2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7?-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2016-2026
Report Summary
2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7)-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2016-2026 offers a comprehensive analysis on 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Regional Market Size of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) 2016-2021, and development forecast 2022-2026
Main manufacturers/suppliers of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) worldwide, with company and product introduction, position in the 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) market
Market status and development trend of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) by types and applications
Cost and profit status of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7), and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challengesSince the COVID-19 virus outbreak in December 2019, the disease has spread to almost 100 countries around the globe with the World Health Organization declaring it a public health emergency.The global impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are already starting to be felt, and will significantly affect the Ammonium 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) market in 2020.COVID-19 can affect the global economy in three main ways: by directly affecting production and demand, by creating supply chain and market disruption, and by its financial impact on firms and financial markets.The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought effects on many aspects, like flight cancellations; travel bans and quarantines; restaurants closed; all indoor events restricted; over forty countries state of emergency declared; massive slowing of the supply chain; stock market volatility; falling business confidence, growing panic among the population, and uncertainty about future.This report also analyses the impact of Coronavirus COVID-19 on the 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) industry.
The report segments the global 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) market as:
Global 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2016-2026):
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Rest APAC
Latin America
Global 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2016-2026):
Purity 97%
Purity 98%
Purity 99%
Others
Global 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2016-2026; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Pharmaceutical Intermediates
Others
Global 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Thermo Fisher Scientific
Merck
Hairui Chemical
Win-Win Chemical
BLD Pharmatech
Sinfoobiotech
Finetech Industry
Biosynth Carbosynth
Capot Chemical
Tokyo Chemical Industry (TCI)
Combi-Blocks
Oakwood Products
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7)-Global Market Status and Trend Report 2016-2026 offers a comprehensive analysis on 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) industry, standing on the readers’ perspective, delivering detailed market data and penetrating insights. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provides useful data and information. Key questions answered by this report include:
Worldwide and Regional Market Size of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) 2016-2021, and development forecast 2022-2026
Main manufacturers/suppliers of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) worldwide, with company and product introduction, position in the 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) market
Market status and development trend of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) by types and applications
Cost and profit status of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7), and marketing status
Market growth drivers and challengesSince the COVID-19 virus outbreak in December 2019, the disease has spread to almost 100 countries around the globe with the World Health Organization declaring it a public health emergency.The global impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are already starting to be felt, and will significantly affect the Ammonium 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) market in 2020.COVID-19 can affect the global economy in three main ways: by directly affecting production and demand, by creating supply chain and market disruption, and by its financial impact on firms and financial markets.The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought effects on many aspects, like flight cancellations; travel bans and quarantines; restaurants closed; all indoor events restricted; over forty countries state of emergency declared; massive slowing of the supply chain; stock market volatility; falling business confidence, growing panic among the population, and uncertainty about future.This report also analyses the impact of Coronavirus COVID-19 on the 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) industry.
