2-Undecanone-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2016-2026 Top 20 Countries Data
![](/report_cover/10724/2-undecanone-global-market-status-trend-report-2016-2026-top-20-countries-data_en.gif)
Report Summary
2-Undecanone-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2016-2026 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on 2-Undecanone industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of 2-Undecanone 2016-2021, and development forecast 2022-2026
Main manufacturers/suppliers of 2-Undecanone worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the 2-Undecanone market
Market status and development trend of 2-Undecanone by types and applications
Cost and profit status of 2-Undecanone, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challengesSince the COVID-19 virus outbreak in December 2019, the disease has spread to almost 100 countries around the globe with the World Health Organization declaring it a public health emergency.The global impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are already starting to be felt, and will significantly affect the Ammonium 2-Undecanone market in 2020.COVID-19 can affect the global economy in three main ways: by directly affecting production and demand, by creating supply chain and market disruption, and by its financial impact on firms and financial markets.The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought effects on many aspects, like flight cancellations; travel bans and quarantines; restaurants closed; all indoor events restricted; over forty countries state of emergency declared; massive slowing of the supply chain; stock market volatility; falling business confidence, growing panic among the population, and uncertainty about future.This report also analyses the impact of Coronavirus COVID-19 on the 2-Undecanone industry.
The report segments the global 2-Undecanone market as:
Global 2-Undecanone Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2016-2026):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global 2-Undecanone Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2016-2026):
98% Purity
Other
Global 2-Undecanone Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 206-2026; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Perfumery
Flavoring
Global 2-Undecanone Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, 2-Undecanone Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Oleon NV
Firmenich
ChoiceChem
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
2-Undecanone-Global Market Status & Trend Report 2016-2026 Top 20 Countries Data offers a comprehensive analysis on 2-Undecanone industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data in Global major 20 countries and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Top 20 Countries Market Size of 2-Undecanone 2016-2021, and development forecast 2022-2026
Main manufacturers/suppliers of 2-Undecanone worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the 2-Undecanone market
Market status and development trend of 2-Undecanone by types and applications
Cost and profit status of 2-Undecanone, and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challengesSince the COVID-19 virus outbreak in December 2019, the disease has spread to almost 100 countries around the globe with the World Health Organization declaring it a public health emergency.The global impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are already starting to be felt, and will significantly affect the Ammonium 2-Undecanone market in 2020.COVID-19 can affect the global economy in three main ways: by directly affecting production and demand, by creating supply chain and market disruption, and by its financial impact on firms and financial markets.The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought effects on many aspects, like flight cancellations; travel bans and quarantines; restaurants closed; all indoor events restricted; over forty countries state of emergency declared; massive slowing of the supply chain; stock market volatility; falling business confidence, growing panic among the population, and uncertainty about future.This report also analyses the impact of Coronavirus COVID-19 on the 2-Undecanone industry.
The report segments the global 2-Undecanone market as:
Global 2-Undecanone Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2016-2026):
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia)
Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia)
Middle East and Africa
Global 2-Undecanone Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2016-2026):
98% Purity
Other
Global 2-Undecanone Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 206-2026; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Perfumery
Flavoring
Global 2-Undecanone Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, 2-Undecanone Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Oleon NV
Firmenich
ChoiceChem
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF 2-UNDECANONE
1.1 Definition of 2-Undecanone in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of 2-Undecanone
1.2.1 98% Purity
1.2.2 Other
1.3 Downstream Application of 2-Undecanone
1.3.1 Perfumery
1.3.2 Flavoring
1.4 Development History of 2-Undecanone
1.5 Market Status and Trend of 2-Undecanone 2016-2026
1.5.1 Global 2-Undecanone Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
1.5.2 Regional 2-Undecanone Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of 2-Undecanone 2016-2021
2.2 Sales Market of 2-Undecanone by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of 2-Undecanone by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of 2-Undecanone by Regions
2.3 Production Market of 2-Undecanone by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of 2-Undecanone 2022-2026
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of 2-Undecanone 2022-2026
2.4.2 Market Forecast of 2-Undecanone by Regions 2022-2026
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of 2-Undecanone by Types
3.2 Sales Value of 2-Undecanone by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of 2-Undecanone by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of 2-Undecanone by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of 2-Undecanone by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America 2-Undecanone Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America 2-Undecanone Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
5.1.2 North America 2-Undecanone Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
5.1.3 United States 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
5.1.4 Canada 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
5.1.5 Mexico 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
