Analyzing Robotics in Healthcare
Robots have emerged as the latest tool of choice for the healthcare industry. From being used to perform minimally invasive surgeries to performing dental surgeries, robotics has become an integral part of the healthcare industry.
There are many applications of robotics in the healthcare industry, ranging from general surgery to cardiac surgery to even gastrointestinal surgeries. The uses of medical robots are many and wide, and these are being incorporated into daily usage in the healthcare industry by doctors and researchers alike.
There are many types of functions that medical robots are able to perform. From lending support to a surgeon’s hands to actually performing the surgery, there is no limit to the range of functions that these medical robots are capable of.
Aruvians Rsearch analyzed the robotic surgery industry through its research report Analyzing Robotics in Healthcare. This research offering is a cutting edge compilation of the many uses of medical robots.
The report begins with an analysis of the basics of robotics and a brief profile of the global robots industry, and then moves on to an introduction to robotics in healthcare and medicine.
In this section we analyze how robotics are used in healthcare and medicine, we define robotics in healthcare, and then go on to analyze the various procedures that robots can carry out in healthcare. We also analyze the advantages and disadvantages of robotic surgery.
The report analyzes the major areas in healthcare where robotics is used, including general surgery, cardiothoracic surgery, cardiology, gastrointestinal surgery, gynecology, and many others.
The report looks at the factors impacting healthcare robotics such as a rapidly growing global population, epidemiological factors, ethical challenges, social trends, and technological considerations for healthcare robotics amongst others. Why the healthcare sector needs robotics is also analyzed.
Applications of robotics in healthcare are analyzed in details in section H of the report. Here we analyze the major application areas, the role of robotics in assisted preventive therapies and diagnosis, the role of robotics in assistive technology, robotics in supporting professional care, robotics in rehabilitation treatment, and much more.
Many of the application areas of robotics are analyzed separately in the report including robotized surgery, intelligent prosthetics, robotized motor coordination analysis and therapy, robotics for cardiac surgery, robotics in computer integrated surgery, etc.
We also analyze how the robotics technology is used in surgery and therapy through augmenting devices and systems, cooperatively controlled tools, teleoperated tools, autonomous tool, and many others.
Enabling technologies and robotics in healthcare are also analyzed such as advanced sensory systems, advanced human machine interfacing, and others. The incorporation of haptic sensation to robotic systems for surgery and therapy are also looked at.
The report takes a look at the future of medical robotics and analyzes the major industry players such as Intuitive Surgical, Titan Medical, Toshiba, and others.
There are many applications of robotics in the healthcare industry, ranging from general surgery to cardiac surgery to even gastrointestinal surgeries. The uses of medical robots are many and wide, and these are being incorporated into daily usage in the healthcare industry by doctors and researchers alike.
There are many types of functions that medical robots are able to perform. From lending support to a surgeon’s hands to actually performing the surgery, there is no limit to the range of functions that these medical robots are capable of.
Aruvians Rsearch analyzed the robotic surgery industry through its research report Analyzing Robotics in Healthcare. This research offering is a cutting edge compilation of the many uses of medical robots.
The report begins with an analysis of the basics of robotics and a brief profile of the global robots industry, and then moves on to an introduction to robotics in healthcare and medicine.
In this section we analyze how robotics are used in healthcare and medicine, we define robotics in healthcare, and then go on to analyze the various procedures that robots can carry out in healthcare. We also analyze the advantages and disadvantages of robotic surgery.
The report analyzes the major areas in healthcare where robotics is used, including general surgery, cardiothoracic surgery, cardiology, gastrointestinal surgery, gynecology, and many others.
The report looks at the factors impacting healthcare robotics such as a rapidly growing global population, epidemiological factors, ethical challenges, social trends, and technological considerations for healthcare robotics amongst others. Why the healthcare sector needs robotics is also analyzed.
Applications of robotics in healthcare are analyzed in details in section H of the report. Here we analyze the major application areas, the role of robotics in assisted preventive therapies and diagnosis, the role of robotics in assistive technology, robotics in supporting professional care, robotics in rehabilitation treatment, and much more.
