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World Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNO) Market 2013-2018

June 2013 | 131 pages | ID: WF277AF9CDCEN
Visiongain

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A number of dynamic factors are serving as a catalyst driving the rebirth of a stagnating MVNO market. Above all, technological developments in smartphone features and capabilities, coupled with increasing mobile broadband speeds are generating a rich market for value added services. 3G networks and the recent deployment of 4G networks are changing mobile consumer behaviours. Visiongain has determined that global revenues from MVNO will reach $32bn in 2013.

Furthermore, a number of emerging economies are opening up their telecoms market to new operators. Supported by regulation, and spurred by the increasing connectivity of mobile devices, the potential for MVNOs is significant. New markets and new technologies are a strong driving force for the MVNO business model.

Visiongain's latest report details the essential strategies and core elements that are necessary for setting up a successful MVNO. The analysis ranges from the lightest MVNOs, such as branded resellers, to those with the deepest integration at the core mobile network level. It analyses issues from customer-facing services, branding and pricing to operational and business support systems. The report highlights the reasons for failures and advises on strategies for running a successful MVNO business.

Why you should buy the World Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNO) Market 2013-2018
  • 131 pages of comprehensive analysis
  • 98 tables, charts, and graphs
  • Global MVNO revenue forecasts between 2013-2018
  • Global MVNO subscriber forecasts between 2013-2018
  • Global MNO revenue forecasts between 2013-2018
  • Global MNO subscriber forecasts between 2013-2018
  • 5 leading regional MVNO market forecasts between 2013-2018
    • North America MVNO revenue forecast 2013-2018
    • North America MVNO subscriber forecast 2013-2018
    • Latin America MVNO revenue forecast (including a case study on Brazil)
    • Latin America MVNO subscriber forecast 2013-2018
    • Europe MVNO revenue forecast 2013-2018
    • Europe MVNO subscriber forecast 2013-2018
    • Asia Pacific MVNO revenue forecast 2013-2018
    • Asia Pacific MVNO subscriber forecast 2013-2018
    • Middle East and Africa MVNO revenue forecast 2013-2018
    • Middle East and Africa MVNO subscriber forecast 2013-2018
  • In addition there are supporting forecasts from 2013-2018 for the following -
    • Global smartphone penetration vs. legacy devices forecast 2013-2018
    • Global mobile vs. fixed broadband subscription forecast 2013-2018
    • Global mVoIP revenue forecast 2013-2018
    • Global mVoIP subscriber forecast 2013-2018
    • Global mobile data traffic forecast by type 2013-2018
    • Global 3G subscriber forecast 2013-2018
    • Global LTE subscriber forecast 2013-2018
    • Global 4G / WiMAX subscriber forecast 2013-2018
    • Global app download forecast 2013-2018
  • 10 leading MVNOs identified and profiled -
    • Boost Mobile
    • FRiENDi
    • Giffgaff
    • Lebara
    • LycaMobile
    • KDDI Mobile
    • Tesco Mobile
    • TracFone
    • Truphone
    • Virgin Mobile
  • A SWOT analysis
What makes this report unique?

Our reports have a unique blend of primary and secondary sources providing informed opinion. This approach allows insight into the key drivers and restraints behind market developments, as well as identifying the leading MVNO companies. The report also presents a unique blend of qualitative analysis combined with extensive quantitative data including global and regional MVNO markets forecasts from 2013-2018 - all of which highlight strategic business opportunities.

You can order this report today

Gain an understanding of how to tap into the potential of the MVNO market by ordering World Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNO) Market 2013-2018 report.
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.1 A Resurgence of MVNOs
1.2 The Mobile Broadband Catalyst
1.3 Global Growth
1.4 Overcoming Challenges
1.5 Benefits of This Report
1.6 Who is This Report For?
1.7 Methodology
1.8 Points Emerged from this Research

2. INTRODUCTION TO THE MVNO MARKET

2.1 A Changing Telecoms Market
2.2 Network Layers and Market Segmentation
  2.2.1 Operators (MNOs)
  2.2.2 Service Providers
  2.2.3 Infrastructure Providers
2.3 Defining MVNOs
2.4 Mobile Network Value Chain
  2.4.1 Brand Actor
  2.4.2 Service Providers and Full MVNO
  2.4.3 MVNE & MVNA
2.5 Transforming MVNOs: From Voice to Data

