Crystal Oscillator Market by Mounting Scheme (Surface Mount, Through Hole), General Circuitry (SPXO,VCXO (TCVCXO, OCVCXO), TCXO, OCXO (DOCXO, EMXO), FCXO), Crystal Cut (AT-cut, BT-cut, SC-cut) - Global Forecast to 2030

February 2025 | 249 pages | ID: C83CBB005931EN
MarketsandMarkets

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The global market for crystal oscillators is anticipated to increase from USD 2.89 billion in 2025 to USD 3.66 billion in 2030, at a CAGR of 4.8%. The increasing use of crystal oscillators in the automobile industry is the primary factor propelling the crystal oscillator market. Crystal oscillators are also designed to withstand high vibration levels, which are commonly found in automotive applications. When everything is said and done, crystal oscillators are essential components of numerous automobile applications. They provide the necessary long-term dependability, high accuracy, stability, temperature range, and vibration resistance in these vital applications.

“Market for AT-cut segment is projected to account for largest market share during the forecast timeline”

This AT-cut segment's growth can be attributed to the greater number of activity dips, higher drive level sensitivity, and insensitivity to electric fields. Additionally, it has a less complicated manufacturing process and costs less to produce. As a result, it is favored in consumer electronics, telecommunications, precise timing applications, and general-purpose oscillators. Some of its characteristics are temperature stability, low frequency drift, high precision, possibility for downsizing, low power usage, high frequency range, reliability, and economy. Cumulatively, all these attributes contribute to making AT-cut crystal oscillators the go-to product in many industries such as consumer electronics, telecommunications, and many more where precision and reliable sources of frequency is required.

“Market for consumer electronics segment is projected to account for largest market share during the forecast timeline.”

Consumer electronics represented the highest percentage of the crystal oscillator market in 2030. The growth of the segment can be explained by the rising demand for electronic devices worldwide, like smartphones and tablets. Crystal oscillators are a key component of wearable technology, such as smartwatches and fitness trackers, as they deliver accurate timing to sensors and other electronic components. Their capacity for stable frequencies guarantees that such devices provide precise measurements and consistent functionality, which is paramount to user experience and data integrity. The consumer electronics market is witnessing tremendous growth momentum fueled by technologies in virtual and augmented reality, smart speakers, home automation systems, drone technology, robots, and the spread of 5G-enabled smartphones.

“China is expected to account for largest market share in Asia Pacific during the forecast period.”

China mainly focuses on advanced industrial development, as '40% of its economy depends on the industrial sector. The country's industrial sector primarily includes semiconductors, automotive, and consumer electronics, which are big markets for crystal oscillators. China is the biggest manufacturer in the world. Hence, rapid technological advancements and increased research activities take place in industries. Therefore, China is expected to offer several opportunities for the players involved in the crystal oscillator ecosystem. China is witnessing a rapid increase in industrialization and urbanization, with a particular emphasis on its consumer electronics, telecommunications, and networking sectors. Special emphasis is given to synchronization mechanisms of networks in order to boost speed and efficiency. Thus, China will continue to remain the largest market for crystal oscillator devices. Additionally, tremendous investments are incurred in the aerospace & defense industries to create sophisticated tools, systems, and vehicles. These strategic undertakings are major drivers for the strong growth of the crystal oscillator market in China.

In-depth interviews have been conducted with chief executive officers (CEOs), Directors, and other executives from various key organizations operating in the crystal oscillator marketplace. The break-up of the profile of primary participants in the crystal oscillator market:
  • By Company Type: Tier 1 – 38%, Tier 2 – 28%, and Tier 3 – 34%
  • By Designation: Directors – 40%, C-level – 30%, Others-30%
  • By Region: North America – 35%, Europe – 35%, Asia Pacific – 20%, ROW- 10%
Seiko Epson Corporation (Japan), NIHON DEMPA KOGYO CO., LTD. (Japan), TXC Corporation (Taiwan), KYOCERA Corporation (Japan), Daishinku Corp. (Japan), Microchip Technology Inc. (US), Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (Japan), SiTime Corp. (US), SIWARD Crystal Technology Co., Ltd. (Taiwan), Rakon Limited (New Zealand), and Vishay Intertechnology, Inc. are few among the prominent players in the crystal oscillator industry.

The study includes an in-depth competitive analysis of these key players in the crystal oscillator market, with their company profiles, recent developments, and key market strategies.

Research Coverage: This research report categorizes the crystal oscillator market by mounting scheme (surface mount, through hole), by crystal cut(AT-cut, BT-cut, SC-cut, others), by general circuitry (SPXO, VCXO, TCXO, OCXO, FCXO, others), by application (consumer electronics, telecom & networking, automotive, military and aerospace, research & measurement, industrial, healthcare) and by region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and RoW).