Many of the application areas of robotics are analyzed separately in the report including robotized surgery, intelligent prosthetics, robotized motor coordination analysis and therapy, robotics for cardiac surgery, robotics in computer integrated surgery, etc.
We also analyze how the robotics technology is used in surgery and therapy through augmenting devices and systems, cooperatively controlled tools, teleoperated tools, autonomous tool, and many others.
Enabling technologies and robotics in healthcare are also analyzed such as advanced sensory systems, advanced human machine interfacing, and others. The incorporation of haptic sensation to robotic systems for surgery and therapy are also looked at.
The report takes a look at the future of medical robotics and analyzes the major industry players such as Intuitive Surgical, Titan Medical, Toshiba, and others.
A. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
B. INTRODUCTION TO ROBOTICS
B.1 What is Robotics?
B.2 History of Robots
B.3 Power Sources
B.4 Controlling a Robot
B.5 Robotics R&D
C. BRIEF PROFILE: GLOBAL ROBOTS INDUSTRY
C.1 Industry Definition
C.2 Industry Statistics
C.3 Industry Value & Volume
C.4 Industry Segmentation
D. ROBOTICS IN HEALTHCARE AND MEDICINE
D.1 How is Robotics Used in Healthcare and Medicine
D.2 Defining Robotics in Healthcare
D.3 Minimally Invasive Procedures
D.4 Image-Based Procedures
D.5 Interaction Modes
D.6 Limitations of Robotic Surgery
D.7 Technical and Implementation Challenges
D.8 Advantages & Disadvantages of Robotic Surgery
E. MAJOR AREAS IN HEALTHCARE WHERE ROBOTICS ARE USED
E.1 General Surgery
E.2 Cardiothoracic Surgery
E.3 Cardiology and Electrophysiology
E.4 Gastrointestinal Surgery
E.5 Gynecology
E.6 Neurosurgery
E.7 Orthopedics
E.8 Pediatrics
E.9 Radiosurgery
E.10 Urology
E.11 Vascular Surgery
F. FACTORS IMPACTING HEALTHCARE ROBOTICS
F.1 Growing Population
F.2 Epidemiological Factors
F.3 Rural vs. Urban Population Developments
F.4 Economic Growth
F.5 Economic Impacts on Markets
F.6 International Developments
F.7 Ethical Challenges
F.8 Social Trends
F.9 Technological Acceptance
F.10 New Innovations in Technology
F.11 Technological Trends & Challenges
F.12 Scarcity of Resources
F.13 Waste Generation
F.14 Environmental Security
F.15 Legal Factors and Regulations
F.16 Government Support
F.17 Political Agenda
G. WHY THE HEALTHCARE SECTOR NEED ROBOTICS
G.1 Better and Safer Treatments
G.2 Increased Efficiency for Healthcare Professionals
G.3 Good Investment for Hospitals
G.4 Other Options
H. APPLICATIONS OF ROBOTICS IN HEALTHCARE
H.1 Overview
H.2 Major Application Areas
H.3 Role of Robotics in Assisted Preventive Therapies and Diagnosis
H.3.1 Overview
H.3.2 Robotized Analysis of Motion and Coordination
H.3.3 Intelligent Fitness Systems
H.3.4 Tele-diagnostic and Monitoring Robotic Systems
H.3.5 Smart Medical Capsules
H.3.6 Summing Up
H.4 Role of Robotics in Assistive Technology
H.4.1 Overview
H.4.2 Robotized Systems Supporting Manipulation
H.4.3 Robotized Systems Supporting Mobility
H.4.4 Summing Up
H.5 Role of Robotics in Supporting Professional Care
H.5.1 Overview
H.5.2 Logistical Robotized Aid for Nurses
H.5.3 Robotized Patient Monitoring Systems
H.5.4 Robotized Physical Tasks while in Care
H.5.5 Robotized Paramedic Tasks
H.5.6 Summing Up
H.6 Role of Robotics in Rehabilitation Treatment
H.6.1 Overview
H.6.2 Robot Assisted Motor-Coordination Therapy
H.6.3 Robot Assisted Physical Training Therapy
H.6.4 Robot Assisted Mental, Cognitive and Social Therapy
H.6.5 Summing Up
H.7 Role of Robotics in Medical Interventions
H.7.1 Overview
H.7.2 Robot Assisted Micro Surgery
H.7.3 Robotized Surgery Assistance
H.7.4 Robotized Precision Surgery
H.7.5 Robotic Devices for Minimal Invasive Surgery