3. GLOBAL MVNO MARKET FORECASTS 2013-2018

3.1 Global Total Mobile Operator Revenue Forecast 2013-2018
  3.1.1 Global MVNO and MNO Revenue Shares 2013-2018
  3.1.2 Global MVNO and MNO Revenue Forecasts 2013-2018
    3.1.2.1 Global MNO Revenue Forecast 2013-2018
    3.1.2.2 Global MVNO Revenue Forecast 2013-2018
3.2 Global Mobile Subscriber Forecast 2013-2018
  3.2.1 Global Mobile Subscriber Share: MNO vs. MVNO Forecast 2013-2018
  3.2.2 Global Mobile Subscribers: MNO vs. MVNO Forecast 2013-2018
    3.2.2.1 Global MNO Subscriber Forecast 2013-2018
    3.2.2.2 Global MVNO Subscriber Forecast 2013-2018

4. REGIONAL MVNO MARKET FORECASTS 2013-2018

4.1 Regional MVNO Revenue Forecast 2013-2018
4.2 Regional MVNO Subscriber Forecast 2013-2018
4.3 North American MVNO Market 2013-2018
  4.3.1 U.S. MVNO Market Key Players
  4.3.2 North American MVNO Revenue Forecast 2013-2018
  4.3.3 North American MVNO Subscriber Forecast 2013-2018
4.4 Latin American MVNO Market 2013-2018
  4.4.1 Case Study - Brazil
  4.4.2 Assessing Opportunities: Porto Seguro
  4.4.3 The Panregional Strategy - Virgin Mobile Latin America Targets Youth Segment
  4.4.4 Key Latin American Countries for MVNO Expansion
  4.4.5 Latin American MVNO Revenue Forecast 2013-2023
  4.4.6 Latin American MVNO Subscriber Forecast 2013-2023
4.5 European MVNO Market 2013-2018
  4.5.1 European MVNO Revenue Forecast 2013-2018
  4.5.2 European MVNO Subscriber Forecast 2013-2018
4.6 Asia Pacific MVNO Market 2013-2018
  4.6.1 China to Allow MVNOs?
  4.6.2 Asia Pacific MVNO Revenue Forecast 2013-2018
  4.6.3 Asia Pacific MVNO Subscriber Forecast 2013-2018
4.7 Middle East and African MVNO Market 2013-2018
  4.7.1 Saudi Arabia to Become Key MVNIO Market?
    4.7.1.1 Barriers to Entering Saudi Arabian MVNO Market
  4.7.2 Middle East and African MVNO Revenue Forecast 2013-2018
  4.7.3 Middle East and African MVNO Subscriber Forecast 2013-2018

5. THE MVNO BUSINESS MODEL

5.1 Regulatory Analysis
  5.1.1 European Union Directives
  5.1.2 Ofcom in the UK
  5.1.3 US Federal Communications Commission
  5.1.4 Developing Countries
  5.1.5 Is There a Need for Regulatory Intervention?
5.2 MNO Cooperation
5.3 Conditions for a Nascent MVNO Market
5.4 Benefits of an MVNO Business Model
5.5 Integration in the Mobile Value Chain
5.6 Categorisation of MVNOs
5.7 MVNO Marketing Strategies
  5.7.1 Cost Leadership
  5.7.2 Differentiation
5.8 Types of MVNOs
  5.8.1 Branded Resellers
  5.8.2 Service Providers
  5.8.3 Full MVNO
5.9 Key Success Factors
  5.9.1 Differentiation
  5.9.2 Pricing Principles
  5.9.3 Core Network Sharing
  5.9.4 Adapting to Change
5.10 Analysis of Costs