The scope of the report covers detailed information regarding the major factors, such as drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities, influencing the growth of the crystal oscillator market. A detailed analysis of the key industry players has been done to provide insights into their business overview, solutions, and services; key strategies; Contracts, partnerships, agreements. New product & service launches, mergers and acquisitions, and recent developments associated with the crystal oscillator market have been covered in the report. This report covers a competitive analysis of upcoming startups in the crystal oscillator market ecosystem.

Reasons to buy this report The report will help the market leaders/new entrants in this market with information on the closest approximations of the revenue numbers for the overall crystal oscillator market and the subsegments. This report will help stakeholders understand the competitive landscape and gain more insights to position their businesses better and to plan suitable go-to-market strategies. The report also helps stakeholders understand the market pulse and provides information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.

Key benefits of buying the report:
  • Analysis of key drivers (increasing adoption of crystal oscillators in aerospace & defense applications, growing use of crystal oscillators in automotive sector, surging implementation of crystal oscillators in consumer electronics, and rising deployment of crystal oscillators in 5G and 6G networks.), restraints (availability of cost-effective and more reliable alternative technologies), opportunities (growing demand for miniature electronic devices with improved performance and increasing adoption of advanced automotive electronics) and challenges (frequency drift issues in crystal oscillators after extended use) influencing the growth of the crystal oscillator market.
  • Product Development/Innovation: Detailed insights on upcoming technologies, research & development activities, and new product & service launches in the crystal oscillator.
  • Market Development: Comprehensive information about lucrative markets – the report analysis the crystal oscillator market across varied regions
  • Market Diversification: Exhaustive information about new products & services, untapped geographies, recent developments, and investments in the crystal oscillator market
  • Competitive Assessment: In-depth assessment of market shares, growth strategies, and service offerings of leading market players such as Seiko Epson Corporation (Japan), NIHON DEMPA KOGYO CO., LTD. (Japan), TXC Corporation (Taiwan), KYOCERA Corporation (Japan), Daishinku Corp. (Japan), Microchip Technology Inc. (US), Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (Japan), SiTime Corp. (US), SIWARD Crystal Technology Co., Ltd. (Taiwan), Rakon Limited (New Zealand), and Vishay Intertechnology, Inc. (US).
1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES
1.2 MARKET DEFINITION
1.3 STUDY SCOPE
  1.3.1 MARKETS COVERED AND REGIONAL SCOPE
  1.3.2 INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS
  1.3.3 YEARS CONSIDERED
1.4 CURRENCY CONSIDERED
1.5 UNIT CONSIDERED
1.6 LIMITATIONS
1.7 STAKEHOLDERS
1.8 SUMMARY OF CHANGES

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2.1 RESEARCH DATA
  2.1.1 SECONDARY DATA
    2.1.1.1 List of major secondary sources
    2.1.1.2 Key data from secondary sources
  2.1.2 PRIMARY DATA
    2.1.2.1 List of primary interview participants
    2.1.2.2 Key data from primary sources
    2.1.2.3 Breakdown of primaries
    2.1.2.4 Key industry insights
  2.1.3 SECONDARY AND PRIMARY RESEARCH
2.2 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION
  2.2.1 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH
    2.2.1.1 Approach to estimate market size using bottom-up analysis
  2.2.2 TOP-DOWN APPROACH
    2.2.2.1 Approach to estimate market size using top-down analysis
(supply side)
2.3 MARKET BREAKDOWN AND DATA TRIANGULATION
2.4 RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS
2.5 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS
2.6 RISK ANALYSIS

3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS

4.1 ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR MARKET PLAYERS
4.2 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR MARKET, BY MOUNTING SCHEME
4.3 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR MARKET FOR VCXO, BY TYPE
4.4 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR MARKET FOR OCXO, BY TYPE
4.5 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR MARKET IN ASIA PACIFIC, BY APPLICATION AND COUNTRY
4.6 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR MARKET, BY GEOGRAPHY