H.7.6 Medical Micro and Nanobots
H.7.7 Remote Surgery
H.7.8 Robotized Assistance for Small Medical Interventions
H.7.9 Summing Up
I. ANALYSIS OF ROBOTIZED SURGERY
I.1 History of Robotized Surgery
I.2 Challenges Facing the Segment & Factors Driving Growth
I.2.1 Challenges
I.2.1.1 Technological Capabilities
I.2.1.2 Legislation
I.2.1.3 Economic Considerations
I.2.2 Factors Driving Growth
I.2.2.1 Technological Developments
I.2.2.2 Social Considerations
I.3 Innovation in the Sector
I.3.1 Research Organizations
I.3.2 System Manufacturers
I.3.3 Component Suppliers
I.3.4 Hospitals
I.3.5 Government Agencies
I.3.6 Insurance Companies
I.4 Future of Robotized Surgeries
I.5 Conclusion
J. ANALYSIS OF INTELLIGENT PROSTHETICS
J.1 History of Intelligent Prosthetics
J.1.1 Upper Limb Prosthesis
J.1.2 Lower Limb Prosthesis
J.2 Challenges Facing the Segment & Factors Driving Growth
J.2.1 Challenges
J.2.1.1 Technological Capabilities
J.2.1.2 Social Issues
J.2.1.3 Economic Considerations
J.2.1.4 Legal and Ethical Issues
J.2.2 Factors Driving Growth
J.2.2.1 Technological Developments
J.2.2.2 Social Considerations
J.2.2.3 Economical Considerations
J.3 Innovation in the Sector
J.3.1 Government Agencies
J.3.2 Financers
J.3.3 Healthcare Providers
J.3.4 Research Agencies
J.3.5 Manufacturers and Suppliers
J.3.6 End Users
J.4 Future of Intelligent Prosthetics
J.5 Conclusion
K. ANALYSIS OF ROBOTIZED MOTOR COORDINATION ANALYSIS AND THERAPY
K.1 History of Robotized Motor Coordination Analysis and Therapy
K.1.1 Robotized Therapy of Motor Coordination
K.1.2 Robotized Analysis of Motor Coordination
K.2 Challenges Facing the Segment & Factors Driving Growth
K.2.1 Challenges
K.2.1.1 Technological Capabilities
K.2.1.2 Social Issues
K.2.1.3 Economic Considerations
K.2.1.4 Legal and Ethical Issues
K.2.2 Factors Driving Growth
K.2.2.1 Technological Developments
K.2.2.2 Social Considerations
K.2.2.3 Economical Considerations
K.3 Innovation in the Sector
K.3.1 Government Agencies
K.3.2 Financers
K.3.3 Healthcare Providers
K.3.4 Research Agencies
K.3.5 Manufacturers
K.3.6 End Users
K.4 Future of Robotized Motor Coordination Analysis and Therapy
K.5 Conclusion
L. ROBOTICS FOR CARDIAC SURGERY
L.1 Introduction
L.2 History of Robotics Used for Cardiac Surgery
L.2.1 Direct Vision and Mini-Incisions
L.2.2 Video-Assisted and Micro-Incisions
L.2.3 Video-Directed and Port Incisions
L.2.4 Video-Directed and Robotic Instruments
L.3 Clinical Applications and Patient Selection
L.4 Robotic Operative Techniques
L.4.1 Mitral Valve Surgery
L.4.2 Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery
L.5 Clinical Experience with Robotics in Cardiac Surgery
L.6 Limitations Posed by Robotics in Cardiac Surgery
L.7 Conclusion
M. ROBOTICS TECHNOLOGY FOR SURGERY AND THERAPY
M.1 Overview
M.2 Augmenting Devices and Systems
M.2.1 Hand-held Tools
M.2.1.1 Master-slave Combined Instruments
M.2.1.2 Instruments for Reducing Hand Tremors
M.2.1.3 Instruments for Increased Dexterity and Navigation Capability
M.2.1.4 Instruments for Measurement Purposes
M.2.2 Cooperatively-controlled Tools
M.2.2.1 Force Controlled Devices
M.2.2.2 Passive Devices
M.2.3 Teleoperated Tools
M.2.3.1 Sensorized Tools for Incorporating Haptic Interaction
M.2.3.2 Tools for Increased Dexterity in Teleoperation
M.2.4 Autonomous Tools
M.2.4.1 Autonomous Instruments
M.2.4.2 Autonomous Systems
M.3 Supporting Devices and Systems
M.3.1 Positioning/Stabilization Purposes
M.3.1.1 Positioning Stands for Tools
M.3.1.2 Camera Positioners/Stabilizers
M.3.1.3 Ultrasound Probe Positioner
M.3.1.4 Stabilizers for Surgeon's Hand
M.3.2 Increasing Device Dexterity or Autonomy
M.3.2.1 Dexterous Endoscopes
M.3.2.2 Autonomous Endoscopes
N. ROBOTICS IN COMPUTER-INTEGRATED SURGERY
N.1 What is Computer Integrated Surgery?
