Mobile Medical Apps: Market Research Report
This report analyzes the worldwide markets for Mobile Medical Apps in US$ Million. The report provides separate comprehensive analytics for the US, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and Rest of World. Annual estimates and forecasts are provided for the period 2013 through 2020. Market data and analytics are derived from primary and secondary research. Company profiles are primarily based on public domain information including company URLs. The report profiles 90 companies including many key and niche players such as -
- Airstrip Technologies, Inc.
- AliveCor, Inc.
- AT&T, Inc.
- athenahealth, Inc.
- Cerner Corporation
I. INTRODUCTION, METHODOLOGY & PRODUCT DEFINITIONS
Study Reliability and Reporting Limitations
Disclaimers
Data Interpretation & Reporting Level
Quantitative Techniques & Analytics
Product Definitions and Scope of Study
Mobile Medical Apps
II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
Mobile Health Transforms Healthcare Industry
Mobile Medical Apps: Where Health Meets Technology
Apps Finding Favor Among Medical Professionals
Developing Countries to Lead Growth in Future
Growing Need for Mobile EMR Apps
A Glance at Popular Mobile EMR Apps
Reference Apps Bring in Digital Revolution in Healthcare Sector
Mobile Medical Apps Aid in Improving Quality of Patient Engagement
Barriers to Adoption of Mobile Medical Apps
Concerns Over Security & Compliance
Patient Information Security – A Major Constraint
Medical Apps Lack Clinical Involvement
Potential Risk of Medical Apps in Clinical Settings
Competition
Popular Mobile Medical Apps for Healthcare Professionals: An Overview
Hospitals Focus on Building Branded Apps
2. MARKET TRENDS & ISSUES
Rising Healthcare Costs: Mobile Medical Apps to the Rescue!
Chronic Diseases Management and Associated Costs Drive Medical Apps Adoption
Emphasis on Remote Patient Monitoring Bodes Well for Mobile Medical Apps Market
Ballooning Global Population Offers Significant Growth Opportunities
Shortage of Medical Professionals: Mobile Medical Apps Come to the Rescue
Increasing Ownership of Mobile Devices among Medical Professionals – A Business Case for Mobile Apps Market
Use of Smartphones by Physicians on Rise
Rising Significance of Smartphone Apps in Healthcare
Smartphone App’s Use in Psychological Research Presents Opportunities
Media Tablets Too Add to the Popularity of Mobile Apps
Expanding 3G/4G Connectivity to Drive Adoption of Mobile Medical Apps
BYOD Trend & Increasing Use of Medical App Complicate Compliance
IoT Devices and Apps Find Increased Relevance in Healthcare Sector
Cloud Computing: Positive Influence on Mobile Medical Apps Market
Apps Favored over Mobile Websites
Apps Find Increasing Role in TeleMedicine
Mobile Medical Apps Raise Social Media Interactions of Physicians
3. REGULATORY LANDSCAPE
FDA Issues Final Guidance on Regulations for Health Apps
FDA Regulation, September 2013
a. Non-Medical Device Apps
b. Apps Interfacing with Medical Device
c. Apps Converting Hardware into Regulated Medical Device
Mobile Medical App Manufacturers
Regulated Mobile Medical Apps Manufacturers
Non-Regulated Manufacturers of Mobile Medical Apps
How a Smartphone App Becomes a Medical Device
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA)
Europe
Classifying App as a Medical Device
The United Kingdom
4. MOBILE MEDICAL APPS – AN INTRODUCTION
Introduction to Mobile Health or mHealth
Mobile Medical Application – A Conceptual Definition
Advantages of Mobile Medical Apps
Disadvantages of Mobile Medical Apps
Mobile Medical Apps for Health Care Professionals (HCP) – A Brief Overview
Uses of Mobile Apps for Healthcare Professionals
Information and Time Management
Accessing & Maintaining Health Records
Communication and Consultations
Information Collection & Reference
Medical Literature Search & Access Apps
Drug Reference Apps
Medical News Apps
Patient Management
Clinical Decision Making
Patient Monitoring