5 MARKET OVERVIEW

5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS
  5.2.1 DRIVERS
    5.2.1.1 Increasing adoption of crystal oscillators in aerospace & defense applications
    5.2.1.2 Growing use of crystal oscillators in automotive sector
    5.2.1.3 Surging implementation of crystal oscillators in consumer electronics
    5.2.1.4 Rising deployment of crystal oscillators in 5G and 6G networks
  5.2.2 RESTRAINTS
    5.2.2.1 Availability of cost-effective and more reliable alternative technologies
  5.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES
    5.2.3.1 Growing demand for miniature electronic devices with improved performance
    5.2.3.2 Increasing adoption of advanced automotive electronics
  5.2.4 CHALLENGES
    5.2.4.1 Frequency drift issues in crystal oscillators after extended use
5.3 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS
5.4 ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS
5.5 PRICING ANALYSIS
  5.5.1 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE OF GENERAL CIRCUITRY CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR PRODUCTS, BY KEY PLAYER, 2024
  5.5.2 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND OF CRYSTAL OSCILLATORS, BY GENERAL CIRCUITRY, 2021–2024
  5.5.3 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND OF OVEN-CONTROLLED CRYSTAL OSCILLATORS, BY REGION, 2021–2024
5.6 INVESTMENT AND FUNDING SCENARIO
5.7 TRENDS/DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING CUSTOMER BUSINESS
5.8 IMPACT OF AI ON CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR MARKET
5.9 TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS
  5.9.1 KEY TECHNOLOGIES
    5.9.1.1 MEMS-based oscillator
  5.9.2 COMPLEMENTARY TECHNOLOGIES
    5.9.2.1 Hybrid microcircuit technology
  5.9.3 ADJACENT TECHNOLOGIES
    5.9.3.1 Green crystal technology
5.10 PATENT ANALYSIS
5.11 TRADE ANALYSIS
  5.11.1 IMPORT DATA (HS CODE 854160)
  5.11.2 EXPORT DATA (HS CODE 854160)
5.12 TARIFF AND REGULATORY LANDSCAPE
  5.12.1 TARIFF ANALYSIS
  5.12.2 REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
  5.12.3 STANDARDS
5.13 PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS
  5.13.1 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS
  5.13.2 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS
  5.13.3 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS
  5.13.4 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES
  5.13.5 INTENSITY OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY
5.14 KEY STAKEHOLDERS AND BUYING CRITERIA
  5.14.1 KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS
  5.14.2 BUYING CRITERIA
5.15 KEY CONFERENCES AND EVENTS, 2025

6 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CRYSTAL OSCILLATORS

6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 PIERCE CRYSTAL OSCILLATORS
6.3 COLPITTS CRYSTAL OSCILLATORS
6.4 HARTLEY CRYSTAL OSCILLATORS
6.5 OTHER TYPES

7 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR MARKET, BY MOUNTING SCHEME

7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 SURFACE MOUNT
  7.2.1 HIGHER COMPONENT DENSITY PER UNIT AND LOWER COST OF UNIT ASSEMBLIES TO BOOST SEGMENTAL GROWTH
7.3 THROUGH HOLE
  7.3.1 STRONG MECHANICAL CONNECTION AND STABILITY FEATURES TO DRIVE DEMAND

8 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR MARKET, BY CRYSTAL CUT

8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 AT-CUT
  8.2.1 DEPLOYMENT IN AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS TO FUEL MARKET GROWTH
8.3 BT-CUT
  8.3.1 ADOPTION IN HIGH-FREQUENCY APPLICATIONS TO CONTRIBUTE TO MARKET GROWTH
8.4 SC-CUT
  8.4.1 UTILIZATION IN OCXO APPLICATIONS TO SUPPORT MARKET GROWTH
8.5 OTHERS

9 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR MARKET, BY GENERAL CIRCUITRY

9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.2 SPXO
  9.2.1 SUITABILITY FOR MODERN COMPACT ELECTRONIC DESIGNS TO BOOST DEMAND
9.3 TCXO
  9.3.1 INCREASING DEMAND FOR COMMUNICATION DEVICES AND MEASURING INSTRUMENTS TO SUPPORT SEGMENTAL GROWTH
  9.3.2 VCTCXO
9.4 VCXO
  9.4.1 TCVCXO
    9.4.1.1 Rising use in precision timing applications due to superior temperature stability to fuel segmental growth
  9.4.2 OCVCXO
    9.4.2.1 Minimal g-sensitivity, enhanced thermal stability, and reduced power consumption features to accelerate demand
9.5 FCXO
  9.5.1 GROWING UTILIZATION IN FIBER CHANNELS, HD VIDEO SYSTEMS, AND PON DEVICES TO CONTRIBUTE TO SEGMENTAL GROWTH
9.6 OCXO
  9.6.1 DOCXO
    9.6.1.1 Fast warm-up time, low power consumption, and long-term frequency stability benefits to accelerate demand
  9.6.2 EMXO
    9.6.2.1 Escalated demand for crystal oscillators in spacecraft to support market growth
9.7 OTHER GENERAL CIRCUITRIES