N.2 Surgical CAD/CAM
N.3 Surgical Assistants
N.4 Technology and Design Issues in Surgical Robotics
N.4.1 Design Issues
N.4.2 Remote Center-of-Motion Kinematic Architectures
N.4.3 Stiffness, Drive Philosophy, and Redundancy
N.4.4 Human–Machine Interfaces
N.5 Surgical CAD/CAM Systems
N.5.1 Robotic Orthopedic Surgery
N.5.2 Robotically Assisted Percutaneous Therapy
N.5.3 Other Examples of Surgical CAD/CAM
N.6 Surgical Assistant Systems
N.6.1 Surgeon Extenders
N.6.2 Auxiliary Surgical Supports
N.6.3 Remote Surgery Systems
N.7 Conclusion
O. ROBOTICS AND ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES IN HEALTHCARE
O.1 Introduction
O.2 Advanced Sensory Systems
O.2.1 Overview
O.2.2 Biomedical Imaging
O.2.3 Positioning
O.2.4 Biomedical Sensors
O.2.5 Biofeedback Mechanisms
O.2.6 Ambient Intelligence
O.3 Advanced Human-machine Interfacing
O.3.1 Overview
O.3.2 Vision Sensory Systems
O.3.3 Advanced Tactile Sensors
O.3.4 Input Concepts
O.3.5 System Response
O.3.6 User Friendly Interface Concepts
O.4 Mobile Energy Systems
O.4.1 Overview
O.4.2 Advanced Mobile Energy Storage
O.4.3 Micro Mobile Energy Generation
O.4.4 Energy Efficient Robotic Systems
O.4.5 Wireless Energy Transfer
O.5 Control Systems for Complex Mechanical Movement
O.5.1 Overview
O.5.2 Advanced Software for Robotics
O.5.3 Shared Control
O.5.4 Adaptive Control
O.6 Role in Mechatronics
O.6.1 Overview
O.6.2 High Performance Actuators
O.6.3 Artificial Muscles
O.6.4 Grippers
O.6.5 Locomotion of Small Internal Devices and Micro Grippers
O.7 Role in Medical Therapies and Human Behavior
O.7.1 Overview
O.7.2 Human perception to robots
O.7.3 Systems and Safety
O.7.4 Human Movement
O.7.5 Understanding Therapeutic Mechanism
O.7.6 Research Protocols
O.8 Conclusion
P. INCORPORATING HAPTIC SENSATION TO ROBOTIC SYSTEMS FOR SURGERY/THERAPY
P.1 Introduction
P.2 Haptic User Interface Technology
P.2.1 PHANToM
P.2.2 Freedom-6S
P.2.3 Laparoscopic Impulse Engine and Surgical Workstation
P.2.4 Xitact IHP
P.3 Haptic Surgical Teleoperation
Q. FUTURE OF MEDICAL ROBOTICS
R. MAJOR PLAYERS
R.1 Titan Medical Inc.