Continuous Medical Education
Benefits of Mobile Apps for Healthcare Professionals
Convenience
Improved Effectiveness of Clinical Decision Making
Improvement in Efficiency
Productivity Enhancement
5. PRODUCT INNOVATIONS/INTRODUCTIONS
Everbridge Unveils HipaaChat
AliveCor Introduces Updated AliveECG App
AliveCor Announces Availability of AliveCor Mobile ECG App in Canada
athenahealth Rolls Out athenaText
iMedicalApps to Launch iPrescribeApps
Healthconnex Rolls Out New Mobile App
DxID Launches New Mobile Health App
Global Medical Education Unveils New App for Mobile Devices
AliveCor Unveils Updated AliveECG App
Apple Rolls Out “Apps For Healthcare Professionals”
Infuse Medical Introduces Sunshine Act Compliance Mobile App
6. RECENT INDUSTRY ACTIVITY
Clinical Ink Merges with CentrosHealth
Wolters Kluwer to Expand Operations in India
Physicians Interactive Acquires Quantia Communications
TMA Recognizes UpToDate as a CME Resource
Belgium’s Institute Accepts UpToDate as CME
CMS Recognizes Lexi-Drugs as Approved Compendium for Oncology Drugs
Wolters Kluwer’s Health Division Takes Over Learner’s Digest International
HDH Launches UpToDate Anywhere Mobile Clinical Decision Support
JPCA Approves UpToDate as CME Resource
HCA Takes Over PatientKeeper
Welltok Acquires Mindbloom
DMH International Merges With Virtual Physicians Network
Athenahealth Acquires Epocrates
7. FOCUS ON SELECT PLAYERS
Airstrip Technologies, Inc. (US)
AliveCor, Inc. (US)
AT&T, Inc. (US)
athenahealth, Inc. (US)
Cerner Corporation (US)
IMS Health, Inc. (US)
Medtronic, Inc. (US)
PatientKeeper, Inc. (US)
Philips Healthcare (Netherlands)
Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. (South Korea)
Wolters Kluwer nv (The Netherlands)
APP Stores
Apple App Store (US)
BlackBerry World (Canada)
Google Play (US)
Samsung Apps (South Korea)
Windows Phone Store (US)
8. GLOBAL MARKET PERSPECTIVE
III. MARKET
1. THE UNITED STATES
A. Market Analysis
Outlook
Healthcare Facilities Turn to Mobile Technologies to Cut osts
Mobile Health & Medical Apps – A Panacea to Mounting Healthcare Expenditure
Rising Use of Smartphones & Tablets among Physicians – Opportunity for Mobile Medical Apps Market
Top Ranked Tasks of Healthcare Professionals on Smartphones and Tablets
FDA Regulation on Mobile Medical Apps
Product Innovations/Introductions
Strategic Corporate Developments
Key Players
App Stores
B. Market Analytics
2. CANADA
A. Market Analysis
Outlook
Regulation of Mobile Medical Apps in Canada
Product Innovation/Introduction
App Store
B. Market Analytics
3. JAPAN
A. Market Analysis
Outlook
Strategic Corporate Development
B. Market Analytics
4. EUROPE
A. Market Analysis
Outlook
Regulation of Mobile Health Apps in Europe
B. Market Analytics
4A. FRANCE
Market Analysis
4B. GERMANY
Market Analysis
4C. ITALY
Market Analysis
4D. THE UNITED KINGDOM
A. Market Analysis
Overview
B. Market Analytics
4E. SPAIN
Market Analysis
4F. RUSSIA
Market Analysis
4G. REST OF EUROPE
A. Market Analysis
Outlook
Strategic Corporate Developments
Philips Healthcare - A Key Player
B. Market Analytics
5. ASIA-PACIFIC
Market Analysis
5A. CHINA
A. Market Analysis
Outlook
Mobile Health: A Nascent Yet High Potential Market
Mobile Technology & Apps Transforms Rural Healthcare Services in China
Smartphone Apps to Improve Healthcare Provision
B. Market Analytics
5B. REST OF ASIA-PACIFIC
A. Market Analysis
Outlook
Australia
Mobile Health in Australia
TGA Issues Guidance for Mobile Medical Apps
India
Strategic Corporate Developments
Key Player
App Store
B. Market Analytics
6. LATIN AMERICA
A. Market Analysis
Outlook
Strategic Corporate Development
B. Market Analytics
7. REST OF WORLD
Market Analysis
IV. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
Total Companies Profiled: 90 (including Divisions/Subsidiaries - 94)
The United States (77)
Canada (4)
Europe (8)
Germany (1)
The United Kingdom (2)
Rest of Europe (5)
Asia-Pacific (Excluding Japan) (4)
Middle East (1)
Study Reliability and Reporting Limitations
