaca fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 309. Abaca fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).
Table 310. Overview of coir fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 311. Coir fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MILLION MT).
Table 312. Overview of banana fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 313. Banana fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).
Table 314. Overview of pineapple fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 315. Overview of rice fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 316. Overview of corn fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 317. Overview of switch grass fibers-description, properties and applications.
Table 318. Overview of sugarcane fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and application and market size.
Table 319. Overview of bamboo fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 320. Bamboo fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MILLION MT).
Table 321. Overview of wool fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 322. Alternative wool materials producers.
Table 323. Overview of silk fibers-description, properties, application and market size.
Table 324. Alternative silk materials producers.
Table 325. Alternative leather materials producers.
Table 326. Next-gen fur producers.
Table 327. Alternative down materials producers.
Table 328. Applications of natural fiber composites.
Table 329. Typical properties of short natural fiber-thermoplastic composites.
Table 330. Properties of non-woven natural fiber mat composites.
Table 331. Properties of aligned natural fiber composites.
Table 332. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer compounds.
Table 333. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer non-woven mats.
Table 334. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
Table 335. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite in the automotive market.
Table 336. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
Table 337. Applications of natural fibers in the automotive industry.
Table 338. Natural fibers in the building/construction sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
Table 339. Applications of natural fibers in the building/construction sector.
Table 340. Natural fibers in the sports and leisure sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
Table 341. Natural fibers in the textiles sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
Table 342. Natural fibers in the packaging sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
Table 343. Global fiber production (million MT) 2020-2036.
Table 344. Oji Holdings CNF products.
Table 345. Global trends and drivers in sustainable construction materials.
Table 346. Global revenues in sustainable construction materials, by materials type, 2020-2036 (millions USD).
Table 347. Global revenues in sustainable construction materials, by market, 2020-2036 (millions USD).
Table 348. Established bio-based construction materials.
Table 349. Types of self-healing concrete.
Table 350. General properties and value of aerogels.
Table 351. Key properties of silica aerogels.
Table 352. Chemical precursors used to synthesize silica aerogels.
Table 353. Commercially available aerogel-enhanced blankets.
Table 354. Main manufacturers of silica aerogels and product offerings.
Table 355. Typical structural properties of metal oxide aerogels.
Table 356. Polymer aerogels companies.
Table 357. Types of biobased aerogels.
Table 358. Carbon aerogel companies.
Table 359. Conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials.
Table 360. Carbon capture technologies and projects in the cement sector
Table 361. Carbonation of recycled concrete companies.
Table 362. Current and projected costs for some key CO2 utilization applications in the construction industry.
Table 363. Market challenges for CO2 utilization in construction materials.
Table 364. Global Decarbonization Targets and Policies related to Green Steel.
Table 365. Estimated cost for iron and steel industry under the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM).
Table 366. Hydrogen-based steelmaking technologies.
Table 367. Comparison of green steel production technologies.
Table 368. Advantages and disadvantages of each potential hydrogen carrier.
Table 369. CCUS in green steel production.
Table 370. Biochar in steel and metal.
Table 371. Applications of microwave processing in green steelmaking.
Table 372. Applications of additive manufacturing (AM) in steelmaking.
Table 373. Technology readiness level (TRL) for key green steel production technologies.
Table 374. Properties of Green steels.
Table 375. Applications of green steel in the construction industry.
Table 376. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Packaging Materials, 2023–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 377. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Packaging Materials, 2023–2036 (Millions USD)
Table 378. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Packaging Product Type, 2023–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 379. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Packaging Product Type, 2023–2036 (Millions USD)
Table 380. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by End-Use Market, 2023–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 381. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by End-Use Market, 2023–2036 (Millions USD)
Table 382. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Region, 2023–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Table 383. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Region, 2023–2036 (Millions USD)
Table 384. Market trends in Sustainable Packaging
Table 385. Sustainable Packaging Trends to 2036.
Table 386. Market drivers for recent growth in the Sustainable Packaging market.
Table 387. Key Market Drivers and Impact Assessment.
Table 388. Market Drivers Impact Assessment Matrix.
Table 389. Regulatory Compliance Standards for Sustainable Packaging and Barrier Coatings.
Table 390. PFAS Phase-Out Timeline and Replacement Market Opportunity by Region.
Table 391. Circular Economy Initiatives and Recyclability Requirements.
Table 392. E-Commerce Packaging Performance Requirements.
Table 393. Major Brand Owner Sustainability Commitments — Packaging Implications.
Table 394. Sustainable Packaging Market Challenges and Restraints.
Table 395. Average prices by packaging type, 2024 (US$ per kg).
Table 396. Average annual prices by bioplastic type, 2020-2023 (US$ per kg).
Table 397. Types of bio-based plastics and fossil-fuel-based plastics
Table 398. Comparison of synthetic fossil-based and bio-based polymers.
Table 399. Processes for bioplastics in packaging.
Table 400. LDPE film versus PLA, 2019–24 (USD/tonne).
Table 401. PLA properties for packaging applications.