R.2 Intuitive Surgical
R.3 Accuray Inc.
R.4 Prosurgics Ltd.
R.5 Hansen Medical
R.6 Otto Bock
R.7 Hitachi Ltd.
R.8 Prosurgics Limited
R.9 Toshiba Corporation
S. APPENDIX
T. GLOSSARY OF TERMS
B. INTRODUCTION TO ROBOTICS
B.1 What is Robotics?
B.2 History of Robots
B.3 Power Sources
B.4 Controlling a Robot
B.5 Robotics R&D
C. BRIEF PROFILE: GLOBAL ROBOTS INDUSTRY
C.1 Industry Definition
C.2 Industry Statistics
C.3 Industry Value & Volume
C.4 Industry Segmentation
D. ROBOTICS IN HEALTHCARE AND MEDICINE
D.1 How is Robotics Used in Healthcare and Medicine
D.2 Defining Robotics in Healthcare
D.3 Minimally Invasive Procedures
D.4 Image-Based Procedures
D.5 Interaction Modes
D.6 Limitations of Robotic Surgery
D.7 Technical and Implementation Challenges
D.8 Advantages & Disadvantages of Robotic Surgery
E. MAJOR AREAS IN HEALTHCARE WHERE ROBOTICS ARE USED
E.1 General Surgery
E.2 Cardiothoracic Surgery
E.3 Cardiology and Electrophysiology
E.4 Gastrointestinal Surgery
E.5 Gynecology
E.6 Neurosurgery
E.7 Orthopedics
E.8 Pediatrics
E.9 Radiosurgery
E.10 Urology
E.11 Vascular Surgery
F. FACTORS IMPACTING HEALTHCARE ROBOTICS
F.1 Growing Population
F.2 Epidemiological Factors
F.3 Rural vs. Urban Population Developments
F.4 Economic Growth
F.5 Economic Impacts on Markets
F.6 International Developments
F.7 Ethical Challenges
F.8 Social Trends
F.9 Technological Acceptance
F.10 New Innovations in Technology
F.11 Technological Trends & Challenges
F.12 Scarcity of Resources
F.13 Waste Generation
F.14 Environmental Security
F.15 Legal Factors and Regulations
F.16 Government Support
F.17 Political Agenda
G. WHY THE HEALTHCARE SECTOR NEED ROBOTICS
G.1 Better and Safer Treatments
G.2 Increased Efficiency for Healthcare Professionals
G.3 Good Investment for Hospitals
G.4 Other Options
H. APPLICATIONS OF ROBOTICS IN HEALTHCARE
H.1 Overview
H.2 Major Application Areas
H.3 Role of Robotics in Assisted Preventive Therapies and Diagnosis
H.3.1 Overview
H.3.2 Robotized Analysis of Motion and Coordination
H.3.3 Intelligent Fitness Systems
H.3.4 Tele-diagnostic and Monitoring Robotic Systems
H.3.5 Smart Medical Capsules
H.3.6 Summing Up
H.4 Role of Robotics in Assistive Technology
H.4.1 Overview
H.4.2 Robotized Systems Supporting Manipulation
H.4.3 Robotized Systems Supporting Mobility
H.4.4 Summing Up
H.5 Role of Robotics in Supporting Professional Care
H.5.1 Overview
H.5.2 Logistical Robotized Aid for Nurses
H.5.3 Robotized Patient Monitoring Systems
H.5.4 Robotized Physical Tasks while in Care
H.5.5 Robotized Paramedic Tasks
H.5.6 Summing Up
H.6 Role of Robotics in Rehabilitation Treatment
H.6.1 Overview
H.6.2 Robot Assisted Motor-Coordination Therapy
H.6.3 Robot Assisted Physical Training Therapy
H.6.4 Robot Assisted Mental, Cognitive and Social Therapy
H.6.5 Summing Up
H.7 Role of Robotics in Medical Interventions
H.7.1 Overview
H.7.2 Robot Assisted Micro Surgery
H.7.3 Robotized Surgery Assistance
H.7.4 Robotized Precision Surgery
H.7.5 Robotic Devices for Minimal Invasive Surgery
H.7.6 Medical Micro and Nanobots
H.7.7 Remote Surgery
H.7.8 Robotized Assistance for Small Medical Interventions
H.7.9 Summing Up
I. ANALYSIS OF ROBOTIZED SURGERY
I.1 History of Robotized Surgery
I.2 Challenges Facing the Segment & Factors Driving Growth
I.2.1 Challenges
I.2.1.1 Technological Capabilities
I.2.1.2 Legislation
I.2.1.3 Economic Considerations
I.2.2 Factors Driving Growth