The report segments the global 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) market as:
Global 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Market: Regional Segment Analysis (Regional Production Volume, Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate 2016-2026):
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Rest APAC
Latin America
Global 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Market: Type Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume, Average Price, Revenue, Market Share and Trend 2016-2026):
Purity 97%
Purity 98%
Purity 99%
Others
Global 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Market: Application Segment Analysis (Consumption Volume and Market Share 2016-2026; Downstream Customers and Market Analysis)
Pharmaceutical Intermediates
Others
Global 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Market: Manufacturers Segment Analysis (Company and Product introduction, 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Sales Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin):
Thermo Fisher Scientific
Merck
Hairui Chemical
Win-Win Chemical
BLD Pharmatech
Sinfoobiotech
Finetech Industry
Biosynth Carbosynth
Capot Chemical
Tokyo Chemical Industry (TCI)
Combi-Blocks
Oakwood Products
In a word, the report provides detailed statistics and analysis on the state of the industry; and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF 2-MERCAPTOTHIAZOLINE (CAS 96-53-7)
1.1 Definition of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7)
1.2.1 Purity 97%
1.2.2 Purity 98%
1.2.3 Purity 99%
1.2.4 Others
1.3 Downstream Application of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7)
1.3.1 Pharmaceutical Intermediates
1.3.2 Others
1.4 Development History of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7)
1.5 Market Status and Trend of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) 2016-2026
1.5.1 Global 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
1.5.2 Regional 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) 2016-2021
2.2 Production Market of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) by Regions
2.2.1 Production Volume of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) by Regions
2.2.2 Production Value of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) by Regions
2.3 Demand Market of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) by Regions
2.4 Production and Demand Status of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) by Regions
2.4.1 Production and Demand Status of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) by Regions 2016-2021
2.4.2 Import and Export Status of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) by Regions 2016-2021
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Production Volume of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) by Types
3.2 Production Value of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) by Downstream Industry
4.2 Market Forecast of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF 2-MERCAPTOTHIAZOLINE (CAS 96-53-7)
5.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 2-MERCAPTOTHIAZOLINE (CAS 96-53-7) MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
6.1 Production Volume of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) by Major Manufacturers
6.2 Production Value of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) by Major Manufacturers
6.3 Basic Information of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) by Major Manufacturers
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Major Manufacturer
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Major Manufacturer
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 2-MERCAPTOTHIAZOLINE (CAS 96-53-7) MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Thermo Fisher Scientific
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Product
7.1.3 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Thermo Fisher Scientific
7.2 Merck
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Product
7.2.3 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Merck
7.3 Hairui Chemical
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Product
7.3.3 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hairui Chemical
7.4 Win-Win Chemical
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Product
7.4.3 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Win-Win Chemical
7.5 BLD Pharmatech
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Product
7.5.3 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of BLD Pharmatech
7.6 Sinfoobiotech
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Product
7.6.3 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sinfoobiotech
7.7 Finetech Industry
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Product
7.7.3 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Finetech Industry
7.8 Biosynth Carbosynth
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Product
7.8.3 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Biosynth Carbosynth
7.9 Capot Chemical
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Product
7.9.3 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Capot Chemical
7.10 Tokyo Chemical Industry (TCI)
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Product
7.10.3 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Tokyo Chemical Industry (TCI)
7.11 Combi-Blocks
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Product
7.11.3 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Combi-Blocks
7.12 Oakwood Products
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Product
7.12.3 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Oakwood Products
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF 2-MERCAPTOTHIAZOLINE (CAS 96-53-7)
8.1 Industry Chain of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7)
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF 2-MERCAPTOTHIAZOLINE (CAS 96-53-7)
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7)
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7)
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7)
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7)
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF 2-MERCAPTOTHIAZOLINE (CAS 96-53-7)
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
1.1 Definition of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) in This Report
1.2 Commercial Types of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7)
1.2.1 Purity 97%
1.2.2 Purity 98%
1.2.3 Purity 99%
1.2.4 Others
1.3 Downstream Application of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7)
