Basic Aluminium Chloride-Asia Pacific Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023
Report Summary
Basic Aluminium Chloride-Asia Pacific Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Basic Aluminium Chloride industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole Asia Pacific and Regional Market Size of Basic Aluminium Chloride 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Asia Pacific, with company and product introduction, position in the Basic Aluminium Chloride market
Market status and development trend of Basic Aluminium Chloride by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Basic Aluminium Chloride, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the Asia Pacific Basic Aluminium Chloride market as:
Asia Pacific Basic Aluminium Chloride Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
China
Japan
Korea
India
Southeast Asia
Australia
Asia Pacific Basic Aluminium Chloride Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Pharmaceutical Grade
Industrial Grade
Other
Asia Pacific Basic Aluminium Chloride Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Pharmaceuticals
Metal Production
Waste Water Treatment
Chemicals
Other
Asia Pacific Basic Aluminium Chloride Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Basic Aluminium Chloride Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
BASF
Kemira
Gulbrandsen
GFS Chemicals
ICL
Aditya Birla Group
Canton
Xiangshui Long Yang Chemical
Lichen
Dongying Kunbao Chemical
Bopu
Zhejiang Juhua
Zibo Shiniu
Yuanxiang Chemicals
Ruiheng Chemical
Yixingshi Fangsheng
Rising Group
Zibo Nano
Gongyi City Water Supply Materials
Menjie Chemicals
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
Basic Aluminium Chloride-Asia Pacific Market Status and Trend Report 2013-2023 offers a comprehensive analysis on Basic Aluminium Chloride industry, standing on the readers? perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Whole Asia Pacific and Regional Market Size of Basic Aluminium Chloride 2013-2017, and development forecast 2018-2023
Main market players of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Asia Pacific, with company and product introduction, position in the Basic Aluminium Chloride market
Market status and development trend of Basic Aluminium Chloride by types and applications
Cost and profit status of Basic Aluminium Chloride, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challenges
The report segments the Asia Pacific Basic Aluminium Chloride market as:
Asia Pacific Basic Aluminium Chloride Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Consumption Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2013-2023):
China
Japan
Korea
India
Southeast Asia
Australia
Asia Pacific Basic Aluminium Chloride Market: Product Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2013-2023):
Pharmaceutical Grade
Industrial Grade
Other
Asia Pacific Basic Aluminium Chloride Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2013-2023; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Pharmaceuticals
Metal Production
Waste Water Treatment
Chemicals
Other
Asia Pacific Basic Aluminium Chloride Market: Players Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, Basic Aluminium Chloride Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
BASF
Kemira
Gulbrandsen
GFS Chemicals
ICL
Aditya Birla Group
Canton
Xiangshui Long Yang Chemical
Lichen
Dongying Kunbao Chemical
Bopu
Zhejiang Juhua
Zibo Shiniu
Yuanxiang Chemicals
Ruiheng Chemical
Yixingshi Fangsheng
Rising Group
Zibo Nano
Gongyi City Water Supply Materials
Menjie Chemicals
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF BASIC ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE
1.1 Definition of Basic Aluminium Chloride in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Basic Aluminium Chloride
1.2.1 Pharmaceutical Grade
1.2.2 Industrial Grade
1.2.3 Other
1.3 Downstream Application of Basic Aluminium Chloride
1.3.1 Pharmaceuticals
1.3.2 Metal Production
1.3.3 Waste Water Treatment
1.3.4 Chemicals
1.3.5 Other
1.4 Development History of Basic Aluminium Chloride
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Basic Aluminium Chloride 2013-2023
1.5.1 Asia Pacific Basic Aluminium Chloride Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Basic Aluminium Chloride Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Asia Pacific 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Basic Aluminium Chloride in China 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Japan 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Korea 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Basic Aluminium Chloride in India 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Southeast Asia 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Australia 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Asia Pacific 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Asia Pacific 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Basic Aluminium Chloride by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Asia Pacific Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Asia Pacific by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Asia Pacific by Types
3.2 Asia Pacific Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in China
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Japan
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in Korea
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in India
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Southeast Asia
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Australia
3.3 Market Forecast of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Asia Pacific by Types
CHAPTER 4 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Basic Aluminium Chloride by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Basic Aluminium Chloride by Downstream Industry in China
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Basic Aluminium Chloride by Downstream Industry in Japan
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Basic Aluminium Chloride by Downstream Industry in Korea
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Basic Aluminium Chloride by Downstream Industry in India
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Basic Aluminium Chloride by Downstream Industry in Southeast Asia