I.2.2.1 Technological Developments
I.2.2.2 Social Considerations
I.3 Innovation in the Sector
I.3.1 Research Organizations
I.3.2 System Manufacturers
I.3.3 Component Suppliers
I.3.4 Hospitals
I.3.5 Government Agencies
I.3.6 Insurance Companies
I.4 Future of Robotized Surgeries
I.5 Conclusion
J. ANALYSIS OF INTELLIGENT PROSTHETICS
J.1 History of Intelligent Prosthetics
J.1.1 Upper Limb Prosthesis
J.1.2 Lower Limb Prosthesis
J.2 Challenges Facing the Segment & Factors Driving Growth
J.2.1 Challenges
J.2.1.1 Technological Capabilities
J.2.1.2 Social Issues
J.2.1.3 Economic Considerations
J.2.1.4 Legal and Ethical Issues
J.2.2 Factors Driving Growth
J.2.2.1 Technological Developments
J.2.2.2 Social Considerations
J.2.2.3 Economical Considerations
J.3 Innovation in the Sector
J.3.1 Government Agencies
J.3.2 Financers
J.3.3 Healthcare Providers
J.3.4 Research Agencies
J.3.5 Manufacturers and Suppliers
J.3.6 End Users
J.4 Future of Intelligent Prosthetics
J.5 Conclusion
K. ANALYSIS OF ROBOTIZED MOTOR COORDINATION ANALYSIS AND THERAPY
K.1 History of Robotized Motor Coordination Analysis and Therapy
K.1.1 Robotized Therapy of Motor Coordination
K.1.2 Robotized Analysis of Motor Coordination
K.2 Challenges Facing the Segment & Factors Driving Growth
K.2.1 Challenges
K.2.1.1 Technological Capabilities
K.2.1.2 Social Issues
K.2.1.3 Economic Considerations
K.2.1.4 Legal and Ethical Issues
K.2.2 Factors Driving Growth
K.2.2.1 Technological Developments
K.2.2.2 Social Considerations
K.2.2.3 Economical Considerations
K.3 Innovation in the Sector
K.3.1 Government Agencies
K.3.2 Financers
K.3.3 Healthcare Providers
K.3.4 Research Agencies
K.3.5 Manufacturers
K.3.6 End Users
K.4 Future of Robotized Motor Coordination Analysis and Therapy
K.5 Conclusion
L. ROBOTICS FOR CARDIAC SURGERY
L.1 Introduction
L.2 History of Robotics Used for Cardiac Surgery
L.2.1 Direct Vision and Mini-Incisions
L.2.2 Video-Assisted and Micro-Incisions
L.2.3 Video-Directed and Port Incisions
L.2.4 Video-Directed and Robotic Instruments
L.3 Clinical Applications and Patient Selection
L.4 Robotic Operative Techniques
L.4.1 Mitral Valve Surgery
L.4.2 Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery
L.5 Clinical Experience with Robotics in Cardiac Surgery
L.6 Limitations Posed by Robotics in Cardiac Surgery
L.7 Conclusion
M. ROBOTICS TECHNOLOGY FOR SURGERY AND THERAPY
M.1 Overview
M.2 Augmenting Devices and Systems
M.2.1 Hand-held Tools
M.2.1.1 Master-slave Combined Instruments
M.2.1.2 Instruments for Reducing Hand Tremors
M.2.1.3 Instruments for Increased Dexterity and Navigation Capability
M.2.1.4 Instruments for Measurement Purposes
M.2.2 Cooperatively-controlled Tools
M.2.2.1 Force Controlled Devices
M.2.2.2 Passive Devices
M.2.3 Teleoperated Tools
M.2.3.1 Sensorized Tools for Incorporating Haptic Interaction
M.2.3.2 Tools for Increased Dexterity in Teleoperation
M.2.4 Autonomous Tools
M.2.4.1 Autonomous Instruments
M.2.4.2 Autonomous Systems
M.3 Supporting Devices and Systems
M.3.1 Positioning/Stabilization Purposes
M.3.1.1 Positioning Stands for Tools
M.3.1.2 Camera Positioners/Stabilizers
M.3.1.3 Ultrasound Probe Positioner
M.3.1.4 Stabilizers for Surgeon's Hand
M.3.2 Increasing Device Dexterity or Autonomy
M.3.2.1 Dexterous Endoscopes
M.3.2.2 Autonomous Endoscopes
N. ROBOTICS IN COMPUTER-INTEGRATED SURGERY
N.1 What is Computer Integrated Surgery?