Disclaimers
Data Interpretation & Reporting Level
Quantitative Techniques & Analytics
Product Definitions and Scope of Study
Mobile Medical Apps
II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
Mobile Health Transforms Healthcare Industry
Table 1. Global Mobile Healthcare Market (2015E): Percentage Share Breakdown of Revenues by Segment - Connected Medical Devices and Healthcare Apps (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
Table 2. Global Mobile Apps Market (2014 & 2018): Percentage Share Breakdown of Revenues by App Category (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
Mobile Medical Apps: Where Health Meets Technology
Apps Finding Favor Among Medical Professionals
Developing Countries to Lead Growth in Future
Growing Need for Mobile EMR Apps
A Glance at Popular Mobile EMR Apps
Reference Apps Bring in Digital Revolution in Healthcare Sector
Mobile Medical Apps Aid in Improving Quality of Patient Engagement
Barriers to Adoption of Mobile Medical Apps
Concerns Over Security & Compliance
Patient Information Security – A Major Constraint
Medical Apps Lack Clinical Involvement
Potential Risk of Medical Apps in Clinical Settings
Competition
Popular Mobile Medical Apps for Healthcare Professionals: An Overview
Hospitals Focus on Building Branded Apps
2. MARKET TRENDS & ISSUES
Rising Healthcare Costs: Mobile Medical Apps to the Rescue!
Table 3. Global Healthcare Spending (in US$ Trillion): 2013-2018 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
Chronic Diseases Management and Associated Costs Drive Medical Apps Adoption
Table 4. Chronic Disease Management in Developed Countries (2014): Percentage Distribution of Patient Population by Chronic Disease Type in the US, Germany, and UK (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
Emphasis on Remote Patient Monitoring Bodes Well for Mobile Medical Apps Market
Table 5. mHealth Market by Service Category (2018P): Percentage Share Breakdown of Mobile Operators Revenues for Patient Diagnosis, Physician/Clinician Support, Patient Monitoring, Treatment, and Others (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
Ballooning Global Population Offers Significant Growth Opportunities
Table 6. Aging (65+) Demographics as % of Total Population by Country (2000, 2011, 2020) (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
Shortage of Medical Professionals: Mobile Medical Apps Come to the Rescue
Table 7. Physician Density Worldwide - Number of Doctors Per 1000 Population for 2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
Table 8. Physicians Density Per 1000 Population in Select Countries (2013) (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
Increasing Ownership of Mobile Devices among Medical Professionals – A Business Case for Mobile Apps Market
Table 9. World Smartphones Market by Geographic Region (2014 & 2020) - Breakdown of Annual Shipments in Thousand Units for US, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East & Africa, and Latin America (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
Table 10. Smartphone Penetration Worldwide (as a Percentage of Total Population) for Major Countries (2014E) (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
Use of Smartphones by Physicians on Rise
Table 11. Percentage of Physician Usage of Phones for Professional Purposes (2007-2016) (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
Table 12. Frequency of Usage of Healthcare Apps by Healthcare Professionals (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
Rising Significance of Smartphone Apps in Healthcare
Smartphone App’s Use in Psychological Research Presents Opportunities
Media Tablets Too Add to the Popularity of Mobile Apps
Table 13. Global Media Tablets Market: Breakdown of Annual Sales Figures (in Million Units) for the Years 2010, 2012 & 2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
Expanding 3G/4G Connectivity to Drive Adoption of Mobile Medical Apps
Table 14. High-Speed Broadband Mobile Subscribers by Region (2010 & 2014) (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
BYOD Trend & Increasing Use of Medical App Complicate Compliance
IoT Devices and Apps Find Increased Relevance in Healthcare Sector
Cloud Computing: Positive Influence on Mobile Medical Apps Market
Apps Favored over Mobile Websites
Apps Find Increasing Role in TeleMedicine
Mobile Medical Apps Raise Social Media Interactions of Physicians
3. REGULATORY LANDSCAPE
FDA Issues Final Guidance on Regulations for Health Apps
FDA Regulation, September 2013
a. Non-Medical Device Apps
b. Apps Interfacing with Medical Device
c. Apps Converting Hardware into Regulated Medical Device
Mobile Medical App Manufacturers
Regulated Mobile Medical Apps Manufacturers
Non-Regulated Manufacturers of Mobile Medical Apps
How a Smartphone App Becomes a Medical Device
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA)
Europe
Classifying App as a Medical Device
The United Kingdom
4. MOBILE MEDICAL APPS – AN INTRODUCTION
Introduction to Mobile Health or mHealth
Mobile Medical Application – A Conceptual Definition
Advantages of Mobile Medical Apps
Disadvantages of Mobile Medical Apps
Mobile Medical Apps for Health Care Professionals (HCP) – A Brief Overview
Uses of Mobile Apps for Healthcare Professionals
Information and Time Management
Accessing & Maintaining Health Records
Communication and Consultations
Information Collection & Reference
Medical Literature Search & Access Apps
Drug Reference Apps
Medical News Apps
Patient Management
Clinical Decision Making
Patient Monitoring
Continuous Medical Education
Benefits of Mobile Apps for Healthcare Professionals
Convenience
Improved Effectiveness of Clinical Decision Making
Improvement in Efficiency
Productivity Enhancement
5. PRODUCT INNOVATIONS/INTRODUCTIONS
Everbridge Unveils HipaaChat
AliveCor Introduces Updated AliveECG App
AliveCor Announces Availability of AliveCor Mobile ECG App in Canada
athenahealth Rolls Out athenaText
iMedicalApps to Launch iPrescribeApps
Healthconnex Rolls Out New Mobile App
DxID Launches New Mobile Health App
Global Medical Education Unveils New App for Mobile Devices
AliveCor Unveils Updated AliveECG App
Apple Rolls Out “Apps For Healthcare Professionals”
Infuse Medical Introduces Sunshine Act Compliance Mobile App
6. RECENT INDUSTRY ACTIVITY
Clinical Ink Merges with CentrosHealth
Wolters Kluwer to Expand Operations in India
Physicians Interactive Acquires Quantia Communications
TMA Recognizes UpToDate as a CME Resource
Belgium’s Institute Accepts UpToDate as CME
CMS Recognizes Lexi-Drugs as Approved Compendium for Oncology Drugs
Wolters Kluwer’s Health Division Takes Over Learner’s Digest International
HDH Launches UpToDate Anywhere Mobile Clinical Decision Support
JPCA Approves UpToDate as CME Resource
HCA Takes Over PatientKeeper
Welltok Acquires Mindbloom
DMH International Merges With Virtual Physicians Network
Athenahealth Acquires Epocrates
7. FOCUS ON SELECT PLAYERS
Airstrip Technologies, Inc. (US)
AliveCor, Inc. (US)
AT&T, Inc. (US)
athenahealth, Inc. (US)
Cerner Corporation (US)
IMS Health, Inc. (US)
Medtronic, Inc. (US)
PatientKeeper, Inc. (US)
Philips Healthcare (Netherlands)
Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. (South Korea)
Wolters Kluwer nv (The Netherlands)
APP Stores
Apple App Store (US)
BlackBerry World (Canada)
Google Play (US)
Samsung Apps (South Korea)
Windows Phone Store (US)
8. GLOBAL MARKET PERSPECTIVE
Table 15. World Recent Past, Current and Future Analysis for Mobile Medical Apps by Geographic Region - US, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed with Annual Revenue Figures in US$ Million for the Years 2013 through 2020 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
Table 16. World 8-Year Perspective for Mobile Medical Apps by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Revenues for US, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and Rest of World Markets for the Years 2013, 2015 & 2020 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
III. MARKET
1. THE UNITED STATES
A. Market Analysis
Outlook
Healthcare Facilities Turn to Mobile Technologies to Cut osts
Table 17. US mHealth Market Opportunity by Service Category (2018E): Percentage Share Projections for Physician/Clinician Support, Patient Monitoring, Treatment, and Wellness (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
Mobile Health & Medical Apps – A Panacea to Mounting Healthcare Expenditure
Table 18. US Healthcare Spending (2006-2020) (in US$ Trillion) (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
Rising Use of Smartphones & Tablets among Physicians – Opportunity for Mobile Medical Apps Market
Table 19. Percentage Use of Smartphones by Physicians for Professional Purposes by Age (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
Table 20. Percentage of Smartphones Usage by Physicians for Professional Purposes (in %) (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
Top Ranked Tasks of Healthcare Professionals on Smartphones and Tablets
FDA Regulation on Mobile Medical Apps
Product Innovations/Introductions
Strategic Corporate Developments
Key Players
App Stores
B. Market Analytics
Table 21. US Recent Past, Current and Future Analysis for Mobile Medical Apps Analyzed with Annual Revenue Figures in US$ Million for the Years 2013 through 2020 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
2. CANADA
A. Market Analysis
Outlook
Regulation of Mobile Medical Apps in Canada
Product Innovation/Introduction
App Store
B. Market Analytics
Table 22. Canadian Recent Past, Current and Future Analysis for Mobile Medical Apps Analyzed with Annual Revenue Figures in US$ Million for the Years 2013 through 2020 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
3. JAPAN
A. Market Analysis
Outlook
Strategic Corporate Development
B. Market Analytics
Table 23. Japanese Recent Past, Current and Future Analysis for Mobile Medical Apps Analyzed with Annual Revenue Figures in US$ Million for the Years 2013 through 2020 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
4. EUROPE
A. Market Analysis
Outlook
Regulation of Mobile Health Apps in Europe
B. Market Analytics
Table 24. European Recent Past, Current and Future Analysis for Mobile Medical Apps by Geographic Region - France, Germany, Italy, UK, Spain, Russia, and Rest of Europe Markets Independently Analyzed with Annual Revenue Figures in US$ Million for the Years 2013 through 2020 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
Table 25. European 8-Year Perspective for Mobile Medical Apps by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Revenues for France, Germany, Italy, UK, Spain, Russia, and Rest of Europe Markets for the Years 2013, 2015 & 2020 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
4A. FRANCE
Market Analysis
Table 26. French Recent Past, Current and Future Analysis for Mobile Medical Apps Market Analyzed with Annual Revenue Figures in US$ Million for the Years 2013 through 2020 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
4B. GERMANY
Market Analysis
Table 27. German Recent Past, Current and Future Analysis for Mobile Medical Apps Market Analyzed with Annual Revenue Figures in US$ Million for the Years 2013 through 2020 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
4C. ITALY
Market Analysis
Table 28. Italian Recent Past, Current and Future Analysis for Mobile Medical Apps Market Analyzed with Annual Revenue Figures in US$ Million for the Years 2013 through 2020 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
4D. THE UNITED KINGDOM
A. Market Analysis
Overview
Table 29. Distribution of Healthcare Apps in the UK (2014): Percentage Share Breakdown of Number of Apps by Category (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
B. Market Analytics
Table 30. UK Recent Past, Current and Future Analysis for Mobile Medical Apps Market Analyzed with Annual Revenue Figures in US$ Million for the Years 2013 through 2020 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
4E. SPAIN
Market Analysis
Table 31. Spanish Recent Past, Current and Future Analysis for Mobile Medical Apps Market Analyzed with Annual Revenue Figures in US$ Million for the Years 2013 through 2020 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
4F. RUSSIA
Market Analysis
Table 32. Russian Recent Past, Current and Future Analysis for Mobile Medical Apps Market Analyzed with Annual Revenue Figures in US$ Million for the Years 2013 through 2020 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
4G. REST OF EUROPE
A. Market Analysis
Outlook
Strategic Corporate Developments
Philips Healthcare - A Key Player
B. Market Analytics
Table 33. Rest of Europe Recent Past, Current and Future Analysis for Mobile Medical Apps Market Analyzed with Annual Revenue Figures in US$ Million for the Years 2013 through 2020 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
5. ASIA-PACIFIC
Market Analysis
Table 34. Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current and Future Analysis for Mobile Medical Apps by Geographic Region - China and Rest of Asia-Pacific Markets Independently Analyzed with Annual Revenue Figures in US$ Million for the Years 2013 through 2020 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
Table 35. Asia-Pacific 8-Year Perspective for Mobile Medical Apps by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Revenues for China and Rest of Asia-Pacific Markets for the Years 2013, 2015 & 2020 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
5A. CHINA
A. Market Analysis
Outlook
Mobile Health: A Nascent Yet High Potential Market
Table 36. Healthcare Expenditure in China as a % of GDP (2006-2015) (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
Table 37. Incidence (%) of Chronic Diseases in China (2014) (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
Mobile Technology & Apps Transforms Rural Healthcare Services in China
Smartphone Apps to Improve Healthcare Provision
B. Market Analytics
Table 38. Chinese Recent Past, Current and Future Analysis for Mobile Medical Apps Market Analyzed with Annual Revenue Figures in US$ Million for the Years 2013 through 2020 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
5B. REST OF ASIA-PACIFIC
A. Market Analysis
Outlook
Australia
Mobile Health in Australia
TGA Issues Guidance for Mobile Medical Apps
India
Strategic Corporate Developments
Key Player
App Store
B. Market Analytics
Table 39. Rest of Asia-Pacific Recent Past, Current and Future Analysis for Mobile Medical Apps Market Analyzed with Annual Revenue Figures in US$ Million for the Years 2013 through 2020 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
6. LATIN AMERICA
A. Market Analysis
Outlook
Strategic Corporate Development
B. Market Analytics
Table 40. Latin American Recent Past, Current and Future Analysis for Mobile Medical Apps by Geographic Region - Brazil and Rest of Latin America Markets Independently Analyzed with Annual Revenue Figures in US$ Million for the Years 2013 through 2020 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
Table 41. Latin American 8-Year Perspective for Mobile Medical Apps by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Revenues for Brazil and Rest of Latin America Markets for the Years 2013, 2015 & 2020 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
7. REST OF WORLD
Market Analysis
Table 42. Rest of World Recent Past, Current and Future Analysis for Mobile Medical Apps Market Analyzed with Annual Revenue Figures in US$ Million for the Years 2013 through 2020 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart)
IV. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
Total Companies Profiled: 90 (including Divisions/Subsidiaries - 94)
The United States (77)
Canada (4)
Europe (8)
Germany (1)
The United Kingdom (2)
Rest of Europe (5)
Asia-Pacific (Excluding Japan) (4)
Middle East (1)