6. CURRENT MVNO MARKET SCENARIO: OPPORTUNITIES & CHALLENGES 2013

6.1 Are MVNOs a Disruptive Proposition for MNOs?
6.2 How Successful is the MVNO Model?
6.3 Network Capacity Driving the Evolution of the MVNO
  6.3.1 The Role of Internet Protocol
    6.3.1.1 Increasing Demand for MVoIP
    6.3.1.2 MVNO Business Model & MVoIP Offerings
  6.3.2 Mobile Broadband Forecast 2013-2018
    6.3.2.1 Is a Strong Brand Name a Prerequisite for MVNO Success?
  6.3.3 Data Services
    6.3.3.1 Data-only MVNO
  6.3.4 Is M2M the Right Market for MVNOs?
    6.3.4.1 M2M MVNOs
  6.3.5 The 3G & 4G Wholesale Market
    6.3.5.1 Value Proposition to MVNOs
6.4 Cloud Strategies for MVNOs
  6.4.1 Cutting CAPEX Through the Cloud
6.5 The Impact of New Mobile Technologies
  6.5.1 Augmented Reality
  6.5.2 Mobile Commerce
  6.5.3 Capitalising on the App Phenomenon
6.6 Capitalising on a Brand Strategy
  6.6.1 Leveraging Brand Awareness
  6.6.2 Building a Brand Name
6.7 A Constantly Evolving MVNO Model
  6.7.1 Need to Forge Successful Partnerships
6.8 Why Some MVNOs Failed While Others Succeeded?
  6.8.1 Market Timing
    6.8.1.1 Understanding the Target Audience
    6.8.1.2 Evaluating Key Performance Indicators
  6.8.2 Strategic Assets
    6.8.2.1 Targeting Existing Customer Base with VAS is Not Sufficient
    6.8.2.2 Avoiding Replication by Competitors
    6.8.2.3 Complementing a Strategic Asset
  6.8.3 Execution Capabilities

7. LEADING MVNO COMPANIES

7.1 Boost Mobile
  7.1.1 Services Marketing and Segmentation
7.2 FRiENDi
  7.2.1 FRiENDi Partnership with Virgin Mobile
7.3 Giffgaff
  7.3.1 Giffgaff's USP
7.4 Lebara
  7.4.1 Lebara's Expansion
7.5 LycaMobile
  7.5.1 The LycaMobile MVNO Model
7.6 KDDI Mobile
  7.6.1 KDDI Mobile Unique Selling Points
7.7 Tesco Mobile
  7.7.1 Tesco Mobile Regional Operations
7.8 TracFone
  7.8.1 TracFone Brands and Segments
7.9 Truphone
  7.9.1 Truphone Offerings
7.10 Virgin Mobile
  7.10.1 Virgin Mobile Regional Operations

8. MVNO SWOT ANALYSIS

9. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

9.1 Adopting the Right Business Model
  9.1.1 Facilities Based Model
  9.1.2 Target Market Model
  9.1.3 Strategy Based Model
  9.1.4 Plan Based Model
9.2 Challenges Facing MVNOs
9.3 MVNO Market Expansion Strategies
  9.3.1 Service Development Strategy
  9.3.2 Market Development Strategy
  9.3.3 Diversification Strategy
  9.3.4 Market Penetration Strategy
9.4 Key Factors Critical to Success in the Marketplace
9.5 Points Emerged from this Research

