Bio-Based Adipic Acids-Asia Pacific Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Bio-Based Adipic Acids-Asia Pacific Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Bio-Based Adipic Acids industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole Asia Pacific and Regional Market Size of Bio-Based Adipic Acids 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Asia Pacific, with company and product introduction, position in the Bio-Based Adipic Acids market
Market status and development trend of Bio-Based Adipic Acids by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Bio-Based Adipic Acids, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the Asia Pacific Bio-Based Adipic Acids market as:
Asia Pacific Bio-Based Adipic Acids Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
China
Japan
Korea
India
Southeast Asia
Australia
Asia Pacific Bio-Based Adipic Acids Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Cyclohexane Oxidation
Cyclohexene Oxidation
Asia Pacific Bio-Based Adipic Acids Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Synthetic Lubricants
Plasticizers
Coatings
Polyurethanes
Other
Asia Pacific Bio-Based Adipic Acids Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Bio-Based Adipic Acids Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Asahi Kasei
DuPont
Lanxess
Sumitomo Chemicals
BASF
DSM
Ascend Performance Materials
Invista
Rhodia
Ascend
Radici
Haili
Huafon
Shenma Industrial
Hualu-Hengsheng
Zhejiang Shuyang
Kailuan Group
Liaoyang Sinopec
Hongye
Tianli
Yangmei Fengxi
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Bio-Based Adipic Acids-Asia Pacific Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Bio-Based Adipic Acids industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole Asia Pacific and Regional Market Size of Bio-Based Adipic Acids 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Asia Pacific, with company and product introduction, position in the Bio-Based Adipic Acids market
Market status and development trend of Bio-Based Adipic Acids by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Bio-Based Adipic Acids, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the Asia Pacific Bio-Based Adipic Acids market as:
Asia Pacific Bio-Based Adipic Acids Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
China
Japan
Korea
India
Southeast Asia
Australia
Asia Pacific Bio-Based Adipic Acids Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Cyclohexane Oxidation
Cyclohexene Oxidation
Asia Pacific Bio-Based Adipic Acids Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Synthetic Lubricants
Plasticizers
Coatings
Polyurethanes
Other
Asia Pacific Bio-Based Adipic Acids Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Bio-Based Adipic Acids Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Asahi Kasei
DuPont
Lanxess
Sumitomo Chemicals
BASF
DSM
Ascend Performance Materials
Invista
Rhodia
Ascend
Radici
Haili
Huafon
Shenma Industrial
Hualu-Hengsheng
Zhejiang Shuyang
Kailuan Group
Liaoyang Sinopec
Hongye
Tianli
Yangmei Fengxi
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF BIO-BASED ADIPIC ACIDS
1.1 Definition of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Bio-Based Adipic Acids
1.2.1 Cyclohexane Oxidation
1.2.2 Cyclohexene Oxidation
1.3 Downstream Application of Bio-Based Adipic Acids
1.3.1 Synthetic Lubricants
1.3.2 Plasticizers
1.3.3 Coatings
1.3.4 Polyurethanes
1.3.5 Other
1.4 Development History of Bio-Based Adipic Acids
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Bio-Based Adipic Acids 2013-2023
1.5.1 Asia Pacific Bio-Based Adipic Acids Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Bio-Based Adipic Acids Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Asia Pacific 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in China 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Japan 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Korea 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in India 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Southeast Asia 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Australia 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Asia Pacific 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Asia Pacific 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Bio-Based Adipic Acids by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Asia Pacific Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Asia Pacific by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Asia Pacific by Types
3.2 Asia Pacific Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in China
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Japan
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in Korea
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in India
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Southeast Asia
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Australia
3.3 Market Forecast of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Asia Pacific by Types
CHAPTER 4 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Bio-Based Adipic Acids by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Bio-Based Adipic Acids by Downstream Industry in China
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Bio-Based Adipic Acids by Downstream Industry in Japan
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Bio-Based Adipic Acids by Downstream Industry in Korea
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Bio-Based Adipic Acids by Downstream Industry in India
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Bio-Based Adipic Acids by Downstream Industry in Southeast Asia