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Basic Aluminium Chloride by Downstream Industry in Australia
4.3 Market Forecast of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF BASIC ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE
5.1 Asia Pacific Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Basic Aluminium Chloride Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 BASIC ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN ASIA PACIFIC
6.1 Sales Volume of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Basic Aluminium Chloride by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Basic Aluminium Chloride Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Basic Aluminium Chloride Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 BASIC ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 BASF
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Basic Aluminium Chloride Product
7.1.3 Basic Aluminium Chloride Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of BASF
7.2 Kemira
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Basic Aluminium Chloride Product
7.2.3 Basic Aluminium Chloride Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kemira
7.3 Gulbrandsen
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Basic Aluminium Chloride Product
7.3.3 Basic Aluminium Chloride Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Gulbrandsen
7.4 GFS Chemicals
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Basic Aluminium Chloride Product
7.4.3 Basic Aluminium Chloride Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of GFS Chemicals
7.5 ICL
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Basic Aluminium Chloride Product
7.5.3 Basic Aluminium Chloride Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ICL
7.6 Aditya Birla Group
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Basic Aluminium Chloride Product
7.6.3 Basic Aluminium Chloride Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Aditya Birla Group
7.7 Canton
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Basic Aluminium Chloride Product
7.7.3 Basic Aluminium Chloride Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Canton
7.8 Xiangshui Long Yang Chemical
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Basic Aluminium Chloride Product
7.8.3 Basic Aluminium Chloride Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Xiangshui Long Yang Chemical
7.9 Lichen
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Basic Aluminium Chloride Product
7.9.3 Basic Aluminium Chloride Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Lichen
7.10 Dongying Kunbao Chemical
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Basic Aluminium Chloride Product
7.10.3 Basic Aluminium Chloride Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Dongying Kunbao Chemical
7.11 Bopu
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Basic Aluminium Chloride Product
7.11.3 Basic Aluminium Chloride Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Bopu
7.12 Zhejiang Juhua
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Basic Aluminium Chloride Product
7.12.3 Basic Aluminium Chloride Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Zhejiang Juhua
7.13 Zibo Shiniu
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Basic Aluminium Chloride Product
7.13.3 Basic Aluminium Chloride Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Zibo Shiniu
7.14 Yuanxiang Chemicals
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Basic Aluminium Chloride Product
7.14.3 Basic Aluminium Chloride Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Yuanxiang Chemicals
7.15 Ruiheng Chemical
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Basic Aluminium Chloride Product
7.15.3 Basic Aluminium Chloride Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Ruiheng Chemical
7.16 Yixingshi Fangsheng
7.17 Rising Group
7.18 Zibo Nano
7.19 Gongyi City Water Supply Materials
7.20 Menjie Chemicals
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF BASIC ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE
8.1 Industry Chain of Basic Aluminium Chloride
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF BASIC ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Basic Aluminium Chloride
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Basic Aluminium Chloride
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Basic Aluminium Chloride
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Basic Aluminium Chloride
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF BASIC ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of Basic Aluminium Chloride in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of Basic Aluminium Chloride
1.2.1 Pharmaceutical Grade
1.2.2 Industrial Grade
1.2.3 Other
1.3 Downstream Application of Basic Aluminium Chloride
1.3.1 Pharmaceuticals
1.3.2 Metal Production
1.3.3 Waste Water Treatment
1.3.4 Chemicals
1.3.5 Other
1.4 Development History of Basic Aluminium Chloride
1.5 Market Status and Trend of Basic Aluminium Chloride 2013-2023
1.5.1 Asia Pacific Basic Aluminium Chloride Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
1.5.2 Regional Basic Aluminium Chloride Market Status and Trend 2013-2023
CHAPTER 2 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Status of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Asia Pacific 2013-2017
2.2 Consumption Market of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.1 Consumption Volume of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.2.2 Revenue of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3 Market Analysis of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Asia Pacific by Regions
2.3.1 Market Analysis of Basic Aluminium Chloride in China 2013-2017
2.3.2 Market Analysis of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Japan 2013-2017
2.3.3 Market Analysis of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Korea 2013-2017
2.3.4 Market Analysis of Basic Aluminium Chloride in India 2013-2017
2.3.5 Market Analysis of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Southeast Asia 2013-2017
2.3.6 Market Analysis of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Australia 2013-2017
2.4 Market Development Forecast of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Asia Pacific 2018-2023
