Global Audiophile Headphone Industry 2016 Market Research Report
2016 Global Audiophile Headphone Industry Report is a professional and in-depth research report on the world's major regional market conditions of the Audiophile Headphone industry, focusing on the main regions (North America, Europe and Asia) and the main countries (United States, Germany, Japan and China).
The report firstly introduced the Audiophile Headphone basics: definitions, classifications, applications and industry chain overview; industry policies and plans; product specifications; manufacturing processes; cost structures and so on. Then it analyzed the world's main region market conditions, including the product price, profit, capacity, production, capacity utilization, supply, demand and industry growth rate etc. In the end, the report introduced new project SWOT analysis, investment feasibility analysis, and investment return analysis.
The report includes six parts, dealing with: 1.) basic information; 2.) the Asia Audiophile Headphone industry; 3.) the North American Audiophile Headphone industry; 4.) the European Audiophile Headphone industry; 5.) market entry and investment feasibility; and 6.) the report conclusion.
The report firstly introduced the Audiophile Headphone basics: definitions, classifications, applications and industry chain overview; industry policies and plans; product specifications; manufacturing processes; cost structures and so on. Then it analyzed the world's main region market conditions, including the product price, profit, capacity, production, capacity utilization, supply, demand and industry growth rate etc. In the end, the report introduced new project SWOT analysis, investment feasibility analysis, and investment return analysis.
The report includes six parts, dealing with: 1.) basic information; 2.) the Asia Audiophile Headphone industry; 3.) the North American Audiophile Headphone industry; 4.) the European Audiophile Headphone industry; 5.) market entry and investment feasibility; and 6.) the report conclusion.
PART I AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
CHAPTER ONE AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
1.1 Audiophile Headphone Definition
1.2 Audiophile Headphone Classification Analysis
1.2.1 Audiophile Headphone Main Classification Analysis
1.2.2 Audiophile Headphone Main Classification Share Analysis
1.3 Audiophile Headphone Application Analysis
1.3.1 Audiophile Headphone Main Application Analysis
1.3.2 Audiophile Headphone Main Application Share Analysis
1.4 Audiophile Headphone Industry Chain Structure Analysis
1.5 Audiophile Headphone Industry Development Overview
1.5.1 Audiophile Headphone Product History Development Overview
1.5.1 Audiophile Headphone Product Market Development Overview
1.6 Audiophile Headphone Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.1 Audiophile Headphone Global Import Market Analysis
1.6.2 Audiophile Headphone Global Export Market Analysis
1.6.3 Audiophile Headphone Global Main Region Market Analysis
1.6.4 Audiophile Headphone Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.5 Audiophile Headphone Global Market Development Trend Analysis
CHAPTER TWO AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE UP AND DOWN STREAM INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
2.1 Upstream Raw Materials Analysis
2.1.1 Upstream Raw Materials Price Analysis
2.1.2 Upstream Raw Materials Market Analysis
2.1.3 Upstream Raw Materials Market Trend
2.2 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.1.1 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.2 Down Stream Demand Analysis
2.2.3 Down Stream Market Trend Analysis
PART II ASIA AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER THREE ASIA AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE MARKET ANALYSIS
3.1 Asia Audiophile Headphone Product Development History
3.2 Asia Audiophile Headphone Process Development History
3.3 Asia Audiophile Headphone Industry Policy and Plan Analysis
3.4 Asia Audiophile Headphone Competitive Landscape Analysis
3.5 Asia Audiophile Headphone Market Development Trend
CHAPTER FOUR 2011-2016 ASIA AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
4.1 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Capacity Production Overview
4.2 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Production Market Share Analysis
4.3 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Demand Overview
4.4 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Supply Demand and Shortage
4.5 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Import Export Consumption
4.6 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER FIVE ASIA AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
5.1 Company A
5.1.1 Company Profile
5.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.1.3 Product Application Analysis
5.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.1.5 Contact Information
5.2 Company B
5.2.1 Company Profile
5.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.2.3 Product Application Analysis
5.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.2.5 Contact Information
5.3 Company C
5.3.1 Company Profile
5.3.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.3.3 Product Application Analysis
5.3.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.3.5 Contact Information
5.4 Company D
5.4.1 Company Profile
5.4.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.4.3 Product Application Analysis
5.4.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.4.5 Contact Information
...