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Bio-Based Adipic Acids by Downstream Industry in Australia
4.3 Market Forecast of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF BIO-BASED ADIPIC ACIDS
5.1 Asia Pacific Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Bio-Based Adipic Acids Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 BIO-BASED ADIPIC ACIDS MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN ASIA PACIFIC
6.1 Sales Volume of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Bio-Based Adipic Acids by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Bio-Based Adipic Acids Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Bio-Based Adipic Acids Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 BIO-BASED ADIPIC ACIDS MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Asahi Kasei
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Bio-Based Adipic Acids Product
7.1.3 Bio-Based Adipic Acids Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Asahi Kasei
7.2 DuPont
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Bio-Based Adipic Acids Product
7.2.3 Bio-Based Adipic Acids Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of DuPont
7.3 Lanxess
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Bio-Based Adipic Acids Product
7.3.3 Bio-Based Adipic Acids Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Lanxess
7.4 Sumitomo Chemicals
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Bio-Based Adipic Acids Product
7.4.3 Bio-Based Adipic Acids Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sumitomo Chemicals
7.5 BASF
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Bio-Based Adipic Acids Product
7.5.3 Bio-Based Adipic Acids Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of BASF
7.6 DSM
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Bio-Based Adipic Acids Product
7.6.3 Bio-Based Adipic Acids Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of DSM
7.7 Ascend Performance Materials
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Bio-Based Adipic Acids Product
7.7.3 Bio-Based Adipic Acids Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Ascend Performance Materials
7.8 Invista
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Bio-Based Adipic Acids Product
7.8.3 Bio-Based Adipic Acids Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Invista
7.9 Rhodia
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Bio-Based Adipic Acids Product
7.9.3 Bio-Based Adipic Acids Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Rhodia
7.10 Ascend
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Bio-Based Adipic Acids Product
7.10.3 Bio-Based Adipic Acids Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Ascend
7.11 Radici
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Bio-Based Adipic Acids Product
7.11.3 Bio-Based Adipic Acids Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Radici
7.12 Haili
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Bio-Based Adipic Acids Product
7.12.3 Bio-Based Adipic Acids Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Haili
7.13 Huafon
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Bio-Based Adipic Acids Product
7.13.3 Bio-Based Adipic Acids Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Huafon
7.14 Shenma Industrial
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Bio-Based Adipic Acids Product
7.14.3 Bio-Based Adipic Acids Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Shenma Industrial
7.15 Hualu-Hengsheng
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Bio-Based Adipic Acids Product
7.15.3 Bio-Based Adipic Acids Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hualu-Hengsheng
7.16 Zhejiang Shuyang
7.17 Kailuan Group
7.18 Liaoyang Sinopec
7.19 Hongye
7.20 Tianli
7.21 Yangmei Fengxi
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF BIO-BASED ADIPIC ACIDS
8.1 Industry Chain of Bio-Based Adipic Acids
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF BIO-BASED ADIPIC ACIDS
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Bio-Based Adipic Acids
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Bio-Based Adipic Acids
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Bio-Based Adipic Acids
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Bio-Based Adipic Acids
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF BIO-BASED ADIPIC ACIDS
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Bio-Based Adipic Acids
1.2.1 Cyclohexane Oxidation
1.2.2 Cyclohexene Oxidation
1.3 Downstream Application of Bio-Based Adipic Acids
1.3.1 Synthetic Lubricants
1.3.2 Plasticizers
1.3.3 Coatings
1.3.4 Polyurethanes
1.3.5 Other
1.4 Development History of Bio-Based Adipic Acids
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Bio-Based Adipic Acids 2013-2023
1.5.1 Asia Pacific Bio-Based Adipic Acids Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Bio-Based Adipic Acids Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Asia Pacific 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in China 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Japan 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Korea 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in India 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Southeast Asia 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Australia 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Asia Pacific 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Asia Pacific 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Bio-Based Adipic Acids by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Asia Pacific Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Asia Pacific by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Asia Pacific by Types