N.2 Surgical CAD/CAM
N.3 Surgical Assistants
N.4 Technology and Design Issues in Surgical Robotics
N.4.1 Design Issues
N.4.2 Remote Center-of-Motion Kinematic Architectures
N.4.3 Stiffness, Drive Philosophy, and Redundancy
N.4.4 Human–Machine Interfaces
N.5 Surgical CAD/CAM Systems
N.5.1 Robotic Orthopedic Surgery
N.5.2 Robotically Assisted Percutaneous Therapy
N.5.3 Other Examples of Surgical CAD/CAM
N.6 Surgical Assistant Systems
N.6.1 Surgeon Extenders
N.6.2 Auxiliary Surgical Supports
N.6.3 Remote Surgery Systems
N.7 Conclusion
O. ROBOTICS AND ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES IN HEALTHCARE
O.1 Introduction
O.2 Advanced Sensory Systems
O.2.1 Overview
O.2.2 Biomedical Imaging
O.2.3 Positioning
O.2.4 Biomedical Sensors
O.2.5 Biofeedback Mechanisms
O.2.6 Ambient Intelligence
O.3 Advanced Human-machine Interfacing
O.3.1 Overview
O.3.2 Vision Sensory Systems
O.3.3 Advanced Tactile Sensors
O.3.4 Input Concepts
O.3.5 System Response
O.3.6 User Friendly Interface Concepts
O.4 Mobile Energy Systems
O.4.1 Overview
O.4.2 Advanced Mobile Energy Storage
O.4.3 Micro Mobile Energy Generation
O.4.4 Energy Efficient Robotic Systems
O.4.5 Wireless Energy Transfer
O.5 Control Systems for Complex Mechanical Movement
O.5.1 Overview
O.5.2 Advanced Software for Robotics
O.5.3 Shared Control
O.5.4 Adaptive Control
O.6 Role in Mechatronics
O.6.1 Overview
O.6.2 High Performance Actuators
O.6.3 Artificial Muscles
O.6.4 Grippers
O.6.5 Locomotion of Small Internal Devices and Micro Grippers
O.7 Role in Medical Therapies and Human Behavior
O.7.1 Overview
O.7.2 Human perception to robots
O.7.3 Systems and Safety
O.7.4 Human Movement
O.7.5 Understanding Therapeutic Mechanism
O.7.6 Research Protocols
O.8 Conclusion
P. INCORPORATING HAPTIC SENSATION TO ROBOTIC SYSTEMS FOR SURGERY/THERAPY
P.1 Introduction
P.2 Haptic User Interface Technology
P.2.1 PHANToM
P.2.2 Freedom-6S
P.2.3 Laparoscopic Impulse Engine and Surgical Workstation
P.2.4 Xitact IHP
P.3 Haptic Surgical Teleoperation
Q. FUTURE OF MEDICAL ROBOTICS
R. MAJOR PLAYERS
R.1 Titan Medical Inc.
R.2 Intuitive Surgical
R.3 Accuray Inc.
R.4 Prosurgics Ltd.
R.5 Hansen Medical
R.6 Otto Bock
R.7 Hitachi Ltd.
R.8 Prosurgics Limited
R.9 Toshiba Corporation
S. APPENDIX
T. GLOSSARY OF TERMS