10. GLOSSARY

LIST OF CHARTS

Chart 3.1: Active MVNOs Q4 2011-Q4 2012
Chart 3.2: Global Mobile Operator Revenue Forecast 2013-2018 ($ Billions, AGR %)
Chart 3.4: Global MVNO vs. MNO Revenue Share Forecast 2013-2018 (%)
Chart 3.5: Global MVNO vs. MNO Revenue Forecast 2013-2018 ($ Billions)
Chart 3.7: Global MNO Revenue Forecast 2013-2018 ($ Billions, AGR %)
Chart 3.9: Global MVNO Revenue Forecast 2013-2018 ($ Billions, AGR %)
Chart 3.11: Global Mobile Subscriber Forecast 2013-2018 (Billions, AGR %)
Chart 3.13: Global MVNO vs. MNO Subscriber Share Forecast 2013-2018 (%)
Chart 3.15: Global Mobile Subscribers: MNO vs. MVNO Forecast 2013-2018 (Millions)
Chart 3.17: Global MNO Subscriber Forecast 2013-2018 (Millions, AGR %)
Chart 3.19: Global MVNO Subscriber Forecast 2013-2018 (Millions, AGR %)
Chart 4.1: Regional MVNO Numbers Q1 2013
Chart 4.2: Regional Shares of Global MVNO Market Q1 2013 (%)
Chart 4.3: Regional MVNO Revenue Forecasts 2013-2018 ($ Billions)
Chart 4.5: Regional MVNO Subscriber Forecast 2013-2018 (Millions)
Chart 4.8: North American MVNO Revenue Forecast 2013-2018 ($ Billions, AGR %)
Chart 4.10: North American MVNO Subscriber Forecast 2013-2018 (Millions, AGR %)
Chart 4.12: Porto Seguro Conecta MVNO Subscribers July 2012- March 2013 (Thousands)
Chart 4.14: Latin American MVNO Revenue Forecast 2013-2018 ($ Billions, AGR %)
Chart 4.16: Latin American MVNO Subscriber Forecast 2013-2018 (Millions, AGR %)
Chart 4.19: European MVNO Revenue Forecast 2013-2018 ($ Billions, AGR %)
Chart 4.21: European MVNO Subscriber Forecast 2013-2018 (Millions, AGR %)
Chart 4.23: Asia Pacific MVNO Revenue Forecast 2013-2018 ($ Billions, AGR %)
Chart 4.25: Asia Pacific MVNO Subscriber Forecast 2013-2018 (Millions, AGR %)
Chart 4.27: Middle East and African MVNO Revenue Forecast 2013-2018 ($ Billions, AGR %)
Chart 4.29: Middle East and African MVNO Subscriber Forecast 2013-2018 (Millions, AGR %)
Chart 6.2: Global Smartphone Penetration vs. Legacy Devices 2013-2018 (%)
Chart 6.4: Global mVoIP Revenue Forecast 2013-2018 ($ Billions, AGR %)
Chart 6.6: Global mVoIP Subscriber Forecast 2013-2018 (Millions, AGR %)
Chart 6.8: Global Mobile vs. Fixed Broadband Subscription Forecast 2013-2018 (Billions)
Chart 6.10: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast by Type 2013-2018 (Million/TB per Month)
Chart 6.13: Global 3G Subscription Forecast 2013-2018 (Billions, AGR %)
Chart 6.15: Global LTE Subscriber Forecast 2013-2018 (Millions, AGR %)
Chart 6.17: Global 4G/WiMAX Subscriber Forecast 2013-2018 (Millions, AGR %)
Chart 6.19: Global App Download Forecast 2013-2018 (Billions, AGR %)

COMPANIES LISTED

AirVoice Wireless
Al Yildiz
Alibaba
America Movil
Anatel
ASDA mobile
AT&T
Bell Mobility Inc
Black Wireless
Boost Mobile
Boost Tel Pty Limited
Boost Worldwide, Inc.
Carrefour
Cell C
China Mobile
China Telecom
China Unicom
Clearwire
Credo Mobile
Cricket
Datora Telecom
Disney
Disney Mobile
EcoMobile
E-Plus
Ericsson
ESPN Mobile
Everything Everywhere
Fnac
Fuzion Mobile
Giffgaff
good2GO Mobile
GoSmart Mobile
H2O Wireless (GSM)
Hutchinson
iQ Cellular
iTel uTel
i-wireless
Jolt Mobile
kajeet
KDDI Mobile
Lebara Group
LYCAMOBILE
Lycamobile
Mi Gente Mobile
Mingo Wireless
Mobily
Movistar
MTV
NET10 Wireless
Next G Mobile
Nextel Communications
O2
OMEA TELECOM
Optus
Page Plus Cellular
Phonata
PLAY
Porto Seguro
PrepaYd Wireless
PTEL Mobile (PlatinumTel)
Pure TalkUSA
RadioShack
Ready SIM
Red Bull
Red Pocket Mobile
Republic Wireless
Ring Plus, Inc
Roam Mobility
SafeLink Wireless
Shaka Mobile
SIMPLE Mobile
Simple Mobile
SkyView Wireless
Solavei
Spot Mobile
Sprint Corporation
Sprint Nextel
STC
Straight Talk
Suning
TalkForGood
Tata Teleservices
Telcel Amщrica
Telefonica
Telefonica Slovakia
Telefonics
Telstra
Tencent
Tesco
Tesco Mobile
Tesco Mobile Hungary
Tesco Plc
Tesco Store SR
The Carphone Warehouse
TIM Brasil
Ting
T-Mobile
T-Mobile USA
Toto Communications, Inc.
TracFone
TracFone Wireless
Truphone
Tune Talk
Turkcell
Turkcell Europe
Ufina
Ultra Mobile
Verizon
Virgin
Virgin Media Group
Virgin Mobile
Virgin Mobile Latin America (VMLA)
Virgin Mobile UK
Virgin Mobile USA
VMMEA
Vodafone
Votel Mobile
Voyager Mobile
Walmart
Zain
Zing PCS

GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AND OTHER ORGANISATIONS MENTIONED IN THIS REPORT

Communications and Information Technology Commission (CITC) (Saudi Arabia)
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
Ofcom
The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) (China)
LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Wireless Network Segments
Table 3.3: Global Mobile Operator Revenue Forecast 2013-2018 ($ Billions, AGR %, CAGR %)
Table 3.5: Global MVNO vs. MNO Revenue Share Forecast 2013-2018 (%)
Table 3.6: Global MVNO vs. MNO Revenue Forecast 2013-2018 ($ Billions, AGR %, CAGR %)
Table 3.8: Global MNO Revenue Forecast 2013-2018 ($ Billions, AGR %, CAGR %)
Table 3.10: Global MVNO Revenue Forecast 2013-2018 ($ Billions, AGR %, CAGR %)
Table 3.12: Global Mobile Subscriber Forecast 2013-2018 (Billions, AGR %, CAGR %)
Table 3.14: Global MVNO vs. MNO Subscriber Share Forecast 2013-2018 (%)
Table 3.16: Global Mobile Subscribers: MNO vs. MVNO Forecast 2013-2018 (Millions, AGR %, CAGR %)
Table 3.18: Global MNO Subscriber Forecast 2013-2018 (Millions, AGR %, CAGR %)
Table 3.20: Global MVNO Subscriber Forecast 2013-2018 (Millions, AGR %, CAGR %)
Table 4.4: Regional MVNO Revenue Forecasts 2013-2018 ($ Billions, AGR %, CAGR %)
Table 4.6: Regional MVNO Subscriber Forecast 2013-2018 (Millions, AGR %, CAGR %)
Table 4.7: U.S. MVNO Market Key Players Q1 2013 (Company, Host Network, Technology, Homepage)
Table 4.9: North American MVNO Revenue Forecast 2013-2018 ($ Billions, AGR %, CAGR %)
Table 4.11: North American MVNO Subscriber Forecast 2013-2018 (Millions, AGR %, CAGR %)
Table 4.13: Porto Seguro Conecta MVNO Subscribers July 2012- March 2013 (Thousands)
Table 4.15: Latin American MVNO Revenue Forecast 2013-2018 ($ Billions, AGR %, CAGR %)
Table 4.17: Latin American MVNO Subscriber Forecast 2013-2018 (Millions, AGR %, CAGR %)
Table 4.18: Key Success Factors in Europe's MVNO Market
Table 4.20: European MVNO Revenue Forecast 2013-2018 ($ Billions, AGR %, CAGR %)
Table 4.22: European MVNO Subscriber Forecast 2013-2018 (Millions, AGR %, CAGR %)
Table 4.24: Asia Pacific MVNO Revenue Forecast 2013-2018 ($ Billions, AGR %, CAGR %)
Table 4.26: Asia Pacific MVNO Subscriber Forecast 2013-2018 (Millions, AGR %, CAGR %)
Table 4.28: Middle East and African MVNO Revenue Forecast 2013-2018 ($ Billions, AGR %, CAGR %)
Table 4.30: Middle East and African MVNO Subscriber Forecast 2013-2018 (Millions, AGR %, CAGR)
Table 5.1: European Union Telecommunication Directives
Table 5.2: Primary Motivations for MNOs to Allow MVNOs
Table 5.5: Categorisation of MVNO Models
Table 5.8: Cost Base Structure: MNO vs. MVNO
Table 6.1: Implications of MVNO Model for MNOs
Table 6.3: Global Smartphone Penetration vs. Legacy Devices 2013-2018 (%)
Table 6.5: Global mVoIP Revenue Forecast 2013-2018 ($ Billions, AGR %, CAGR %)
Table 6.7: Global mVoIP Subscriber Forecast 2013-2018 (Millions, AGR %, CAGR %)
Table 6.9: Global Mobile vs. Fixed Broadband Subscription Forecast 2013-2018 (Billions, AGR %, CAGR %)
Table 6.11: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast by Type 2013-2018 (Million/TB per Month)
Table 6.12: M2M Sectors and Applications 2013
Table 6.14: Global 3G Subscription Forecast 2013-2018 (Billions, AGR %, CAGR %)
Table 6.16: Global LTE Subscriber Forecast 2013-2018 (Millions, AGR %, CAGR %)
Table 6.18: Global 4G/WiMAX Subscriber Forecast 2013-2018 (Millions, AGR %, CAGR %)
Table 6.20: Global App Download Forecast 2013-2018 (Billions, AGR %)
Table 7.1: Boost Mobile Company information (HQ, Website, MNOs, Areas Served)
Table 7.2: Boost Mobile Services 2013
Table 7.3: FRiENDi Company Information (HQ, Subs, IR, Website, Areas Served)
Table 7.4: Giffgaff Company Details (HQ, Network, Website)
Table 7.5: Lebara Mobile Company Information (HQ, IR, Website, Areas Served)
Table 7.6: LycaMobile Company Information (HQ, Website)
Table 7.7: KDDI Company information (HQ, Revenues, Website, Areas Served, Network)
Table 7.8: KDDI Mobile USPs
Table 7.9: Tesco Mobile Company Information (HQ, IR, Website, Areas Served)
Table 7.10: Tesco Mobile Regional Operations 2013
Table 7.11: Tracfone: Company Information (HQ, Revenues, Subscribers, IR, Website, MNOs, Areas Served)
Table 7.12: Truphone Company Information (HQ, Website, Areas Served)
Table 7.13: Truphone Offerings
Table 7.14: Virgin Mobile Company Information (HQ, Ticker, Revenues, Subs, IR, Website, Areas Served)
Table 7.14: Virgin Mobile Company Information (HQ, Ticker, Revenues, Subs, IR, Website, Areas Served)
Table 8.1: MVNO SWOT Analysis