3.2 Asia Pacific Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in China
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Japan
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in Korea
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in India
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Southeast Asia
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Australia
3.3 Market Forecast of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Asia Pacific by Types
CHAPTER 4 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Bio-Based Adipic Acids by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Bio-Based Adipic Acids by Downstream Industry in China
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Bio-Based Adipic Acids by Downstream Industry in Japan
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Bio-Based Adipic Acids by Downstream Industry in Korea
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Bio-Based Adipic Acids by Downstream Industry in India
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Bio-Based Adipic Acids by Downstream Industry in Southeast Asia
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Bio-Based Adipic Acids by Downstream Industry in Australia
4.3 Market Forecast of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF BIO-BASED ADIPIC ACIDS
5.1 Asia Pacific Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Bio-Based Adipic Acids Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 BIO-BASED ADIPIC ACIDS MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN ASIA PACIFIC
6.1 Sales Volume of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Bio-Based Adipic Acids in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Bio-Based Adipic Acids by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Bio-Based Adipic Acids Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Bio-Based Adipic Acids Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 BIO-BASED ADIPIC ACIDS MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Asahi Kasei
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Bio-Based Adipic Acids Product
7.1.3 Bio-Based Adipic Acids Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Asahi Kasei
7.2 DuPont
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Bio-Based Adipic Acids Product
7.2.3 Bio-Based Adipic Acids Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of DuPont
7.3 Lanxess
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Bio-Based Adipic Acids Product
7.3.3 Bio-Based Adipic Acids Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Lanxess
7.4 Sumitomo Chemicals
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Bio-Based Adipic Acids Product
7.4.3 Bio-Based Adipic Acids Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sumitomo Chemicals
7.5 BASF
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Bio-Based Adipic Acids Product
7.5.3 Bio-Based Adipic Acids Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of BASF
7.6 DSM
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Bio-Based Adipic Acids Product
7.6.3 Bio-Based Adipic Acids Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of DSM
7.7 Ascend Performance Materials
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Bio-Based Adipic Acids Product
7.7.3 Bio-Based Adipic Acids Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Ascend Performance Materials
7.8 Invista
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Bio-Based Adipic Acids Product
7.8.3 Bio-Based Adipic Acids Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Invista
7.9 Rhodia
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Bio-Based Adipic Acids Product
7.9.3 Bio-Based Adipic Acids Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Rhodia
7.10 Ascend
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Bio-Based Adipic Acids Product
7.10.3 Bio-Based Adipic Acids Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Ascend
7.11 Radici
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Bio-Based Adipic Acids Product
7.11.3 Bio-Based Adipic Acids Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Radici
7.12 Haili
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Bio-Based Adipic Acids Product
7.12.3 Bio-Based Adipic Acids Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Haili
7.13 Huafon
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Bio-Based Adipic Acids Product
7.13.3 Bio-Based Adipic Acids Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Huafon
7.14 Shenma Industrial
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Bio-Based Adipic Acids Product
7.14.3 Bio-Based Adipic Acids Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Shenma Industrial
7.15 Hualu-Hengsheng
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Bio-Based Adipic Acids Product
7.15.3 Bio-Based Adipic Acids Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hualu-Hengsheng
7.16 Zhejiang Shuyang
7.17 Kailuan Group
7.18 Liaoyang Sinopec
7.19 Hongye
7.20 Tianli
7.21 Yangmei Fengxi
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF BIO-BASED ADIPIC ACIDS
8.1 Industry Chain of Bio-Based Adipic Acids
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF BIO-BASED ADIPIC ACIDS
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Bio-Based Adipic Acids
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Bio-Based Adipic Acids
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Bio-Based Adipic Acids
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Bio-Based Adipic Acids
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF BIO-BASED ADIPIC ACIDS
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
