Carbon Nanoparticles-United States Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Carbon Nanoparticles-United States Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Carbon Nanoparticles industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole United States and Regional Market Size of Carbon Nanoparticles 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Carbon Nanoparticles in United States, with company and product introduction, position in the Carbon Nanoparticles market
Market status and development trend of Carbon Nanoparticles by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Carbon Nanoparticles, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the United States Carbon Nanoparticles market as:
United States Carbon Nanoparticles Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
New England
The Middle Atlantic
The Midwest
The West
The South
Southwest
United States Carbon Nanoparticles Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Single-walled
Multi-walled
United States Carbon Nanoparticles Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Electronics & Semiconductors
Chemical & Polymers
Batteries & Capacitors
Energy
Medical
Composites
Aerospace & Defense
Others
United States Carbon Nanoparticles Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Carbon Nanoparticles Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Arkema S.A.
Hanwha Chemical Co. Ltd.
Kumho Petrochemical
Showa Denko K.K.
Toray Industries, Inc.
Cnano Technology Limited
Nanocyl S.A.
Hyperion Catalysis International Inc.
Arry International Group Limited
Carbon Solutions, Inc.
Cheap Tubes Inc.
Cnt Co., Ltd.
Continental Carbon Company
Klean Carbon Inc.
Nano-C Inc.
Nanointegris Inc.
Nanolab Inc.
Nanoshel LLC
Nanothinx S.A.
Southwest Nanotechnologies, Inc.
Thomas Swan & Co. Ltd.
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Carbon Nanoparticles-United States Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Carbon Nanoparticles industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole United States and Regional Market Size of Carbon Nanoparticles 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Carbon Nanoparticles in United States, with company and product introduction, position in the Carbon Nanoparticles market
Market status and development trend of Carbon Nanoparticles by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Carbon Nanoparticles, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the United States Carbon Nanoparticles market as:
United States Carbon Nanoparticles Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
New England
The Middle Atlantic
The Midwest
The West
The South
Southwest
United States Carbon Nanoparticles Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Single-walled
Multi-walled
United States Carbon Nanoparticles Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Electronics & Semiconductors
Chemical & Polymers
Batteries & Capacitors
Energy
Medical
Composites
Aerospace & Defense
Others
United States Carbon Nanoparticles Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Carbon Nanoparticles Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Arkema S.A.
Hanwha Chemical Co. Ltd.
Kumho Petrochemical
Showa Denko K.K.
Toray Industries, Inc.
Cnano Technology Limited
Nanocyl S.A.
Hyperion Catalysis International Inc.
Arry International Group Limited
Carbon Solutions, Inc.
Cheap Tubes Inc.
Cnt Co., Ltd.
Continental Carbon Company
Klean Carbon Inc.
Nano-C Inc.
Nanointegris Inc.
Nanolab Inc.
Nanoshel LLC
Nanothinx S.A.
Southwest Nanotechnologies, Inc.
Thomas Swan & Co. Ltd.
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF CARBON NANOPARTICLES
1.1 Definition of Carbon Nanoparticles in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Carbon Nanoparticles
1.2.1 Single-walled
1.2.2 Multi-walled
1.3 Downstream Application of Carbon Nanoparticles
1.3.1 Electronics & Semiconductors
1.3.2 Chemical & Polymers
1.3.3 Batteries & Capacitors
1.3.4 Energy
1.3.5 Medical
1.3.6 Composites
1.3.7 Aerospace & Defense
1.3.8 Others
1.4 Development History of Carbon Nanoparticles
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Carbon Nanoparticles 2013-2023
1.5.1 United States Carbon Nanoparticles Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Carbon Nanoparticles Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Carbon Nanoparticles in United States 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Carbon Nanoparticles in United States by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Carbon Nanoparticles in United States by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Carbon Nanoparticles in United States by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Carbon Nanoparticles in United States by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Carbon Nanoparticles in New England 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Carbon Nanoparticles in The Middle Atlantic 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Carbon Nanoparticles in The Midwest 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Carbon Nanoparticles in The West 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Carbon Nanoparticles in The South 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Carbon Nanoparticles in Southwest 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Carbon Nanoparticles in United States 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Carbon Nanoparticles in United States 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Carbon Nanoparticles by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole United States Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Carbon Nanoparticles in United States by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Carbon Nanoparticles in United States by Types
3.2 United States Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in New England
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in The Middle Atlantic
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in The Midwest
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in The West
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in The South
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Southwest
3.3 Market Forecast of Carbon Nanoparticles in United States by Types
CHAPTER 4 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Carbon Nanoparticles in United States by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Carbon Nanoparticles by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Carbon Nanoparticles by Downstream Industry in New England
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Carbon Nanoparticles by Downstream Industry in The Middle Atlantic
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Carbon Nanoparticles by Downstream Industry in The Midwest
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Carbon Nanoparticles by Downstream Industry in The West
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Carbon Nanoparticles by Downstream Industry in The South
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Carbon Nanoparticles by Downstream Industry in Southwest
4.3 Market Forecast of Carbon Nanoparticles in United States by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF CARBON NANOPARTICLES
5.1 United States Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Carbon Nanoparticles Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 CARBON NANOPARTICLES MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN UNITED STATES
6.1 Sales Volume of Carbon Nanoparticles in United States by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Carbon Nanoparticles in United States by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Carbon Nanoparticles by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Carbon Nanoparticles Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Carbon Nanoparticles Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 CARBON NANOPARTICLES MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Arkema S.A.