...
CHAPTER SIX ASIA AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
6.1 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Capacity Production Overview
6.2 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Production Market Share Analysis
6.3 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Demand Overview
6.4 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Supply Demand and Shortage
6.5 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Import Export Consumption
6.6 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART III NORTH AMERICAN AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER SEVEN NORTH AMERICAN AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE MARKET ANALYSIS
7.1 North American Audiophile Headphone Product Development History
7.2 North American Audiophile Headphone Process Development History
7.3 North American Audiophile Headphone Competitive Landscape Analysis
7.4 North American Audiophile Headphone Market Development Trend
CHAPTER EIGHT 2011-2016 NORTH AMERICAN AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
8.1 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Capacity Production Overview
8.2 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Production Market Share Analysis
8.3 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Demand Overview
8.4 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Supply Demand and Shortage
8.5 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Import Export Consumption
8.6 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINE NORTH AMERICAN AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
9.1 Company A
9.1.1 Company Profile
9.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.1.3 Product Application Analysis
9.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.1.5 Contact Information
9.2 Company B
9.2.1 Company Profile
9.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.2.3 Product Application Analysis
9.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.2.5 Contact Information
...
...
CHAPTER TEN NORTH AMERICAN AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
10.1 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Capacity Production Overview
10.2 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Production Market Share Analysis
10.3 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Demand Overview
10.4 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Supply Demand and Shortage
10.5 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Import Export Consumption
10.6 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART IV EUROPE AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE INDUSTRY ANALYSIS (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER ELEVEN EUROPE AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE MARKET ANALYSIS
11.1 Europe Audiophile Headphone Product Development History
11.2 Europe Audiophile Headphone Process Development History
11.3 Europe Audiophile Headphone Industry Policy and Plan Analysis
11.4 Europe Audiophile Headphone Competitive Landscape Analysis
11.5 Europe Audiophile Headphone Market Development Trend
CHAPTER TWELVE 2011-2016 EUROPE AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
12.1 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Capacity Production Overview
12.2 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Production Market Share Analysis
12.3 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Demand Overview
12.4 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Supply Demand and Shortage
12.5 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Import Export Consumption
12.6 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER THIRTEEN EUROPE AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
13.1 Company A
13.1.1 Company Profile
13.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.1.3 Product Application Analysis
13.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.1.5 Contact Information
13.2 Company B
13.2.1 Company Profile
13.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.2.3 Product Application Analysis
13.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.2.5 Contact Information
...
...
CHAPTER FOURTEEN EUROPE AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
14.1 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Capacity Production Overview
14.2 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Production Market Share Analysis
14.3 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Demand Overview
14.4 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Supply Demand and Shortage
14.5 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Import Export Consumption
14.6 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART V AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE MARKETING CHANNELS AND INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY
CHAPTER FIFTEEN AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE MARKETING CHANNELS DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS ANALYSIS
15.1 Audiophile Headphone Marketing Channels Status
15.2 Audiophile Headphone Marketing Channels Characteristic
15.3 Audiophile Headphone Marketing Channels Development Trend
15.2 New Firms Enter Market Strategy
15.3 New Project Investment Proposals
CHAPTER SIXTEEN DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
16.1 China Macroeconomic Environment Analysis
16.2 European Economic Environmental Analysis
16.3 United States Economic Environmental Analysis
16.4 Japan Economic Environmental Analysis
16.5 Global Economic Environmental Analysis
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE NEW PROJECT INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
17.1 Audiophile Headphone Market Analysis
17.2 Audiophile Headphone Project SWOT Analysis
17.3 Audiophile Headphone New Project Investment Feasibility Analysis
PART VI GLOBAL AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE INDUSTRY CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN 2011-2016 GLOBAL AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
18.1 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Capacity Production Overview
18.2 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Production Market Share Analysis
18.3 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Demand Overview