Table 402. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging.
Table 403. Major polymers found in the extracellular covering of different algae.
Table 404. Market overview for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in paperboard and packaging-market age, key benefits, applications and producers.
Table 405. Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC).
Table 406. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in packaging.
Table 407. Applications of Bacterial Nanocellulose in Packaging.
Table 408. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies.
Table 409. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size.
Table 410. Companies developing algal-based bioplastics.
Table 411. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 412. Overview of chitosan-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 413. Commercial Examples of Chitosan-based Films and Coatings and Companies.
Table 414. Bio-based naphtha markets and applications.
Table 415. Bio-naphtha market value chain.
Table 416. Commercial Examples of Bio-Naphtha Packaging and Companies.
Table 417. Major Forest Certification Schemes — Comparative Overview
Table 418. Chain-of-Custody Certification — Key Standards and Requirements
Table 419. Pros and Cons of Different Food Packaging Material Types.
Table 420. Bioplastics Properties vs Conventional Polymers for Flexible Food Packaging.
Table 421. Active Biodegradable Films films and their food applications.
Table 422. Intelligent Biodegradable Films.
Table 423. Bio-Based Oxygen Scavenger Technologies — Performance, Activation, and Commercial Status
Table 424. Natural Antimicrobial Agents in Active Packaging — Efficacy, Spectrum, and Regulatory Status
Table 425. Bio-Based Freshness Sensor Technologies — Active Agent, Target Analyte, and Application
Table 426. Edible films and coatings market summary.
Table 427. Summary of barrier films and coatings for packaging.
Table 428. Types of polyols.
Table 429. Polyol producers.
Table 430. Bio-based polyurethane coating products.
Table 431. Bio-based acrylate resin products.
Table 432. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis.
Table 433. Commercially available PHAs.
Table 434. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings.
Table 435. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in paints and coatings.
Table 436. Types of protein based-biomaterials, applications and companies.
Table 437. Paper substrate characteristics and coating requirements.
Table 438. Plastic substrate applications and sustainability challenges.
Table 439. Substrate selection criteria and performance trade-offs.
Table 440. Wet-Barrier Coatings Application methods and process optimization.
Table 441. Wet-Barrier Coatings Performance benchmarking against alternatives.
Table 442. Wet-Barrier Coatings Environmental Impact Assessment
Table 443. Wax Coating Sustainability Credentials and Limitations.
Table 444. Wax Coating Sustainability credentials and limitations.
Table 445. Types of biobased coatings materials.
Table 446. Water-based coating technologies.
Table 447. Global bioplastics capacities by Material Type ('000 tonnes).
Table 448. Bio-based polymer solutions.
Table 449. Dispersion coating systems.
Table 450. Nano-enhanced barrier materials.
Table 451. Global Bioplastics Capacities by Material Type, 2024 ('000 tonnes).
Table 452. Bio-Based Polymer Solutions: Barrier Performance and Commercial Readiness.
Table 453. Applications of Barrier Nanocoatings in Packaging Sectors.
Table 454. CO2 utilization and removal pathways.
Table 455. CO2 utilization products developed by chemical and plastic producers.
Table 456. Typical Applications for Bioplastics in Flexible Packaging.
Table 457. PHA Film Grades — Properties and Commercial Comparison
Table 458. PBAT Film Key Properties vs. Comparable Flexible Film Materials
Table 459. TPS Film Properties by Formulation Type
Table 460. Comparison of bioplastics’ (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging.
Table 461. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging.
Table 462. All-PP Monomaterial Structure Types — Barrier Performance and Recycling Compatibility
Table 463. Design-for-Recycling Criteria for Flexible Packaging — Key Parameters

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Global production of biobased fructose, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
Figure 2. Coca-Cola PlantBottle®.
Figure 3. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics.
Figure 4. Extraction processes to separate lignin from lignocellulosic biomass and corresponding technical lignins.
Figure 5. The lignocellulose biorefinery.
Figure 6. Lignosulfonates SWOT analysis.
Figure 7. Kraft lignin SWOT analysis.
Figure 8. Soda lignin SWOT analysis.
Figure 9. Biorefinery lignin SWOT analysis.
Figure 10. Organosolv lignin SWOT analysis.
Figure 11. Hydrolytic lignin SWOT analysis.
Figure 12. Consumption of lignin, by type, 2019-2037 (000 Tonnes).
Figure 13. Revenues from lignin, by type, 2019-2037 (US$ million).
Figure 14. Global grade-mix evolution, 2019-2037 (000 Tonnes).
Figure 15. Consumption of lignin, by market, 2019-2037 (000 Tonnes).
Figure 16. Revenues from lignin, by market, 2019-2037 (US$ million).
Figure 17. Roof frame made of natural fiber.
Figure 18. BIOLO e-commerce mailer bag made from PHA.
Figure 19. Kami Shoji CNF products.
Figure 20. Dual Graft System.
Figure 21. Zelfo Technology GmbH CNF production process.
Figure 22. Types of natural fibers.