5.2 North America 2-Undecanone Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America 2-Undecanone Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
5.3.1 North America 2-Undecanone Sales by Type (2016-2021)
5.3.2 North America 2-Undecanone Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
5.4 North America 2-Undecanone Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe 2-Undecanone Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe 2-Undecanone Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
6.1.2 Europe 2-Undecanone Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
6.1.3 Germany 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.4 UK 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.5 France 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.6 Italy 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.7 Russia 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.8 Spain 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.9 Benelux 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
6.2 Europe 2-Undecanone Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe 2-Undecanone Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
6.3.1 Europe 2-Undecanone Sales by Type (2016-2021)
6.3.2 Europe 2-Undecanone Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
6.4 Europe 2-Undecanone Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific 2-Undecanone Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific 2-Undecanone Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific 2-Undecanone Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
7.1.3 China 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
7.1.4 Japan 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
7.1.5 India 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
7.1.7 Australia 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
7.2 Asia Pacific 2-Undecanone Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific 2-Undecanone Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific 2-Undecanone Sales by Type (2016-2021)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific 2-Undecanone Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
7.4 Asia Pacific 2-Undecanone Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America 2-Undecanone Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America 2-Undecanone Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
8.1.2 Latin America 2-Undecanone Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
8.1.3 Brazil 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
8.1.4 Argentina 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
8.1.5 Colombia 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
8.2 Latin America 2-Undecanone Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America 2-Undecanone Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
8.3.1 Latin America 2-Undecanone Sales by Type (2016-2021)
8.3.2 Latin America 2-Undecanone Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
8.4 Latin America 2-Undecanone Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa 2-Undecanone Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa 2-Undecanone Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa 2-Undecanone Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
9.1.3 Middle East 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
9.1.4 Africa 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
9.2 Middle East and Africa 2-Undecanone Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa 2-Undecanone Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa 2-Undecanone Sales by Type (2016-2021)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa 2-Undecanone Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
9.4 Middle East and Africa 2-Undecanone Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF 2-UNDECANONE
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 2-Undecanone Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 2-UNDECANONE MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of 2-Undecanone by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of 2-Undecanone by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of 2-Undecanone by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of 2-Undecanone Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of 2-Undecanone Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 2-UNDECANONE MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Oleon NV
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative 2-Undecanone Product
12.1.3 2-Undecanone Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Oleon NV
12.2 Firmenich
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative 2-Undecanone Product
12.2.3 2-Undecanone Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Firmenich
12.3 ChoiceChem
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative 2-Undecanone Product
12.3.3 2-Undecanone Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ChoiceChem
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF 2-UNDECANONE
13.1 Industry Chain of 2-Undecanone
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF 2-UNDECANONE
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of 2-Undecanone
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of 2-Undecanone
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of 2-Undecanone
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of 2-Undecanone
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of 2-Undecanone in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of 2-Undecanone
1.2.1 98% Purity
1.2.2 Other
1.3 Downstream Application of 2-Undecanone
1.3.1 Perfumery
1.3.2 Flavoring
1.4 Development History of 2-Undecanone
1.5 Market Status and Trend of 2-Undecanone 2016-2026
1.5.1 Global 2-Undecanone Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
1.5.2 Regional 2-Undecanone Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of 2-Undecanone 2016-2021
2.2 Sales Market of 2-Undecanone by Regions
2.2.1 Sales Volume of 2-Undecanone by Regions
2.2.2 Sales Value of 2-Undecanone by Regions
2.3 Production Market of 2-Undecanone by Regions
2.4 Global Market Forecast of 2-Undecanone 2022-2026
2.4.1 Global Market Forecast of 2-Undecanone 2022-2026
2.4.2 Market Forecast of 2-Undecanone by Regions 2022-2026
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Sales Volume of 2-Undecanone by Types
3.2 Sales Value of 2-Undecanone by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of 2-Undecanone by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Global Sales Volume of 2-Undecanone by Downstream Industry
4.2 Global Market Forecast of 2-Undecanone by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
5.1 North America 2-Undecanone Market Status by Countries