18.4 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Supply Demand and Shortage
18.5 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Import Export Consumption
18.6 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINETEEN GLOBAL AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
19.1 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Capacity Production Overview
19.2 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Production Market Share Analysis
19.3 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Demand Overview
19.4 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Supply Demand and Shortage
19.5 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Import Export Consumption
19.6 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER TWENTY GLOBAL AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE INDUSTRY RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER ONE AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
1.1 Audiophile Headphone Definition
1.2 Audiophile Headphone Classification Analysis
1.2.1 Audiophile Headphone Main Classification Analysis
1.2.2 Audiophile Headphone Main Classification Share Analysis
1.3 Audiophile Headphone Application Analysis
1.3.1 Audiophile Headphone Main Application Analysis
1.3.2 Audiophile Headphone Main Application Share Analysis
1.4 Audiophile Headphone Industry Chain Structure Analysis
1.5 Audiophile Headphone Industry Development Overview
1.5.1 Audiophile Headphone Product History Development Overview
1.5.1 Audiophile Headphone Product Market Development Overview
1.6 Audiophile Headphone Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.1 Audiophile Headphone Global Import Market Analysis
1.6.2 Audiophile Headphone Global Export Market Analysis
1.6.3 Audiophile Headphone Global Main Region Market Analysis
1.6.4 Audiophile Headphone Global Market Comparison Analysis
1.6.5 Audiophile Headphone Global Market Development Trend Analysis
CHAPTER TWO AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE UP AND DOWN STREAM INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
2.1 Upstream Raw Materials Analysis
2.1.1 Upstream Raw Materials Price Analysis
2.1.2 Upstream Raw Materials Market Analysis
2.1.3 Upstream Raw Materials Market Trend
2.2 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.1.1 Down Stream Market Analysis
2.2.2 Down Stream Demand Analysis
2.2.3 Down Stream Market Trend Analysis
PART II ASIA AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER THREE ASIA AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE MARKET ANALYSIS
3.1 Asia Audiophile Headphone Product Development History
3.2 Asia Audiophile Headphone Process Development History
3.3 Asia Audiophile Headphone Industry Policy and Plan Analysis
3.4 Asia Audiophile Headphone Competitive Landscape Analysis
3.5 Asia Audiophile Headphone Market Development Trend
CHAPTER FOUR 2011-2016 ASIA AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
4.1 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Capacity Production Overview
4.2 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Production Market Share Analysis
4.3 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Demand Overview
4.4 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Supply Demand and Shortage
4.5 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Import Export Consumption
4.6 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER FIVE ASIA AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
5.1 Company A
5.1.1 Company Profile
5.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.1.3 Product Application Analysis
5.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.1.5 Contact Information
5.2 Company B
5.2.1 Company Profile
5.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.2.3 Product Application Analysis
5.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.2.5 Contact Information
5.3 Company C
5.3.1 Company Profile
5.3.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.3.3 Product Application Analysis
5.3.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.3.5 Contact Information
5.4 Company D
5.4.1 Company Profile
5.4.2 Product Picture and Specification
5.4.3 Product Application Analysis
5.4.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
5.4.5 Contact Information
...
...
CHAPTER SIX ASIA AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
6.1 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Capacity Production Overview
6.2 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Production Market Share Analysis
6.3 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Demand Overview
6.4 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Supply Demand and Shortage
6.5 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Import Export Consumption
6.6 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART III NORTH AMERICAN AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE INDUSTRY (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER SEVEN NORTH AMERICAN AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE MARKET ANALYSIS
7.1 North American Audiophile Headphone Product Development History
7.2 North American Audiophile Headphone Process Development History
7.3 North American Audiophile Headphone Competitive Landscape Analysis
7.4 North American Audiophile Headphone Market Development Trend
CHAPTER EIGHT 2011-2016 NORTH AMERICAN AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
8.1 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Capacity Production Overview
8.2 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Production Market Share Analysis
8.3 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Demand Overview
8.4 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Supply Demand and Shortage
8.5 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Import Export Consumption
8.6 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINE NORTH AMERICAN AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
9.1 Company A
9.1.1 Company Profile
9.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.1.3 Product Application Analysis
9.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.1.5 Contact Information
9.2 Company B
9.2.1 Company Profile
9.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
9.2.3 Product Application Analysis
9.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
9.2.5 Contact Information
...