Figure 23. Luffa cylindrica fiber.
Figure 24. Conceptual landscape of next-gen leather materials.
Figure 25. Celish.
Figure 26. Kami Shoji CNF products.
Figure 27. Global revenues in sustainable construction materials, by materials type, 2020-2036 (millions USD).
Figure 28. Global revenues in sustainable construction materials, by market, 2020-2036 (millions USD).
Figure 29. Lignin-based aerogels.
Figure 30. Lignin-based aerogels.
Figure 31. Fabrication routes for starch-based aerogels.
Figure 32. Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) process.
Figure 33. Global packaging market by material type.
Figure 34. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Packaging Materials, 2023–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Figure 35. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Packaging Materials, 2023–2036 (Millions USD)
Figure 36. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Packaging Product Type, 2023–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Figure 37. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Packaging Product Type, 2023–2036 (Millions USD)
Figure 38. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by End-Use Market, 2023–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Figure 39. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by End-Use Market, 2023–2036 (Millions USD)
Figure 40. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Region, 2023–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
Figure 41. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Region, 2023–2036 (Millions USD)
Figure 42. The Global Market for Sustainable Flexible Packaging by Material Type, 2019–2036 (’000 tonnes)
Figure 43. The Global Market for Sustainable Flexible Packaging by Material Type, 2019–2036 (Millions USD)
Figure 44. The Global Market for Sustainable Rigid Packaging by Material Type, 2019–2036 (’000 tonnes)
Figure 45. The Global Market for Sustainable Rigid Packaging by Material Type, 2019–2036 (Millions USD)
Figure 46. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric.
Figure 47. SWOT analysis for Plant-based leather.
Figure 48. SWOT analysis for Mycelium leather.
Figure 49. SWOT analysis for Microbial leather.
Figure 50. SWOT analysis for Lab Grown leather.
Figure 51. SWOT analysis for bio-based leathers.
Figure 52. Global revenues for bio-based leather by region, 2018-2036 (millions USD).
Figure 53. Global revenues for bio-based leather by end use market, 2018-2036 (millions USD).
Figure 54. Paints and coatings industry by market segmentation 2023.
Figure 55. Nanocellulose preparation methods and resulting materials.
Figure 56. Global market revenues for bio-based coatings, 2018-2036 (billions USD).
Figure 57. Market revenues for bio-based coatings, 2018-2036 (billions USD), conservative estimate.
Figure 58. Market revenues for bio-based coatings, 2018-2036 (billions USD), high estimate.
Figure 59. Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2024.
Figure 60. Distribution of global liquid biofuel production in 2023.
Figure 61. SWOT analysis for biofuels.
Figure 62. SWOT analysis for energy crops in biofuels.
Figure 63. SWOT analysis for agricultural residues in biofuels.
Figure 64. SWOT analysis for Manure, sewage sludge and organic waste in biofuels.
Figure 65. SWOT analysis for forestry and wood waste in biofuels.
Figure 66. Range of biomass cost by feedstock type.
Figure 67. SWOT analysis for biodiesel.
Figure 68. Biodiesel (B20) average prices, current and historical, USD/litre, 2012-2024.
Figure 69. Global biodiesel consumption, 2020-2036 (M litres/year).
Figure 70. SWOT analysis for renewable diesel.
Figure 71. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2020-2036 (M litres/year).
Figure 72. SWOT analysis for Sustainable aviation fuel.
Figure 73. Global Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Production and Consumption 2019-2036 (Million litres/year).
Figure 74. SWOT analysis for bio-naphtha.
Figure 75. Bio-based naphtha production capacities, 2018-2036 (tonnes).
Figure 76. SWOT analysis biomethanol.
Figure 77. SWOT analysis for ethanol.
Figure 78. Ethanol consumption 2020-2036 (million litres).
Figure 79. SWOT analysis for biogas.
Figure 80. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm?/h of Syngas, 2023.
Figure 81. SWOT analysis for biohydrogen.
Figure 82. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm?/h of Syngas, 2023.
Figure 83. SWOT analysis for chemical recycling of biofuels.
Figure 84. SWOT analysis for E-fuels.
Figure 85. SWOT analysis for algae-derived biofuels.
Figure 86. SWOT analysis for green ammonia.
Figure 87. Projected annual ammonia production, million tons to 2050.
Figure 88. SWOT analysis for biofuels from carbon capture.
Figure 89. Global capacity of direct air capture facilities.
Figure 90. SWOT analysis: CO2 utilization in fuels.
Figure 91. SWOT analysis for bio-oils.
Figure 92. Sustainable supply chain for electronics.
Figure 93. Global PCB revenues 2018-2036 (billions USD), by substrate types.
Figure 94. Global sustainable PCB revenues 2018-2036, by type (millions USD).
Figure 95. Global sustainable ICs revenues 2018-2036, by type (millions USD).
Figure 96. Global market revenues for bio-based adhesives & sealants, by types, 2018-2036 (millions USD).
Figure 97. Global market revenues for bio-based adhesives & sealants, by market, 2018-2036 (millions USD).