Erbium Metal-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2016-2026 Top 20 Countries Data
Report Summary
Erbium Metal-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2016-2026 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Erbium Metal industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Erbium Metal 2016-2021, and development forecast 2022-2026
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Erbium Metal worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Erbium Metal market
Market status and development trend of Erbium Metal by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Erbium Metal, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challengesSince the COVID-19 virus outbreak in December 2019, the disease has spread to almost 100 countries around the globe with the World Health Organization declaring it a public health emergency.The global impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are already starting to be felt, and will significantly affect the Ammonium Erbium Metal market in 2020.COVID-19 can affect the global economy in three main ways: by directly affecting production and demand, by creating supply chain and market disruption, and by its financial impact on firms and financial markets.The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought effects on many aspects, like flight cancellations; travel bans and quarantines; restaurants closed; all indoor events restricted; over forty countries state of emergency declared; massive slowing of the supply chain; stock market volatility; falling business confidence, growing panic among the population, and uncertainty about future.This report also analyses the impact of Coronavirus COVID-19 on the Erbium Metal industry.
The report segments the global Erbium Metal market as:
Global Erbium Metal Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2016-2026):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Erbium Metal Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2016-2026):
99% Purity
99.9% Purity
Other
Global Erbium Metal Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 206-2026; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Cemented Carbide
Non-ferrous Metal Additives
Hydrogen Storage Materials
Other
Global Erbium Metal Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Erbium Metal Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Qiandong Group
Shanghai Heli Rare Earth Group
Avalon Advanced Materials
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Erbium Metal-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2016-2026 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Erbium Metal industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Erbium Metal 2016-2021, and development forecast 2022-2026
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Erbium Metal worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Erbium Metal market
Market status and development trend of Erbium Metal by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Erbium Metal, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challengesSince the COVID-19 virus outbreak in December 2019, the disease has spread to almost 100 countries around the globe with the World Health Organization declaring it a public health emergency.The global impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are already starting to be felt, and will significantly affect the Ammonium Erbium Metal market in 2020.COVID-19 can affect the global economy in three main ways: by directly affecting production and demand, by creating supply chain and market disruption, and by its financial impact on firms and financial markets.The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought effects on many aspects, like flight cancellations; travel bans and quarantines; restaurants closed; all indoor events restricted; over forty countries state of emergency declared; massive slowing of the supply chain; stock market volatility; falling business confidence, growing panic among the population, and uncertainty about future.This report also analyses the impact of Coronavirus COVID-19 on the Erbium Metal industry.
The report segments the global Erbium Metal market as:
Global Erbium Metal Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2016-2026):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Erbium Metal Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2016-2026):
99% Purity
99.9% Purity
Other
Global Erbium Metal Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 206-2026; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Cemented Carbide
Non-ferrous Metal Additives
Hydrogen Storage Materials
Other
Global Erbium Metal Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Erbium Metal Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Qiandong Group
Shanghai Heli Rare Earth Group
Avalon Advanced Materials
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF ERBIUM METAL
1.1 Definition of Erbium Metal in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Erbium Metal
1.2.1 99% Purity
1.2.2 99.9% Purity
1.2.3 Other
1.3 Downstream Application of Erbium Metal
1.3.1 Cemented Carbide
1.3.2 Non-ferrous Metal Additives
1.3.3 Hydrogen Storage Materials
1.3.4 Other
1.4 Development History of Erbium Metal
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Erbium Metal 2016-2026
1.5.1 Global Erbium Metal Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
1.5.2 Regional Erbium Metal Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Erbium Metal 2016-2021
2.2 Sales Market of Erbium Metal by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Erbium Metal by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Erbium Metal by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Erbium Metal by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Erbium Metal 2022-2026
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Erbium Metal 2022-2026
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Erbium Metal by Regions 2022-2026
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Erbium Metal by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Erbium Metal by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Erbium Metal by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Erbium Metal by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Erbium Metal by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Erbium Metal Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Erbium Metal Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
5.1.2 North America Erbium Metal Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
5.1.3 United States Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
5.1.4 Canada Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
5.1.5 Mexico Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
5.2 North America Erbium Metal Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Erbium Metal Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
5.3.1 North America Erbium Metal Sales by Type (2016-2021)
5.3.2 North America Erbium Metal Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
5.4 North America Erbium Metal Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Erbium Metal Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Erbium Metal Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
6.1.2 Europe Erbium Metal Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
6.1.3 Germany Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.4 UK Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.5 France Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.6 Italy Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.7 Russia Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.8 Spain Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.9 Benelux Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
6.2 Europe Erbium Metal Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Erbium Metal Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
6.3.1 Europe Erbium Metal Sales by Type (2016-2021)
6.3.2 Europe Erbium Metal Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
6.4 Europe Erbium Metal Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Erbium Metal Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Erbium Metal Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Erbium Metal Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
7.1.3 China Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
7.1.4 Japan Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
7.1.5 India Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
7.1.7 Australia Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
7.2 Asia Pacific Erbium Metal Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Erbium Metal Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Erbium Metal Sales by Type (2016-2021)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Erbium Metal Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
7.4 Asia Pacific Erbium Metal Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Erbium Metal Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Erbium Metal Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
8.1.2 Latin America Erbium Metal Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
8.1.3 Brazil Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
8.1.4 Argentina Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
8.1.5 Colombia Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
8.2 Latin America Erbium Metal Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Erbium Metal Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
8.3.1 Latin America Erbium Metal Sales by Type (2016-2021)
8.3.2 Latin America Erbium Metal Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