10 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR MARKET, BY APPLICATION

10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.2 TELECOM & NETWORKING
  10.2.1 INCREASING DEPLOYMENT OF 5G NETWORKS TO FOSTER MARKET GROWTH
10.3 CONSUMER ELECTRONICS
  10.3.1 SURGING DEMAND FOR MINIATURE ELECTRONIC DEVICES TO DRIVE MARKET
10.4 MILITARY & AEROSPACE
  10.4.1 RISING REQUIREMENT FOR SOPHISTICATED MISSILES AND WEAPONS TO FUEL MARKET GROWTH
10.5 RESEARCH & MEASUREMENT
  10.5.1 ESCALATING DEMAND FOR COMPACT AND PORTABLE INSTRUMENTS TO SUPPORT MARKET GROWTH
10.6 INDUSTRIAL
  10.6.1 ELEVATING NEED FOR RELIABLE CRYSTAL OSCILLATORS WITH SUPERIOR TEMPERATURE STABILITY TO CONTRIBUTE TO MARKET GROWTH
10.7 AUTOMOTIVE
  10.7.1 INTEGRATION OF ADVANCED SAFETY FEATURES IN AUTOMOBILES TO ACCELERATE DEMAND
10.8 HEALTHCARE
  10.8.1 GROWING DEMAND FOR PORTABLE MEDICAL DEVICES TO DRIVE MARKET

11 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR MARKET, BY REGION

11.1 INTRODUCTION
11.2 NORTH AMERICA
  11.2.1 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK FOR NORTH AMERICA
  11.2.2 US
    11.2.2.1 Transition of industrial sector toward automation to drive market
  11.2.3 CANADA
    11.2.3.1 Surging investments in R&D promoting technological advancements to contribute to market growth
  11.2.4 MEXICO
    11.2.4.1 Strong automotive and manufacturing base to support market growth
11.3 EUROPE
  11.3.1 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK FOR EUROPE
  11.3.2 UK
    11.3.2.1 Rising adoption of automation in aerospace, automotive, and consumer electronics industries to drive market
  11.3.3 GERMANY
    11.3.3.1 Flourishing automotive sector to augment market growth
  11.3.4 FRANCE
    11.3.4.1 Surging adoption of AI and ML in manufacturing firms to contribute to market growth
  11.3.5 ITALY
    11.3.5.1 Elevating use of advanced technologies in healthcare sector to foster market growth
  11.3.6 REST OF EUROPE
11.4 ASIA PACIFIC
  11.4.1 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK FOR ASIA PACIFIC
  11.4.2 CHINA
    11.4.2.1 Rapid urbanization and industrialization to fuel demand
  11.4.3 JAPAN
    11.4.3.1 Prominent presence of major crystal oscillator manufacturing firms to accelerate market growth
  11.4.4 SOUTH KOREA
    11.4.4.1 Growing focus on 5G infrastructure development to boost demand
  11.4.5 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC
11.5 ROW
  11.5.1 MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK FOR ROW
  11.5.2 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA
    11.5.2.1 Booming consumer electronics industry to foster market growth
    11.5.2.2 GCC
    11.5.2.3 Rest of Middle East & Africa
  11.5.3 SOUTH AMERICA
    11.5.3.1 Flourishing electronics industry to stimulate demand

12 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE

12.1 OVERVIEW
12.2 KEY PLAYER STRATEGIES/RIGHT TO WIN, 2021–2024
12.3 REVENUE ANALYSIS OF TOP 5 PLAYERS, 2019–2023
12.4 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, 2023
12.5 COMPANY VALUATION AND FINANCIAL METRICS, 2024
12.6 BRAND/PRODUCT COMPARISON
12.7 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: KEY PLAYERS, 2024
  12.7.1 STARS
  12.7.2 EMERGING LEADERS
  12.7.3 PERVASIVE PLAYERS
  12.7.4 PARTICIPANTS
  12.7.5 COMPANY FOOTPRINT: KEY PLAYERS, 2024
    12.7.5.1 Company footprint
    12.7.5.2 Region footprint
    12.7.5.3 Mounting scheme footprint
    12.7.5.4 Application footprint
    12.7.5.5 General circuitry footprint
12.8 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: STARTUPS/SMES, 2024
  12.8.1 PROGRESSIVE COMPANIES
  12.8.2 RESPONSIVE COMPANIES
  12.8.3 DYNAMIC COMPANIES
  12.8.4 STARTING BLOCKS
  12.8.5 COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING: STARTUPS/SMES, 2024
    12.8.5.1 Detailed list of startups/SMEs
    12.8.5.2 Competitive benchmarking of startups/SMEs
12.9 COMPETITIVE SCENARIO
  12.9.1 PRODUCT LAUNCHES
  12.9.2 DEALS
  12.9.3 EXPANSIONS