1.3.1 Pharmaceutical Intermediates
1.3.2 Others
1.4 Development History of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7)
1.5 Market Status and Trend of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) 2016-2026
1.5.1 Global 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
1.5.2 Regional 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Market Status and Trend 2016-2026
CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY REGIONS
2.1 Market Development of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) 2016-2021
2.2 Production Market of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) by Regions
2.2.1 Production Volume of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) by Regions
2.2.2 Production Value of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) by Regions
2.3 Demand Market of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) by Regions
2.4 Production and Demand Status of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) by Regions
2.4.1 Production and Demand Status of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) by Regions 2016-2021
2.4.2 Import and Export Status of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) by Regions 2016-2021
CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY TYPES
3.1 Production Volume of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) by Types
3.2 Production Value of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) by Types
3.3 Market Forecast of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) by Types
CHAPTER 4 GLOBAL MARKET STATUS AND FORECAST BY DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY
4.1 Demand Volume of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) by Downstream Industry
4.2 Market Forecast of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) by Downstream Industry
CHAPTER 5 MARKET DRIVING FACTOR ANALYSIS OF 2-MERCAPTOTHIAZOLINE (CAS 96-53-7)
5.1 Global Economy Situation and Trend Overview
5.2 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Downstream Industry Situation and Trend Overview
CHAPTER 6 2-MERCAPTOTHIAZOLINE (CAS 96-53-7) MARKET COMPETITION STATUS BY MAJOR MANUFACTURERS
6.1 Production Volume of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) by Major Manufacturers
6.2 Production Value of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) by Major Manufacturers
6.3 Basic Information of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) by Major Manufacturers
6.3.1 Headquarters Location and Established Time of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Major Manufacturer
6.3.2 Employees and Revenue Level of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Major Manufacturer
6.4 Market Competition News and Trend
6.4.1 Merger, Consolidation or Acquisition News
6.4.2 Investment or Disinvestment News
6.4.3 New Product Development and Launch
CHAPTER 7 2-MERCAPTOTHIAZOLINE (CAS 96-53-7) MAJOR MANUFACTURERS INTRODUCTION AND MARKET DATA
7.1 Thermo Fisher Scientific
7.1.1 Company profile
7.1.2 Representative 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Product
7.1.3 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Thermo Fisher Scientific
7.2 Merck
7.2.1 Company profile
7.2.2 Representative 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Product
7.2.3 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Merck
7.3 Hairui Chemical
7.3.1 Company profile
7.3.2 Representative 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Product
7.3.3 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Hairui Chemical
7.4 Win-Win Chemical
7.4.1 Company profile
7.4.2 Representative 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Product
7.4.3 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Win-Win Chemical
7.5 BLD Pharmatech
7.5.1 Company profile
7.5.2 Representative 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Product
7.5.3 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of BLD Pharmatech
7.6 Sinfoobiotech
7.6.1 Company profile
7.6.2 Representative 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Product
7.6.3 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Sinfoobiotech
7.7 Finetech Industry
7.7.1 Company profile
7.7.2 Representative 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Product
7.7.3 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Finetech Industry
7.8 Biosynth Carbosynth
7.8.1 Company profile
7.8.2 Representative 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Product
7.8.3 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Biosynth Carbosynth
7.9 Capot Chemical
7.9.1 Company profile
7.9.2 Representative 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Product
7.9.3 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Capot Chemical
7.10 Tokyo Chemical Industry (TCI)
7.10.1 Company profile
7.10.2 Representative 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Product
7.10.3 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Tokyo Chemical Industry (TCI)
7.11 Combi-Blocks
7.11.1 Company profile
7.11.2 Representative 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Product
7.11.3 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Combi-Blocks
7.12 Oakwood Products
7.12.1 Company profile
7.12.2 Representative 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Product
7.12.3 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7) Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin of Oakwood Products
CHAPTER 8 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM MARKET ANALYSIS OF 2-MERCAPTOTHIAZOLINE (CAS 96-53-7)
8.1 Industry Chain of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7)
8.2 Upstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
8.3 Downstream Market and Representative Companies Analysis
CHAPTER 9 COST AND GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF 2-MERCAPTOTHIAZOLINE (CAS 96-53-7)
9.1 Cost Structure Analysis of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7)
9.2 Raw Materials Cost Analysis of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7)
9.3 Labor Cost Analysis of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7)
9.4 Manufacturing Expenses Analysis of 2-Mercaptothiazoline (CAS 96-53-7)
CHAPTER 10 MARKETING STATUS ANALYSIS OF 2-MERCAPTOTHIAZOLINE (CAS 96-53-7)
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
10.2.2 Brand Strategy
10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List
CHAPTER 11 REPORT CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND REFERENCE
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Reference