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Carbon Nanoparticles Product
7.1.3 Carbon Nanoparticles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Arkema S.A.
7.2 Hanwha Chemical Co. Ltd.
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Carbon Nanoparticles Product
7.2.3 Carbon Nanoparticles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hanwha Chemical Co. Ltd.
7.3 Kumho Petrochemical
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Carbon Nanoparticles Product
7.3.3 Carbon Nanoparticles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kumho Petrochemical
7.4 Showa Denko K.K.
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Carbon Nanoparticles Product
7.4.3 Carbon Nanoparticles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Showa Denko K.K.
7.5 Toray Industries, Inc.
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Carbon Nanoparticles Product
7.5.3 Carbon Nanoparticles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Toray Industries, Inc.
7.6 Cnano Technology Limited
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Carbon Nanoparticles Product
7.6.3 Carbon Nanoparticles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cnano Technology Limited
7.7 Nanocyl S.A.
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Carbon Nanoparticles Product
7.7.3 Carbon Nanoparticles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nanocyl S.A.
7.8 Hyperion Catalysis International Inc.
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Carbon Nanoparticles Product
7.8.3 Carbon Nanoparticles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hyperion Catalysis International Inc.
7.9 Arry International Group Limited
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Carbon Nanoparticles Product
7.9.3 Carbon Nanoparticles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Arry International Group Limited
7.10 Carbon Solutions, Inc.
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Carbon Nanoparticles Product
7.10.3 Carbon Nanoparticles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Carbon Solutions, Inc.
7.11 Cheap Tubes Inc.
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Carbon Nanoparticles Product
7.11.3 Carbon Nanoparticles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cheap Tubes Inc.
7.12 Cnt Co., Ltd.
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Carbon Nanoparticles Product
7.12.3 Carbon Nanoparticles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cnt Co., Ltd.
7.13 Continental Carbon Company
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Carbon Nanoparticles Product
7.13.3 Carbon Nanoparticles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Continental Carbon Company
7.14 Klean Carbon Inc.
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Carbon Nanoparticles Product
7.14.3 Carbon Nanoparticles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Klean Carbon Inc.
7.15 Nano-C Inc.
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Carbon Nanoparticles Product
7.15.3 Carbon Nanoparticles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nano-C Inc.
7.16 Nanointegris Inc.
7.17 Nanolab Inc.
7.18 Nanoshel LLC
7.19 Nanothinx S.A.
7.20 Southwest Nanotechnologies, Inc.
7.21 Thomas Swan & Co. Ltd.
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF CARBON NANOPARTICLES
8.1 Industry Chain of Carbon Nanoparticles
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF CARBON NANOPARTICLES
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Carbon Nanoparticles
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Carbon Nanoparticles
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Carbon Nanoparticles
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Carbon Nanoparticles
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF CARBON NANOPARTICLES
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Carbon Nanoparticles in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Carbon Nanoparticles
1.2.1 Single-walled
1.2.2 Multi-walled
1.3 Downstream Application of Carbon Nanoparticles
1.3.1 Electronics & Semiconductors
1.3.2 Chemical & Polymers
1.3.3 Batteries & Capacitors
1.3.4 Energy
1.3.5 Medical
1.3.6 Composites
1.3.7 Aerospace & Defense
1.3.8 Others
1.4 Development History of Carbon Nanoparticles
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Carbon Nanoparticles 2013-2023
1.5.1 United States Carbon Nanoparticles Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Carbon Nanoparticles Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Carbon Nanoparticles in United States 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Carbon Nanoparticles in United States by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Carbon Nanoparticles in United States by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Carbon Nanoparticles in United States by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Carbon Nanoparticles in United States by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Carbon Nanoparticles in New England 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Carbon Nanoparticles in The Middle Atlantic 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Carbon Nanoparticles in The Midwest 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Carbon Nanoparticles in The West 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Carbon Nanoparticles in The South 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Carbon Nanoparticles in Southwest 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Carbon Nanoparticles in United States 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Carbon Nanoparticles in United States 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Carbon Nanoparticles by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole United States Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Carbon Nanoparticles in United States by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Carbon Nanoparticles in United States by Types
3.2 United States Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in New England
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in The Middle Atlantic
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in The Midwest
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in The West
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in The South
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Southwest
3.3 Market Forecast of Carbon Nanoparticles in United States by Types
CHAPTER 4 UNITED STATES MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Carbon Nanoparticles in United States by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Carbon Nanoparticles by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Carbon Nanoparticles by Downstream Industry in New England
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Carbon Nanoparticles by Downstream Industry in The Middle Atlantic
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Carbon Nanoparticles by Downstream Industry in The Midwest
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Carbon Nanoparticles by Downstream Industry in The West
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Carbon Nanoparticles by Downstream Industry in The South
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Carbon Nanoparticles by Downstream Industry in Southwest
4.3 Market Forecast of Carbon Nanoparticles in United States by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF CARBON NANOPARTICLES
5.1 United States Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Carbon Nanoparticles Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 CARBON NANOPARTICLES MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN UNITED STATES
6.1 Sales Volume of Carbon Nanoparticles in United States by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Carbon Nanoparticles in United States by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Carbon Nanoparticles by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Carbon Nanoparticles Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Carbon Nanoparticles Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 CARBON NANOPARTICLES MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Arkema S.A.
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Carbon Nanoparticles Product
7.1.3 Carbon Nanoparticles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Arkema S.A.
7.2 Hanwha Chemical Co. Ltd.
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Carbon Nanoparticles Product
7.2.3 Carbon Nanoparticles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hanwha Chemical Co. Ltd.
7.3 Kumho Petrochemical
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Carbon Nanoparticles Product
7.3.3 Carbon Nanoparticles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kumho Petrochemical
7.4 Showa Denko K.K.
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Carbon Nanoparticles Product
7.4.3 Carbon Nanoparticles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Showa Denko K.K.
7.5 Toray Industries, Inc.
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Carbon Nanoparticles Product
7.5.3 Carbon Nanoparticles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Toray Industries, Inc.
7.6 Cnano Technology Limited
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Carbon Nanoparticles Product
7.6.3 Carbon Nanoparticles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cnano Technology Limited
7.7 Nanocyl S.A.
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Carbon Nanoparticles Product
7.7.3 Carbon Nanoparticles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nanocyl S.A.
7.8 Hyperion Catalysis International Inc.
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Carbon Nanoparticles Product
7.8.3 Carbon Nanoparticles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hyperion Catalysis International Inc.
7.9 Arry International Group Limited
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Carbon Nanoparticles Product
7.9.3 Carbon Nanoparticles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Arry International Group Limited
7.10 Carbon Solutions, Inc.
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Carbon Nanoparticles Product
7.10.3 Carbon Nanoparticles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Carbon Solutions, Inc.
7.11 Cheap Tubes Inc.
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Carbon Nanoparticles Product
7.11.3 Carbon Nanoparticles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cheap Tubes Inc.
7.12 Cnt Co., Ltd.
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Carbon Nanoparticles Product
7.12.3 Carbon Nanoparticles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Cnt Co., Ltd.
7.13 Continental Carbon Company
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Carbon Nanoparticles Product
7.13.3 Carbon Nanoparticles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Continental Carbon Company
7.14 Klean Carbon Inc.
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Carbon Nanoparticles Product
7.14.3 Carbon Nanoparticles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Klean Carbon Inc.
7.15 Nano-C Inc.
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Carbon Nanoparticles Product
7.15.3 Carbon Nanoparticles Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Nano-C Inc.
7.16 Nanointegris Inc.
7.17 Nanolab Inc.
7.18 Nanoshel LLC
7.19 Nanothinx S.A.
7.20 Southwest Nanotechnologies, Inc.
7.21 Thomas Swan & Co. Ltd.
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF CARBON NANOPARTICLES
8.1 Industry Chain of Carbon Nanoparticles
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF CARBON NANOPARTICLES
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Carbon Nanoparticles
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Carbon Nanoparticles
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Carbon Nanoparticles
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Carbon Nanoparticles
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF CARBON NANOPARTICLES
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