8.4 Latin America Erbium Metal Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Erbium Metal Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Erbium Metal Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Erbium Metal Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
9.1.3 Middle East Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
9.1.4 Africa Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Erbium Metal Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Erbium Metal Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Erbium Metal Sales by Type (2016-2021)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Erbium Metal Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Erbium Metal Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF ERBIUM METAL
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Erbium Metal Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 ERBIUM METAL MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Erbium Metal by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Erbium Metal by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Erbium Metal by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Erbium Metal Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Erbium Metal Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 ERBIUM METAL MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Qiandong Group
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Erbium Metal Product
12.1.3 Erbium Metal Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Qiandong Group
12.2 Shanghai Heli Rare Earth Group
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Erbium Metal Product
12.2.3 Erbium Metal Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Shanghai Heli Rare Earth Group
12.3 Avalon Advanced Materials
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Erbium Metal Product
12.3.3 Erbium Metal Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Avalon Advanced Materials
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF ERBIUM METAL
13.1 Industry Chain of Erbium Metal
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF ERBIUM METAL
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Erbium Metal
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Erbium Metal
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Erbium Metal
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Erbium Metal
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Erbium Metal in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Erbium Metal
1.2.1 99% Purity
1.2.2 99.9% Purity
1.2.3 Other
1.3 Downstream Application of Erbium Metal
1.3.1 Cemented Carbide
1.3.2 Non-ferrous Metal Additives
1.3.3 Hydrogen Storage Materials
1.3.4 Other
1.4 Development History of Erbium Metal
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Erbium Metal 2016-2026
1.5.1 Global Erbium Metal Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
1.5.2 Regional Erbium Metal Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Erbium Metal 2016-2021
2.2 Sales Market of Erbium Metal by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Erbium Metal by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Erbium Metal by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Erbium Metal by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Erbium Metal 2022-2026
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Erbium Metal 2022-2026
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Erbium Metal by Regions 2022-2026
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Erbium Metal by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Erbium Metal by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Erbium Metal by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Erbium Metal by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Erbium Metal by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Erbium Metal Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Erbium Metal Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
5.1.2 North America Erbium Metal Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
5.1.3 United States Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
5.1.4 Canada Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
5.1.5 Mexico Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
5.2 North America Erbium Metal Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Erbium Metal Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
5.3.1 North America Erbium Metal Sales by Type (2016-2021)
5.3.2 North America Erbium Metal Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
5.4 North America Erbium Metal Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Erbium Metal Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Erbium Metal Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
6.1.2 Europe Erbium Metal Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
6.1.3 Germany Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.4 UK Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.5 France Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.6 Italy Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.7 Russia Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.8 Spain Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.9 Benelux Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
6.2 Europe Erbium Metal Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Erbium Metal Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
6.3.1 Europe Erbium Metal Sales by Type (2016-2021)
6.3.2 Europe Erbium Metal Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
6.4 Europe Erbium Metal Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Erbium Metal Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Erbium Metal Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Erbium Metal Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
7.1.3 China Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
7.1.4 Japan Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
7.1.5 India Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
7.1.7 Australia Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
7.2 Asia Pacific Erbium Metal Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Erbium Metal Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Erbium Metal Sales by Type (2016-2021)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Erbium Metal Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
7.4 Asia Pacific Erbium Metal Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Erbium Metal Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Erbium Metal Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
8.1.2 Latin America Erbium Metal Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
8.1.3 Brazil Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
8.1.4 Argentina Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
8.1.5 Colombia Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
8.2 Latin America Erbium Metal Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Erbium Metal Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
8.3.1 Latin America Erbium Metal Sales by Type (2016-2021)
8.3.2 Latin America Erbium Metal Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
8.4 Latin America Erbium Metal Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Erbium Metal Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Erbium Metal Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Erbium Metal Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
9.1.3 Middle East Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
9.1.4 Africa Erbium Metal Market Status (2016-2021)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Erbium Metal Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Erbium Metal Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Erbium Metal Sales by Type (2016-2021)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Erbium Metal Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Erbium Metal Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF ERBIUM METAL
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Erbium Metal Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 ERBIUM METAL MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Erbium Metal by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Erbium Metal by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Erbium Metal by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Erbium Metal Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Erbium Metal Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 ERBIUM METAL MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Qiandong Group
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Erbium Metal Product
12.1.3 Erbium Metal Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Qiandong Group
12.2 Shanghai Heli Rare Earth Group
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Erbium Metal Product
12.2.3 Erbium Metal Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Shanghai Heli Rare Earth Group
12.3 Avalon Advanced Materials
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Erbium Metal Product
12.3.3 Erbium Metal Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Avalon Advanced Materials
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF ERBIUM METAL
13.1 Industry Chain of Erbium Metal
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF ERBIUM METAL
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Erbium Metal
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Erbium Metal
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Erbium Metal
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Erbium Metal
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