13 COMPANY PROFILES

13.1 KEY PLAYERS
  13.1.1 SEIKO EPSON CORPORATION
    13.1.1.1 Business overview
    13.1.1.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
    13.1.1.3 Recent developments
      13.1.1.3.1 Product launches
    13.1.1.4 MnM view
      13.1.1.4.1 Key strengths/Right to win
      13.1.1.4.2 Strategic choices
      13.1.1.4.3 Weaknesses/Competitive threats
  13.1.2 NIHON DEMPA KOGYO CO., LTD.
    13.1.2.1 Business overview
    13.1.2.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
    13.1.2.3 Recent developments
      13.1.2.3.1 Product launches
      13.1.2.3.2 Deals
    13.1.2.4 MnM view
      13.1.2.4.1 Key strengths/Right to win
      13.1.2.4.2 Strategic choices
      13.1.2.4.3 Weaknesses/Competitive threats
  13.1.3 TXC CORPORATION
    13.1.3.1 Business overview
    13.1.3.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
    13.1.3.3 Recent developments
      13.1.3.3.1 Product launches
    13.1.3.4 MnM view
      13.1.3.4.1 Key strengths/Right to win
      13.1.3.4.2 Strategic choices
      13.1.3.4.3 Weaknesses/Competitive threats
  13.1.4 KYOCERA CORPORATION
    13.1.4.1 Business overview
    13.1.4.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
    13.1.4.3 Recent developments
      13.1.4.3.1 Product launches
    13.1.4.4 MnM view
      13.1.4.4.1 Key strengths/Right to win
      13.1.4.4.2 Strategic choices
      13.1.4.4.3 Weaknesses/Competitive threats
  13.1.5 DAISHINKU CORP.
    13.1.5.1 Business overview
    13.1.5.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
    13.1.5.3 MnM view
      13.1.5.3.1 Key strengths/Right to win
      13.1.5.3.2 Strategic choices
      13.1.5.3.3 Weaknesses/Competitive threats
  13.1.6 MICROCHIP TECHNOLOGY INC.
    13.1.6.1 Business overview
    13.1.6.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
    13.1.6.3 Recent developments
      13.1.6.3.1 Expansions
  13.1.7 MURATA MANUFACTURING CO., LTD.
    13.1.7.1 Business overview
    13.1.7.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
    13.1.7.3 Recent developments
      13.1.7.3.1 Product launches
  13.1.8 HOSONIC TECHNOLOGY (GROUP) CO., LTD.
    13.1.8.1 Business overview
    13.1.8.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
  13.1.9 SITIME CORP.
    13.1.9.1 Business overview
    13.1.9.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
    13.1.9.3 Recent developments
      13.1.9.3.1 Product launches
      13.1.9.3.2 Deals
  13.1.10 SIWARD CRYSTAL TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.
    13.1.10.1 Business overview
    13.1.10.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
    13.1.10.3 Recent developments
      13.1.10.3.1 Deals
  13.1.11 RAKON LIMITED
    13.1.11.1 Business overview
    13.1.11.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
  13.1.12 RIVER ELETEC CORPORATION
    13.1.12.1 Business overview
    13.1.12.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
  13.1.13 VISHAY INTERTECHNOLOGY, INC.
    13.1.13.1 Business overview
    13.1.13.2 Products/Solutions/Services offered
13.2 OTHER KEY PLAYERS
  13.2.1 MERCURY INC.
  13.2.2 ABRACON
  13.2.3 GREENRAY INDUSTRIES, INC.
  13.2.4 MTI-MILLIREN TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
  13.2.5 QVS TECH, INC.
  13.2.6 SHENZHEN YANGXING TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.
  13.2.7 BLILEY
  13.2.8 FUJI CRYSTAL (HONG KONG) ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.
  13.2.9 SHENZHEN CRYSTAL TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD.
  13.2.10 AXTAL GMBH
  13.2.11 TAITIEN ELECTRONICS CO., LTD
  13.2.12 CRYSTEK CORPORATION

14 APPENDIX

14.1 DISCUSSION GUIDE
14.2 KNOWLEDGESTORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS’ SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL
14.3 CUSTOMIZATION OPTIONS
14.4 RELATED REPORTS
14.5 AUTHOR DETAILS


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