5.1.1 North America 2-Undecanone Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
5.1.2 North America 2-Undecanone Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
5.1.3 United States 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
5.1.4 Canada 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
5.1.5 Mexico 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
5.2 North America 2-Undecanone Market Status by Manufacturers
5.3 North America 2-Undecanone Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
5.3.1 North America 2-Undecanone Sales by Type (2016-2021)
5.3.2 North America 2-Undecanone Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
5.4 North America 2-Undecanone Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 6 EUROPE MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
6.1 Europe 2-Undecanone Market Status by Countries
6.1.1 Europe 2-Undecanone Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
6.1.2 Europe 2-Undecanone Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
6.1.3 Germany 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.4 UK 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.5 France 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.6 Italy 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.7 Russia 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.8 Spain 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
6.1.9 Benelux 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
6.2 Europe 2-Undecanone Market Status by Manufacturers
6.3 Europe 2-Undecanone Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
6.3.1 Europe 2-Undecanone Sales by Type (2016-2021)
6.3.2 Europe 2-Undecanone Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
6.4 Europe 2-Undecanone Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 7 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
7.1 Asia Pacific 2-Undecanone Market Status by Countries
7.1.1 Asia Pacific 2-Undecanone Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
7.1.2 Asia Pacific 2-Undecanone Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
7.1.3 China 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
7.1.4 Japan 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
7.1.5 India 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
7.1.6 Southeast Asia 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
7.1.7 Australia 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
7.2 Asia Pacific 2-Undecanone Market Status by Manufacturers
7.3 Asia Pacific 2-Undecanone Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
7.3.1 Asia Pacific 2-Undecanone Sales by Type (2016-2021)
7.3.2 Asia Pacific 2-Undecanone Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
7.4 Asia Pacific 2-Undecanone Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 8 LATIN AMERICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
8.1 Latin America 2-Undecanone Market Status by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America 2-Undecanone Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
8.1.2 Latin America 2-Undecanone Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
8.1.3 Brazil 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
8.1.4 Argentina 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
8.1.5 Colombia 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
8.2 Latin America 2-Undecanone Market Status by Manufacturers
8.3 Latin America 2-Undecanone Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
8.3.1 Latin America 2-Undecanone Sales by Type (2016-2021)
8.3.2 Latin America 2-Undecanone Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
8.4 Latin America 2-Undecanone Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET STATUS BY COUNTRIES, TYPE, MANUFACTURERS AND DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
9.1 Middle East and Africa 2-Undecanone Market Status by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa 2-Undecanone Sales by Countries (2016-2021)
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa 2-Undecanone Revenue by Countries (2016-2021)
9.1.3 Middle East 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
9.1.4 Africa 2-Undecanone Market Status (2016-2021)
9.2 Middle East and Africa 2-Undecanone Market Status by Manufacturers
9.3 Middle East and Africa 2-Undecanone Market Status by Type (2016-2021)
9.3.1 Middle East and Africa 2-Undecanone Sales by Type (2016-2021)
9.3.2 Middle East and Africa 2-Undecanone Revenue by Type (2016-2021)
9.4 Middle East and Africa 2-Undecanone Market Status by Downstream Industry (2016-2021)
CHAPTER 10 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF 2-UNDECANONE
10.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
10.2 2-Undecanone Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 11 2-UNDECANONE MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
11.1 Production Volume of 2-Undecanone by Major Manufacturers
11.2 Production Value of 2-Undecanone by Major Manufacturers
11.3 Basic Information of 2-Undecanone by Major Manufacturers
11.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of 2-Undecanone Major Manufacturer
11.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of 2-Undecanone Major Manufacturer
11.4 Market Competition News and Trend
11.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
11.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
11.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 12 2-UNDECANONE MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
12.1 Oleon NV
12.1.1 Company profile
12.1.2 Representative 2-Undecanone Product
12.1.3 2-Undecanone Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Oleon NV
12.2 Firmenich
12.2.1 Company profile
12.2.2 Representative 2-Undecanone Product
12.2.3 2-Undecanone Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Firmenich
12.3 ChoiceChem
12.3.1 Company profile
12.3.2 Representative 2-Undecanone Product
12.3.3 2-Undecanone Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of ChoiceChem
CHAPTER 13 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF 2-UNDECANONE
13.1 Industry Chain of 2-Undecanone
13.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
13.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 14 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF 2-UNDECANONE
14.1 Cost Structure Analysis of 2-Undecanone
14.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of 2-Undecanone
14.3 Labor Cost Analysis of 2-Undecanone
14.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of 2-Undecanone
CHAPTER 15 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.1 Research Programs/Design
16.1.2 Market Size Estimation
16.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
16.2 Data Source
16.2.1 Secondary Sources
16.2.2 Primary Sources
16.3 Reference