...
CHAPTER TEN NORTH AMERICAN AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
10.1 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Capacity Production Overview
10.2 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Production Market Share Analysis
10.3 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Demand Overview
10.4 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Supply Demand and Shortage
10.5 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Import Export Consumption
10.6 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART IV EUROPE AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE INDUSTRY ANALYSIS (THE REPORT COMPANY INCLUDING THE BELOW LISTED BUT NOT ALL)
CHAPTER ELEVEN EUROPE AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE MARKET ANALYSIS
11.1 Europe Audiophile Headphone Product Development History
11.2 Europe Audiophile Headphone Process Development History
11.3 Europe Audiophile Headphone Industry Policy and Plan Analysis
11.4 Europe Audiophile Headphone Competitive Landscape Analysis
11.5 Europe Audiophile Headphone Market Development Trend
CHAPTER TWELVE 2011-2016 EUROPE AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
12.1 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Capacity Production Overview
12.2 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Production Market Share Analysis
12.3 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Demand Overview
12.4 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Supply Demand and Shortage
12.5 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Import Export Consumption
12.6 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER THIRTEEN EUROPE AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE KEY MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS
13.1 Company A
13.1.1 Company Profile
13.1.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.1.3 Product Application Analysis
13.1.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.1.5 Contact Information
13.2 Company B
13.2.1 Company Profile
13.2.2 Product Picture and Specification
13.2.3 Product Application Analysis
13.2.4 Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
13.2.5 Contact Information
...
...
CHAPTER FOURTEEN EUROPE AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
14.1 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Capacity Production Overview
14.2 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Production Market Share Analysis
14.3 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Demand Overview
14.4 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Supply Demand and Shortage
14.5 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Import Export Consumption
14.6 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
PART V AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE MARKETING CHANNELS AND INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY
CHAPTER FIFTEEN AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE MARKETING CHANNELS DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS ANALYSIS
15.1 Audiophile Headphone Marketing Channels Status
15.2 Audiophile Headphone Marketing Channels Characteristic
15.3 Audiophile Headphone Marketing Channels Development Trend
15.2 New Firms Enter Market Strategy
15.3 New Project Investment Proposals
CHAPTER SIXTEEN DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
16.1 China Macroeconomic Environment Analysis
16.2 European Economic Environmental Analysis
16.3 United States Economic Environmental Analysis
16.4 Japan Economic Environmental Analysis
16.5 Global Economic Environmental Analysis
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE NEW PROJECT INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
17.1 Audiophile Headphone Market Analysis
17.2 Audiophile Headphone Project SWOT Analysis
17.3 Audiophile Headphone New Project Investment Feasibility Analysis
PART VI GLOBAL AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE INDUSTRY CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN 2011-2016 GLOBAL AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE PRODUCTIONS SUPPLY SALES DEMAND MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST
18.1 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Capacity Production Overview
18.2 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Production Market Share Analysis
18.3 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Demand Overview
18.4 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Supply Demand and Shortage
18.5 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Import Export Consumption
18.6 2011-2016 Audiophile Headphone Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER NINETEEN GLOBAL AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT TREND
19.1 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Capacity Production Overview
19.2 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Production Market Share Analysis
19.3 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Demand Overview
19.4 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Supply Demand and Shortage
19.5 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Import Export Consumption
19.6 2016-2020 Audiophile Headphone Cost Price Production Value Gross Margin
CHAPTER TWENTY GLOBAL AUDIOPHILE HEADPHONE INDUSTRY RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS
