Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Forecast to 2030 - Regional Analysis - by Type (Web-Based and Mobile Apps), Enterprise Size (Small and Medium Enterprises and Large Enterprises), and Industry (BFSI, IT and Telecom, Healthcare, Manufacturing, and Others)
The Middle East & Africa video interviewing software market was valued at US$ 12.12 million in 2022 and is expected to reach US$ 36.96 million by 2030; it is estimated to record a CAGR of 15.0% from 2022 to 2030.
Changing Roles of Recruiters Drive Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market
Position of recruiter is changing rapidly in the business world, with an extending list of responsibilities. The use of video interviewing software is making recruiting tasks less cumbersome. The available automation and assistive AI technologies in purpose-built systems enable them to spend less time on administrative and repetitive recruitment tasks. This allows them to invest more time in strategic activities such as brand building and candidate engagement, alongside ensuring increased productivity. Further, video interviewing enables interviewers to keep records in digital format, thereby boosting process transparency and accuracy. In on-demand interviews, talent acquisition (TA) teams would offer the same question set in the same way to all applicants for a particular position. With recent developments such as on-demand text and virtual recruiters assisted by AI, purpose-built solutions are integrated to provide efficient output such as analytics graph, which can easily analyze applications. Additionally, video interviewing apps and software that can be installed on mobile devices are also gathering significant traction. Most organizations use an Applicant Tracking System (ATS) to store and record information about each candidate. They choose a video interview tool that can be integrated with their ATS. It allows them to record each video interview on the candidate's profile, which can further be reviewed by other members of the group. This will help companies eliminate the step of recording and uploading interview video to the systems that are in use to track candidates. Harver is a complete candidate screening platform with a video interview module that allows companies to easily implement asynchronous virtual interviews into their candidate screening process. Recorded video interviews can be combined with other Harver assessments, allowing the organization to evaluate every candidate aspect, from cognitive ability to cultural adaptability.
Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Overview
The Middle East & Africa video interviewing software market is segmented into South Africa, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and the Rest of MEA. The video interviewing software is highly preferred in these regions.
The video interviewing software market is continuously evolving across the region due to the availability of 5G and the growing concept of digitization. Saudi Arabia and the UAE are the major countries inclined to bring digitalization within their territory. In the current scenario and complex world of communications technology, the need to provide advanced technological solutions is gaining high momentum. Earlier, the video interviewing software was bandwidth-intensive, and its deployment was difficult in varied areas of EMEA, where Internet architecture is still inefficient. However, the internet infrastructure is improving with constant and significant investments by telco & communication providers and government bodies in developing economies. With the pace of time, the region has started to recognize the advantages of web-based communications, which would positively impact the adoption of more video interviewing software.
Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Segmentation
The Middle East & Africa video interviewing software market is segmented based on type, enterprise size, industry, and country. Based on type, the Middle East & Africa video interviewing software market is bifurcated into web-based and mobile apps. The web-based segment held a larger market share in 2022.
In terms of enterprise size, the Middle East & Africa video interviewing software market is bifurcated into small and medium enterprises and large enterprises. The large enterprises segment held a larger market share in 2022.
By industry, the Middle East & Africa video interviewing software market is segmented into BFSI, IT and telecom, healthcare, manufacturing, and others. The IT and telecom segment held the largest market share in 2022.
Based on country, the Middle East & Africa video interviewing software market is segmented into Saudi Arabia, South Africa, the UAE, and the Rest of Middle East & Africa. The UAE dominated the Middle East & Africa video interviewing software market share in 2022.
X0PA AI, Modern Hire, VanillaHR, Employ Inc. (Jobvite), and Breezy HR are some of the leading players operating in the Middle East & Africa video interviewing software market.
Changing Roles of Recruiters Drive Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market
Position of recruiter is changing rapidly in the business world, with an extending list of responsibilities. The use of video interviewing software is making recruiting tasks less cumbersome. The available automation and assistive AI technologies in purpose-built systems enable them to spend less time on administrative and repetitive recruitment tasks. This allows them to invest more time in strategic activities such as brand building and candidate engagement, alongside ensuring increased productivity. Further, video interviewing enables interviewers to keep records in digital format, thereby boosting process transparency and accuracy. In on-demand interviews, talent acquisition (TA) teams would offer the same question set in the same way to all applicants for a particular position. With recent developments such as on-demand text and virtual recruiters assisted by AI, purpose-built solutions are integrated to provide efficient output such as analytics graph, which can easily analyze applications. Additionally, video interviewing apps and software that can be installed on mobile devices are also gathering significant traction. Most organizations use an Applicant Tracking System (ATS) to store and record information about each candidate. They choose a video interview tool that can be integrated with their ATS. It allows them to record each video interview on the candidate's profile, which can further be reviewed by other members of the group. This will help companies eliminate the step of recording and uploading interview video to the systems that are in use to track candidates. Harver is a complete candidate screening platform with a video interview module that allows companies to easily implement asynchronous virtual interviews into their candidate screening process. Recorded video interviews can be combined with other Harver assessments, allowing the organization to evaluate every candidate aspect, from cognitive ability to cultural adaptability.
Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Overview
The Middle East & Africa video interviewing software market is segmented into South Africa, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and the Rest of MEA. The video interviewing software is highly preferred in these regions.
The video interviewing software market is continuously evolving across the region due to the availability of 5G and the growing concept of digitization. Saudi Arabia and the UAE are the major countries inclined to bring digitalization within their territory. In the current scenario and complex world of communications technology, the need to provide advanced technological solutions is gaining high momentum. Earlier, the video interviewing software was bandwidth-intensive, and its deployment was difficult in varied areas of EMEA, where Internet architecture is still inefficient. However, the internet infrastructure is improving with constant and significant investments by telco & communication providers and government bodies in developing economies. With the pace of time, the region has started to recognize the advantages of web-based communications, which would positively impact the adoption of more video interviewing software.
Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Segmentation
The Middle East & Africa video interviewing software market is segmented based on type, enterprise size, industry, and country. Based on type, the Middle East & Africa video interviewing software market is bifurcated into web-based and mobile apps. The web-based segment held a larger market share in 2022.
In terms of enterprise size, the Middle East & Africa video interviewing software market is bifurcated into small and medium enterprises and large enterprises. The large enterprises segment held a larger market share in 2022.
By industry, the Middle East & Africa video interviewing software market is segmented into BFSI, IT and telecom, healthcare, manufacturing, and others. The IT and telecom segment held the largest market share in 2022.
Based on country, the Middle East & Africa video interviewing software market is segmented into Saudi Arabia, South Africa, the UAE, and the Rest of Middle East & Africa. The UAE dominated the Middle East & Africa video interviewing software market share in 2022.
X0PA AI, Modern Hire, VanillaHR, Employ Inc. (Jobvite), and Breezy HR are some of the leading players operating in the Middle East & Africa video interviewing software market.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Insight Partners Research Report Guidance
1.2 Market Segmentation
2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2.1 Key Insights
2.2 Market Attractiveness
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Coverage
3.2 Secondary Research
3.3 Primary Research
4. MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA VIDEO INTERVIEWING SOFTWARE MARKET LANDSCAPE
4.1 Overview
4.2 Ecosystem Analysis
5. MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA VIDEO INTERVIEWING SOFTWARE MARKET - KEY INDUSTRY DYNAMICS
5.1 Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market - Key Industry Dynamics
5.2 Market Drivers
5.2.1 Growing Preference for Video Interviews in Recruitment Process
5.2.2 High Demand for Video Interviewing Software Due to COVID-19 Pandemic
5.2.3 Rising Number of Job Applicants Raising Demand for Time-Efficient Selection Systems
5.3 Market Restraints
5.3.1 Issues with Internet Connectivity and Potential Frauds
5.3.2 Availability of Open-Source Video Interviewing Solutions
5.4 Market Opportunities
5.4.1 Use of Social Analytics for Data Screening
5.5 Future Trends
5.5.1 Changing Roles of Recruiters
5.5.2 Adoption of Cloud-Based Video Interviewing Solutions
5.6 Impact of Drivers and Restraints:
6. VIDEO INTERVIEWING SOFTWARE MARKET - MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA MARKET ANALYSIS
6.1 Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue (US$ Million), 2022 - 2030
6.2 Video Interviewing Software Market Forecast and Analysis
7. MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA VIDEO INTERVIEWING SOFTWARE MARKET ANALYSIS - TYPE
7.1 Web-Based
7.1.1 Overview
7.1.2 Web-Based Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
7.2 Mobile Apps
7.2.1 Overview
7.2.2 Mobile Apps Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
8. MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA VIDEO INTERVIEWING SOFTWARE MARKET ANALYSIS - ENTERPRISE SIZE
8.1 Small and Medium Enterprises
8.1.1 Overview
8.1.2 Small and Medium Enterprises Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
8.2 Large Enterprises
8.2.1 Overview
8.2.2 Large Enterprises Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
9. MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA VIDEO INTERVIEWING SOFTWARE MARKET ANALYSIS - INDUSTRY
9.1 BFSI
9.1.1 Overview
9.1.2 BFSI Market Revenue, and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
9.2 IT and Telecom
9.2.1 Overview
9.2.2 IT and Telecom Market Revenue, and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3 Healthcare
9.3.1 Overview
9.3.2 Healthcare Market Revenue, and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4 Manufacturing
9.4.1 Overview
9.4.2 Manufacturing Market Revenue, and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
9.5 Others
9.5.1 Overview
9.5.2 Others Market Revenue, and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
10. MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA VIDEO INTERVIEWING SOFTWARE MARKET - COUNTRY ANALYSIS
10.1 Middle East & Africa
10.1.1 Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Overview
10.1.2 Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts and Analysis - By Country
10.1.2.1 Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts and Analysis - By Country
10.1.2.2 Saudi Arabia Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
10.1.2.2.1 Saudi Arabia Video Interviewing Software Market Breakdown by Type
10.1.2.2.2 Saudi Arabia Video Interviewing Software Market Breakdown by Enterprise Size
10.1.2.2.3 Saudi Arabia Video Interviewing Software Market Breakdown by Industry
10.1.2.3 UAE Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
10.1.2.3.1 UAE Video Interviewing Software Market Breakdown by Type
10.1.2.3.2 UAE Video Interviewing Software Market Breakdown by Enterprise Size
10.1.2.3.3 UAE Video Interviewing Software Market Breakdown by Industry
10.1.2.4 South Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
10.1.2.4.1 South Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Breakdown by Type
10.1.2.4.2 South Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Breakdown by Enterprise Size
10.1.2.4.3 South Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Breakdown by Industry
10.1.2.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
10.1.2.5.1 Rest of Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Breakdown by Type
10.1.2.5.2 Rest of Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Breakdown by Enterprise Size
10.1.2.5.3 Rest of Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Breakdown by Industry
11. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
11.1 Heat Map Analysis by Key Players
12. INDUSTRY LANDSCAPE
12.1 Overview
12.2 Market Initiative
12.3 New Product Development
12.4 Merger and Acquisition
13. COMPANY PROFILES
13.1 Employ Inc.
13.1.1 Key Facts
13.1.2 Business Description
13.1.3 Products and Services
13.1.4 Financial Overview
13.1.5 SWOT Analysis
13.1.6 Key Developments
13.2 X0PA Ai Pte Ltd
13.2.1 Key Facts
13.2.2 Business Description
13.2.3 Products and Services
13.2.4 Financial Overview
13.2.5 SWOT Analysis
13.2.6 Key Developments
13.3 Modern Hire Inc
13.3.1 Key Facts
13.3.2 Business Description
13.3.3 Products and Services
13.3.4 Financial Overview
13.3.5 SWOT Analysis
13.3.6 Key Developments
13.4 VanillaHR SAS
13.4.1 Key Facts
13.4.2 Business Description
13.4.3 Products and Services
13.4.4 Financial Overview
13.4.5 SWOT Analysis
13.4.6 Key Developments
13.5 Breezy HR Inc
13.5.1 Key Facts
13.5.2 Business Description
13.5.3 Products and Services
13.5.4 Financial Overview
13.5.5 SWOT Analysis
13.5.6 Key Developments
14. APPENDIX
14.1 About The Insight Partners
14.2 Word Index
1.1 The Insight Partners Research Report Guidance
1.2 Market Segmentation
2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2.1 Key Insights
2.2 Market Attractiveness
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Coverage
3.2 Secondary Research
3.3 Primary Research
4. MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA VIDEO INTERVIEWING SOFTWARE MARKET LANDSCAPE
4.1 Overview
4.2 Ecosystem Analysis
5. MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA VIDEO INTERVIEWING SOFTWARE MARKET - KEY INDUSTRY DYNAMICS
5.1 Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market - Key Industry Dynamics
5.2 Market Drivers
5.2.1 Growing Preference for Video Interviews in Recruitment Process
5.2.2 High Demand for Video Interviewing Software Due to COVID-19 Pandemic
5.2.3 Rising Number of Job Applicants Raising Demand for Time-Efficient Selection Systems
5.3 Market Restraints
5.3.1 Issues with Internet Connectivity and Potential Frauds
5.3.2 Availability of Open-Source Video Interviewing Solutions
5.4 Market Opportunities
5.4.1 Use of Social Analytics for Data Screening
5.5 Future Trends
5.5.1 Changing Roles of Recruiters
5.5.2 Adoption of Cloud-Based Video Interviewing Solutions
5.6 Impact of Drivers and Restraints:
6. VIDEO INTERVIEWING SOFTWARE MARKET - MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA MARKET ANALYSIS
6.1 Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue (US$ Million), 2022 - 2030
6.2 Video Interviewing Software Market Forecast and Analysis
7. MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA VIDEO INTERVIEWING SOFTWARE MARKET ANALYSIS - TYPE
7.1 Web-Based
7.1.1 Overview
7.1.2 Web-Based Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
7.2 Mobile Apps
7.2.1 Overview
7.2.2 Mobile Apps Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
8. MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA VIDEO INTERVIEWING SOFTWARE MARKET ANALYSIS - ENTERPRISE SIZE
8.1 Small and Medium Enterprises
8.1.1 Overview
8.1.2 Small and Medium Enterprises Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
8.2 Large Enterprises
8.2.1 Overview
8.2.2 Large Enterprises Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
9. MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA VIDEO INTERVIEWING SOFTWARE MARKET ANALYSIS - INDUSTRY
9.1 BFSI
9.1.1 Overview
9.1.2 BFSI Market Revenue, and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
9.2 IT and Telecom
9.2.1 Overview
9.2.2 IT and Telecom Market Revenue, and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
9.3 Healthcare
9.3.1 Overview
9.3.2 Healthcare Market Revenue, and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
9.4 Manufacturing
9.4.1 Overview
9.4.2 Manufacturing Market Revenue, and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
9.5 Others
9.5.1 Overview
9.5.2 Others Market Revenue, and Forecast to 2030 (US$ Million)
10. MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA VIDEO INTERVIEWING SOFTWARE MARKET - COUNTRY ANALYSIS
10.1 Middle East & Africa
10.1.1 Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Overview
10.1.2 Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts and Analysis - By Country
10.1.2.1 Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts and Analysis - By Country
10.1.2.2 Saudi Arabia Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
10.1.2.2.1 Saudi Arabia Video Interviewing Software Market Breakdown by Type
10.1.2.2.2 Saudi Arabia Video Interviewing Software Market Breakdown by Enterprise Size
10.1.2.2.3 Saudi Arabia Video Interviewing Software Market Breakdown by Industry
10.1.2.3 UAE Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
10.1.2.3.1 UAE Video Interviewing Software Market Breakdown by Type
10.1.2.3.2 UAE Video Interviewing Software Market Breakdown by Enterprise Size
10.1.2.3.3 UAE Video Interviewing Software Market Breakdown by Industry
10.1.2.4 South Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
10.1.2.4.1 South Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Breakdown by Type
10.1.2.4.2 South Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Breakdown by Enterprise Size
10.1.2.4.3 South Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Breakdown by Industry
10.1.2.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2030 (US$ Mn)
10.1.2.5.1 Rest of Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Breakdown by Type
10.1.2.5.2 Rest of Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Breakdown by Enterprise Size
10.1.2.5.3 Rest of Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Breakdown by Industry
11. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
11.1 Heat Map Analysis by Key Players
12. INDUSTRY LANDSCAPE
12.1 Overview
12.2 Market Initiative
12.3 New Product Development
12.4 Merger and Acquisition
13. COMPANY PROFILES
13.1 Employ Inc.
13.1.1 Key Facts
13.1.2 Business Description
13.1.3 Products and Services
13.1.4 Financial Overview
13.1.5 SWOT Analysis
13.1.6 Key Developments
13.2 X0PA Ai Pte Ltd
13.2.1 Key Facts
13.2.2 Business Description
13.2.3 Products and Services
13.2.4 Financial Overview
13.2.5 SWOT Analysis
13.2.6 Key Developments
13.3 Modern Hire Inc
13.3.1 Key Facts
13.3.2 Business Description
13.3.3 Products and Services
13.3.4 Financial Overview
13.3.5 SWOT Analysis
13.3.6 Key Developments
13.4 VanillaHR SAS
13.4.1 Key Facts
13.4.2 Business Description
13.4.3 Products and Services
13.4.4 Financial Overview
13.4.5 SWOT Analysis
13.4.6 Key Developments
13.5 Breezy HR Inc
13.5.1 Key Facts
13.5.2 Business Description
13.5.3 Products and Services
13.5.4 Financial Overview
13.5.5 SWOT Analysis
13.5.6 Key Developments
14. APPENDIX
14.1 About The Insight Partners
14.2 Word Index
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Segmentation
Table 2. Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 3. Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Country
Table 4. Saudi Arabia Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Type
Table 5. Saudi Arabia Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Enterprise Size
Table 6. Saudi Arabia Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Industry
Table 7. UAE Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Type
Table 8. UAE Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Enterprise Size
Table 9. UAE Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Industry
Table 10. South Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Type
Table 11. South Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Enterprise Size
Table 12. South Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Industry
Table 13. Rest of Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Type
Table 14. Rest of Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Enterprise Size
Table 15. Rest of Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Industry
Table 16. Heat Map Analysis By Key Players
Table 17. List of Abbreviation
Table 1. Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Segmentation
Table 2. Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 3. Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Country
Table 4. Saudi Arabia Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Type
Table 5. Saudi Arabia Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Enterprise Size
Table 6. Saudi Arabia Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Industry
Table 7. UAE Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Type
Table 8. UAE Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Enterprise Size
Table 9. UAE Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Industry
Table 10. South Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Type
Table 11. South Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Enterprise Size
Table 12. South Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Industry
Table 13. Rest of Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Type
Table 14. Rest of Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Enterprise Size
Table 15. Rest of Middle East & Africa Video Interviewing Software Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2030 (US$ Mn) - By Industry
Table 16. Heat Map Analysis By Key Players
Table 17. List of Abbreviation