Latin American MVNO Revenue Forecast 2013-2018

We expect MVNO revenues to reach $0.51 billion in 2013, growing with an AGR of 2% to reach $0.52 billion in 2014. In 2015 we expect revenues of $0.56 billion, growing with an AGR of 16.1% to reach $0.65 billion in 2016. In 2017 we expect revenues of $0.71 billion, growing with an AGR of 9.9% to reach $0.78 billion in 2018. The CAGR for the 2013-2018 forecast period will be 8.9%. See Chart 4.14 and Table 4.15 below for a detailed summary of these figures.

Network Capacity Driving the Evolution of the MVNO 

A number of technological factors will have a dynamic effect on the development of MVNO business models in the coming years. The increasing penetration of smartphones has accelerated implementation of mobile broadband in developed markets. This has been a significant catalyst for enhanced differentiation and innovative VAS. It has also caused voice revenues to drop significantly. This is reflected by increasing sales of smartphones and decreasing sales of feature phones.

Boost Mobile

Boost Mobile is a pre-paid wireless brand marketed by independent operators in Australia and the United States. In Australia, Boost Tel Pty Limited provides products and services under the Boost Mobile brand as a MVNO hosted on the Telstra network. Although Boost Mobile in Australia and United States based operations share a common founder and brand name, there is no business relationship between the two companies.

Boost Mobile was founded in Australia and New Zealand in 2000. Boost Mobile in the US in 2001 as a joint venture with Nextel Communications. Nextel Communications became the sole owner of Boost Mobile's United States operations in 2003. Sprint Corporation acquired Nextel Communications in 2006 and Boost Mobile became a subsidiary of the merged company.

Services Marketing and Segmentation

In the US, Boost Worldwide, Inc. provides mobile products and services under the Boost Mobile brand as an MVNO hosted on the Sprint Nextel-owned iDEN, CDMA, and LTE networks, and the Clearwire co-owned WiMAX network. 

Using Nextel's iDEN network, Boost Mobile originally offered an unlimited push-to-talk service, marketed as only costing a dollar a day, at a time when mobile phone plans offering unlimited talk time were rare. The service was initially exclusive to markets in areas of California and Nevada and targeted the urban minority segment. This segment was catered to with an advertising and marketing strategy which often used urban slang in advertisements.



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