2.4.1 Market Development Forecast of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Asia Pacific 2018-2023
2.4.2 Market Development Forecast of Basic Aluminium Chloride by Regions 2018-2023
CHAPTER 3 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Whole Asia Pacific Market Status by Types
3.1.1 Consumption Volume of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Asia Pacific by Types
3.1.2 Revenue of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Asia Pacific by Types
3.2 Asia Pacific Market Status by Types in Major Countries
3.2.1 Market Status by Types in China
3.2.2 Market Status by Types in Japan
3.2.3 Market Status by Types in Korea
3.2.4 Market Status by Types in India
3.2.5 Market Status by Types in Southeast Asia
3.2.6 Market Status by Types in Australia
3.3 Market Forecast of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Asia Pacific by Types
CHAPTER 4 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
4.2 Demand Volume of Basic Aluminium Chloride by Downstream Industry in Major Countries
4.2.1 Demand Volume of Basic Aluminium Chloride by Downstream Industry in China
4.2.2 Demand Volume of Basic Aluminium Chloride by Downstream Industry in Japan
4.2.3 Demand Volume of Basic Aluminium Chloride by Downstream Industry in Korea
4.2.4 Demand Volume of Basic Aluminium Chloride by Downstream Industry in India
4.2.5 Demand Volume of Basic Aluminium Chloride by Downstream Industry in Southeast Asia
4.2.6 Demand Volume of Basic Aluminium Chloride by Downstream Industry in Australia
4.3 Market Forecast of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Asia Pacific by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF BASIC ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE
5.1 Asia Pacific Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 Basic Aluminium Chloride Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 BASIC ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR PLAYERS IN ASIA PACIFIC
6.1 Sales Volume of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.2 Revenue of Basic Aluminium Chloride in Asia Pacific by Major Players
6.3 Basic Information of Basic Aluminium Chloride by Major Players
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of Basic Aluminium Chloride Major Players
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of Basic Aluminium Chloride Major Players
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 BASIC ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 BASF
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative Basic Aluminium Chloride Product
7.1.3 Basic Aluminium Chloride Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of BASF
7.2 Kemira
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative Basic Aluminium Chloride Product
7.2.3 Basic Aluminium Chloride Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Kemira
7.3 Gulbrandsen
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative Basic Aluminium Chloride Product
7.3.3 Basic Aluminium Chloride Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Gulbrandsen
7.4 GFS Chemicals
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative Basic Aluminium Chloride Product
7.4.3 Basic Aluminium Chloride Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of GFS Chemicals
7.5 ICL
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative Basic Aluminium Chloride Product
7.5.3 Basic Aluminium Chloride Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ICL
7.6 Aditya Birla Group
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative Basic Aluminium Chloride Product
7.6.3 Basic Aluminium Chloride Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Aditya Birla Group
7.7 Canton
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative Basic Aluminium Chloride Product
7.7.3 Basic Aluminium Chloride Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Canton
7.8 Xiangshui Long Yang Chemical
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative Basic Aluminium Chloride Product
7.8.3 Basic Aluminium Chloride Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Xiangshui Long Yang Chemical
7.9 Lichen
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative Basic Aluminium Chloride Product
7.9.3 Basic Aluminium Chloride Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Lichen
7.10 Dongying Kunbao Chemical
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative Basic Aluminium Chloride Product
7.10.3 Basic Aluminium Chloride Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Dongying Kunbao Chemical
7.11 Bopu
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative Basic Aluminium Chloride Product
7.11.3 Basic Aluminium Chloride Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Bopu
7.12 Zhejiang Juhua
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative Basic Aluminium Chloride Product
7.12.3 Basic Aluminium Chloride Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Zhejiang Juhua
7.13 Zibo Shiniu
7.13.1 Company profile
7.13.2 Representative Basic Aluminium Chloride Product
7.13.3 Basic Aluminium Chloride Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Zibo Shiniu
7.14 Yuanxiang Chemicals
7.14.1 Company profile
7.14.2 Representative Basic Aluminium Chloride Product
7.14.3 Basic Aluminium Chloride Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Yuanxiang Chemicals
7.15 Ruiheng Chemical
7.15.1 Company profile
7.15.2 Representative Basic Aluminium Chloride Product
7.15.3 Basic Aluminium Chloride Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Ruiheng Chemical
7.16 Yixingshi Fangsheng
7.17 Rising Group
7.18 Zibo Nano
7.19 Gongyi City Water Supply Materials
7.20 Menjie Chemicals
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF BASIC ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE
8.1 Industry Chain of Basic Aluminium Chloride
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF BASIC ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of Basic Aluminium Chloride
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of Basic Aluminium Chloride
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of Basic Aluminium Chloride
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of Basic Aluminium Chloride
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF BASIC ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
