Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer-EMEA Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
![](/report_cover/10724/diisononyl-phthalate-dinp-plasticizer-emea-market-status-n-trend-report-2013-2023_en.gif)
Report Summary
Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer-EMEA Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole EMEA and Regional Market Size of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in EMEA, with company and product introduction, position in the Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer market
Market status and development trend of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the EMEA Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer market as:
EMEA Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
Europe
Middle East
Africa
EMEA Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Optimal Grade Product
Qualified Product
EMEA Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
PVC
Toys
Electrical Insulation
Vinyl Flooring
Medical Devices
Others
EMEA Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
UPC Technology Corporation
Nan Ya Plastics Corporation
Aekyung Petrochemical
Shandong Qilu
Eastman Chemical Company
LG Chem
BASF SE
Evonik Industries AG
Exxonmobil Corporation
NEW JAPAN CHEMICAL CO. LTD
Guangdong Chunda Chemical Industry
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer-EMEA Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole EMEA and Regional Market Size of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in EMEA, with company and product introduction, position in the Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer market
Market status and development trend of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the EMEA Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer market as:
EMEA Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
Europe
Middle East
Africa
EMEA Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Optimal Grade Product
Qualified Product
EMEA Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
PVC
Toys
Electrical Insulation
Vinyl Flooring
Medical Devices
Others
EMEA Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
UPC Technology Corporation
Nan Ya Plastics Corporation
Aekyung Petrochemical
Shandong Qilu
Eastman Chemical Company
LG Chem
BASF SE
Evonik Industries AG
Exxonmobil Corporation
NEW JAPAN CHEMICAL CO. LTD
Guangdong Chunda Chemical Industry
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF DIISONONYL PHTHALATE (DINP) PLASTICIZER
1.1 Definition of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer
1.2.1 Optimal Grade Product
1.2.2 Qualified Product
1.3 Downstream Application of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer
1.3.1 PVC
1.3.2 Toys
1.3.3 Electrical Insulation
1.3.4 Vinyl Flooring
1.3.5 Medical Devices
1.3.6 Others
1.4 Development History of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer 2013-2023
1.5.1 EMEA Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 EMEA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in EMEA 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in EMEA by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in EMEA by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in EMEA by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in EMEA by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in Europe 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in Middle East 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in Africa 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in EMEA 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in EMEA 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 EMEA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole EMEA Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in EMEA by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in EMEA by Types
3.2 EMEA Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in Europe
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Middle East
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in Africa
3.3 Market Forecast of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in EMEA by Types
CHAPTER 4 EMEA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in EMEA by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer by Downstream Industry in Europe
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer by Downstream Industry in Middle East
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer by Downstream Industry in Africa
4.3 Market Forecast of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in EMEA by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF DIISONONYL PHTHALATE (DINP) PLASTICIZER
5.1 EMEA Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 DIISONONYL PHTHALATE (DINP) PLASTICIZER MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN EMEA
6.1 Sales Volume of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in EMEA by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in EMEA by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 DIISONONYL PHTHALATE (DINP) PLASTICIZER MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 UPC Technology Corporation
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Product
7.1.3 Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of UPC Technology Corporation
7.2 Nan Ya Plastics Corporation
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Product
7.2.3 Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nan Ya Plastics Corporation
7.3 Aekyung Petrochemical
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Product
7.3.3 Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Aekyung Petrochemical
7.4 Shandong Qilu
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Product
7.4.3 Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Shandong Qilu
7.5 Eastman Chemical Company
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Product
7.5.3 Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Eastman Chemical Company
7.6 LG Chem
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Product
7.6.3 Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of LG Chem
7.7 BASF SE
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Product
7.7.3 Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of BASF SE
7.8 Evonik Industries AG
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Product
7.8.3 Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Evonik Industries AG
7.9 Exxonmobil Corporation
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Product
7.9.3 Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Exxonmobil Corporation
7.10 NEW JAPAN CHEMICAL CO. LTD
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Product
7.10.3 Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of NEW JAPAN CHEMICAL CO. LTD
7.11 Guangdong Chunda Chemical Industry
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Product
7.11.3 Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Guangdong Chunda Chemical Industry
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF DIISONONYL PHTHALATE (DINP) PLASTICIZER
8.1 Industry Chain of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF DIISONONYL PHTHALATE (DINP) PLASTICIZER
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF DIISONONYL PHTHALATE (DINP) PLASTICIZER
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer
1.2.1 Optimal Grade Product
1.2.2 Qualified Product
1.3 Downstream Application of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer
1.3.1 PVC
1.3.2 Toys
1.3.3 Electrical Insulation
1.3.4 Vinyl Flooring
1.3.5 Medical Devices
1.3.6 Others
1.4 Development History of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer 2013-2023
1.5.1 EMEA Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 EMEA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in EMEA 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in EMEA by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in EMEA by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in EMEA by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in EMEA by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in Europe 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in Middle East 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in Africa 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in EMEA 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in EMEA 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 EMEA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole EMEA Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in EMEA by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in EMEA by Types
3.2 EMEA Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in Europe
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Middle East
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in Africa
3.3 Market Forecast of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in EMEA by Types
CHAPTER 4 EMEA MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in EMEA by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer by Downstream Industry in Europe
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer by Downstream Industry in Middle East
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer by Downstream Industry in Africa
4.3 Market Forecast of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in EMEA by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF DIISONONYL PHTHALATE (DINP) PLASTICIZER
5.1 EMEA Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 DIISONONYL PHTHALATE (DINP) PLASTICIZER MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN EMEA
6.1 Sales Volume of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in EMEA by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer in EMEA by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 DIISONONYL PHTHALATE (DINP) PLASTICIZER MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 UPC Technology Corporation
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Product
7.1.3 Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of UPC Technology Corporation
7.2 Nan Ya Plastics Corporation
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Product
7.2.3 Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nan Ya Plastics Corporation
7.3 Aekyung Petrochemical
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Product
7.3.3 Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Aekyung Petrochemical
7.4 Shandong Qilu
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Product
7.4.3 Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Shandong Qilu
7.5 Eastman Chemical Company
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Product
7.5.3 Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Eastman Chemical Company
7.6 LG Chem
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Product
7.6.3 Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of LG Chem
7.7 BASF SE
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Product
7.7.3 Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of BASF SE
7.8 Evonik Industries AG
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Product
7.8.3 Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Evonik Industries AG
7.9 Exxonmobil Corporation
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Product
7.9.3 Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Exxonmobil Corporation
7.10 NEW JAPAN CHEMICAL CO. LTD
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Product
7.10.3 Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of NEW JAPAN CHEMICAL CO. LTD
7.11 Guangdong Chunda Chemical Industry
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Product
7.11.3 Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Guangdong Chunda Chemical Industry
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF DIISONONYL PHTHALATE (DINP) PLASTICIZER
8.1 Industry Chain of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF DIISONONYL PHTHALATE (DINP) PLASTICIZER
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) Plasticizer
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF DIISONONYL PHTHALATE (DINP) PLASTICIZER
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference