Botanical Extracts-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data
Report Summary
Botanical Extracts-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Botanical Extracts industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Botanical Extracts 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Botanical Extracts worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Botanical Extracts market
Market status and development trend of Botanical Extracts by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Botanical Extracts, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Botanical Extracts market as:
Global Botanical Extracts Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Botanical Extracts Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Powder
Liquid
Global Botanical Extracts Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Food
Beverages
Global Botanical Extracts Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Botanical Extracts Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Frutarom Ltd.
Kalsec
Dehler GmbH
MB-Holding GmbH & Co. KG
Synergy Flavors
Blue Sky Botanics
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Botanical Extracts-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2013-2023 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on Botanical Extracts industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of Botanical Extracts 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main manufacturers/suppliers of Botanical Extracts worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the Botanical Extracts market
Market status and development trend of Botanical Extracts by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Botanical Extracts, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the global Botanical Extracts market as:
Global Botanical Extracts Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global Botanical Extracts Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Powder
Liquid
Global Botanical Extracts Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Food
Beverages
Global Botanical Extracts Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Botanical Extracts Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Frutarom Ltd.
Kalsec
Dehler GmbH
MB-Holding GmbH & Co. KG
Synergy Flavors
Blue Sky Botanics
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF BOTANICAL EXTRACTS
1.1 Definition of Botanical Extracts in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Botanical Extracts
1.2.1 Powder
1.2.2 Liquid
1.3 Downstream Application of Botanical Extracts
1.3.1 Food
1.3.2 Beverages
1.4 Development History of Botanical Extracts
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Botanical Extracts 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Botanical Extracts Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Botanical Extracts Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Botanical Extracts 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Botanical Extracts by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Botanical Extracts by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Botanical Extracts by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Botanical Extracts by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Botanical Extracts 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Botanical Extracts 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Botanical Extracts by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Botanical Extracts by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Botanical Extracts by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Botanical Extracts by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Botanical Extracts by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Botanical Extracts by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Botanical Extracts Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Botanical Extracts Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Botanical Extracts Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Botanical Extracts Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Botanical Extracts Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Botanical Extracts Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Botanical Extracts Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Botanical Extracts Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Botanical Extracts Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Botanical Extracts Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Botanical Extracts Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Botanical Extracts Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Botanical Extracts Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Botanical Extracts Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Botanical Extracts Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Botanical Extracts Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Botanical Extracts Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Botanical Extracts Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Botanical Extracts Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Botanical Extracts Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Botanical Extracts Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Botanical Extracts Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Botanical Extracts Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Botanical Extracts Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Botanical Extracts Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Botanical Extracts Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Botanical Extracts Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Botanical Extracts Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Botanical Extracts Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Botanical Extracts Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Botanical Extracts Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Botanical Extracts Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Botanical Extracts Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Botanical Extracts Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Botanical Extracts Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Botanical Extracts Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Botanical Extracts Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Botanical Extracts Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Botanical Extracts Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Botanical Extracts Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF BOTANICAL EXTRACTS
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Botanical Extracts Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 BOTANICAL EXTRACTS MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Botanical Extracts by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Botanical Extracts by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Botanical Extracts by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Botanical Extracts Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Botanical Extracts Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 BOTANICAL EXTRACTS MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Frutarom Ltd.
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Botanical Extracts Product
12.1.3 Botanical Extracts Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Frutarom Ltd.
12.2 Kalsec
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Botanical Extracts Product
12.2.3 Botanical Extracts Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kalsec
12.3 Dehler GmbH
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Botanical Extracts Product
12.3.3 Botanical Extracts Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Dehler GmbH
12.4 MB-Holding GmbH & Co. KG
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Botanical Extracts Product
12.4.3 Botanical Extracts Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of MB-Holding GmbH & Co. KG
12.5 Synergy Flavors
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Botanical Extracts Product
12.5.3 Botanical Extracts Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Synergy Flavors
12.6 Blue Sky Botanics
12.6.1 Company profile
12.6.2 Representative Botanical Extracts Product
12.6.3 Botanical Extracts Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Blue Sky Botanics
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF BOTANICAL EXTRACTS
13.1 Industry Chain of Botanical Extracts
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF BOTANICAL EXTRACTS
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Botanical Extracts
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Botanical Extracts
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Botanical Extracts
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Botanical Extracts
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Botanical Extracts in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Botanical Extracts
1.2.1 Powder
1.2.2 Liquid
1.3 Downstream Application of Botanical Extracts
1.3.1 Food
1.3.2 Beverages
1.4 Development History of Botanical Extracts
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Botanical Extracts 2013-2023
1.5.1 Global Botanical Extracts Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Botanical Extracts Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of Botanical Extracts 2013-2017
2.2 Sales Market of Botanical Extracts by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of Botanical Extracts by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of Botanical Extracts by Regions
2.3 Production Market of Botanical Extracts by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of Botanical Extracts 2018-2023
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of Botanical Extracts 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Forecast of Botanical Extracts by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of Botanical Extracts by Types
3.2 Sales Value of Botanical Extracts by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of Botanical Extracts by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of Botanical Extracts by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of Botanical Extracts by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America Botanical Extracts Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America Botanical Extracts Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.2 North America Botanical Extracts Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
5.1.3 United States Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.4 Canada Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
5.1.5 Mexico Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
5.2 North America Botanical Extracts Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America Botanical Extracts Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.1 North America Botanical Extracts Sales by Type (2013-2017)
5.3.2 North America Botanical Extracts Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
5.4 North America Botanical Extracts Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe Botanical Extracts Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe Botanical Extracts Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.2 Europe Botanical Extracts Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
6.1.3 Germany Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.4 UK Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.5 France Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.6 Italy Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.7 Russia Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.8 Spain Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
6.1.9 Benelux Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
6.2 Europe Botanical Extracts Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe Botanical Extracts Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.1 Europe Botanical Extracts Sales by Type (2013-2017)
6.3.2 Europe Botanical Extracts Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
6.4 Europe Botanical Extracts Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific Botanical Extracts Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific Botanical Extracts Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific Botanical Extracts Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
7.1.3 China Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.4 Japan Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.5 India Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
7.1.7 Australia Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
7.2 Asia Pacific Botanical Extracts Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific Botanical Extracts Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Botanical Extracts Sales by Type (2013-2017)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Botanical Extracts Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
7.4 Asia Pacific Botanical Extracts Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America Botanical Extracts Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Botanical Extracts Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.2 Latin America Botanical Extracts Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
8.1.3 Brazil Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.4 Argentina Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
8.1.5 Colombia Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
8.2 Latin America Botanical Extracts Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America Botanical Extracts Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.1 Latin America Botanical Extracts Sales by Type (2013-2017)
8.3.2 Latin America Botanical Extracts Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
8.4 Latin America Botanical Extracts Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa Botanical Extracts Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Botanical Extracts Sales by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Botanical Extracts Revenue by Countries (2013-2017)
9.1.3 Middle East Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
9.1.4 Africa Botanical Extracts Market Status (2013-2017)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Botanical Extracts Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa Botanical Extracts Market Status by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa Botanical Extracts Sales by Type (2013-2017)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa Botanical Extracts Revenue by Type (2013-2017)
9.4 Middle East and Africa Botanical Extracts Market Status by Downstream Industry (2013-2017)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF BOTANICAL EXTRACTS
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 Botanical Extracts Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 BOTANICAL EXTRACTS MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of Botanical Extracts by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of Botanical Extracts by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of Botanical Extracts by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Botanical Extracts Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Botanical Extracts Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 BOTANICAL EXTRACTS MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Frutarom Ltd.
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative Botanical Extracts Product
12.1.3 Botanical Extracts Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Frutarom Ltd.
12.2 Kalsec
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative Botanical Extracts Product
12.2.3 Botanical Extracts Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kalsec
12.3 Dehler GmbH
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative Botanical Extracts Product
12.3.3 Botanical Extracts Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Dehler GmbH
12.4 MB-Holding GmbH & Co. KG
12.4.1 Company profile
12.4.2 Representative Botanical Extracts Product
12.4.3 Botanical Extracts Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of MB-Holding GmbH & Co. KG
12.5 Synergy Flavors
12.5.1 Company profile
12.5.2 Representative Botanical Extracts Product
12.5.3 Botanical Extracts Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Synergy Flavors
12.6 Blue Sky Botanics
12.6.1 Company profile
12.6.2 Representative Botanical Extracts Product
12.6.3 Botanical Extracts Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Blue Sky Botanics
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF BOTANICAL EXTRACTS
13.1 Industry Chain of Botanical Extracts
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF BOTANICAL EXTRACTS
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Botanical Extracts
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Botanical Extracts
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Botanical Extracts
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Botanical Extracts
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
