Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market: Trends, Opportunities and Competitive Analysis [2023-2028]
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Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market Trends and Forecast
The future of the essential oil based flavour and fragrance market looks promising with opportunities in the fine fragrance, cosmetic & toiletry, soap & detergent, and aromatherapy end use industries. The global essential oil based flavour and fragrance market is expected to reach an estimated $40.3 billion by 2028 with a CAGR of 4% from 2023 to 2028. The major drivers for this market are increasing consumption of processed food and personal care & cosmetic products and growing demand for natural and organic ingredients in the emerging economies.
Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market
A more than 150-page report is developed to help in your business decisions. A sample figure with some insights is shown below.
Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by Segments
Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by Segment
The study includes trends and forecast for the global essential oil based flavour and fragrance market by product, end use, and region, as follows:
Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by Product [Value ($B) Shipment Analysis from 2017 to 2028]:
Orange Essential Oil
Corn mint Essential Oil
Eucalyptus Essential Oil
Pepper Mint Essential Oil
Lemon Essential Oil
Citronella Essential Oil
Patchouli Essential Oil
Clove Essential Oil
Ylang Ylang/Canaga Essential Oil
Lavender Essential Oil
Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by End Use [Value ($B) Shipment Analysis from 2017 to 2028]:
Fine Fragrance
Cosmetics & Toiletries
Soaps & Detergents
Aromatherapy
Others
Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by Region [Value ($B) Shipment Analysis from 2017 to 2028]:
North America
Europe
Asia Pacific
The Rest of the World
List of Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Companies
Companies in the market compete on the basis of product quality offered. Major players in this market focus on expanding their manufacturing facilities, R&D investments, infrastructural development, and leverage integration opportunities across the value chain. With these strategies essential oil based flavour and fragrance companies cater increasing demand, ensure competitive effectiveness, develop innovative products & technologies, reduce production costs, and expand their customer base. Some of the essential oil based flavour and fragrance companies profiled in this report include.
ADM
Agilex Fragrance
Akay Flavors & Aromatics
Alpha Aromatics
BASF SE
Bell Flavors & Fragrance
Biolandes
Comax MFG Corp
doTERRA International
Elevance Renewable Sciences
Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market Insights
Lucintel forecast that orange essential oil will witness the highest growth over the forecast period as it is highly used in the food and beverage industries to add a natural orange flavor to beverages, sweets, desserts, and various bakery and confectionary items.
Fine fragrance is expected to remain the largest segment due to the increasing adoption of natural products by manufacturers to deliver a better quality to their products.
APAC will remain the largest region due changing lifestyles and rapid economic expansion in countries like India, China, Vietnam, and Indonesia.
Features of the Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market
Market Size Estimates: Essential oil based flavour and fragrance market size estimation in terms of value ($B)
Trend And Forecast Analysis: Market trends (2017-2022) and forecast (2023-2028) by various segments and regions.
Segmentation Analysis: Essential oil based flavour and fragrance market size by various segments, such as by product, end use, and region
Regional Analysis: Essential oil based flavour and fragrance market breakdown by North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Rest of the World.
Growth Opportunities: Analysis on growth opportunities in different by product, end use, and regions for the essential oil based flavour and fragrance market.
Strategic Analysis: This includes M&A, new product development, and competitive landscape for the essential oil based flavour and fragrance market.
Analysis of competitive intensity of the industry based on Porter’s Five Forces model.
FAQ
Q1. What is the essential oil based flavour and fragrance market size?
Answer: The global essential oil based flavour and fragrance market is expected to reach an estimated $40.3 billion by 2028.
Q2. What is the growth forecast for essential oil based flavour and fragrance market?
Answer: The global essential oil based flavour and fragrance market is expected to grow with a CAGR of 4% from 2023 to 2028.
Q3. What are the major drivers influencing the growth of the essential oil based flavour and fragrance market?
Answer: The major drivers for this market are increasing consumption of processed food and personal care & cosmetic products and growing demand for natural and organic ingredients in the emerging economies.
Q4. What are the major segments for essential oil based flavour and fragrance market?
Answer: The future of the essential oil based flavour and fragrance market looks promising with opportunities in the fine fragrance, cosmetic & toiletry, soap & detergent, and aromatherapy end use industries.
Q5. Who are the key essential oil based flavour and fragrance companies?
Answer: Some of the key essential oil based flavour and fragrance companies are as follows:
ADM
Agilex Fragrance
Akay Flavors & Aromatics
Alpha Aromatics
BASF SE
Bell Flavors & Fragrance
Biolandes
Comax MFG Corp
doTERRA International
Elevance Renewable Sciences
Q6. Which essential oil based flavour and fragrance segment will be the largest in future?
Answer:Lucintel forecast that orange essential oil will witness the highest growth over the forecast period as it is highly used in the food and beverage industries to add a natural orange flavor to beverages, sweets, desserts, and various bakery and confectionary items.
Q7. In essential oil based flavour and fragrance market, which region is expected to be the largest in next 5 years?
Answer: APAC will remain the largest region due changing lifestyles and rapid economic expansion in countries like India, China, Vietnam, and Indonesia.
Q8. Do we receive customization in this report?
Answer: Yes, Lucintel provides 10% Customization Without any Additional Cost.
This report answers following 11 key questions
Q.1. What are some of the most promising, high-growth opportunities for the essential oil based flavour and fragrance market by product (orange essential oil, corn mint essential oil, eucalyptus essential oil, pepper mint essential oil, lemon essential oil, citronella essential oil, patchouli essential oil, clove essential oil, ylang ylang/canaga essential oil, and lavender essential oil), end use (fine fragrance, cosmetics & toiletries, soaps & detergents, aromatherapy, and others), and region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Rest of the World)?
Q.2. Which segments will grow at a faster pace and why?
Q.3. Which region will grow at a faster pace and why?
Q.4. What are the key factors affecting market dynamics? What are the key challenges and business risks in this market?
Q.5. What are the business risks and competitive threats in this market?
Q.6. What are the emerging trends in this market and the reasons behind them?
Q.7. What are some of the changing demands of customers in the market?
Q.8. What are the new developments in the market? Which companies are leading these developments?
Q.9. Who are the major players in this market? What strategic initiatives are key players pursuing for business growth?
Q.10. What are some of the competing products in this market and how big of a threat do they pose for loss of market share by material or product substitution?
Q.11. What M&A activity has occurred in the last 5 years and what has its impact been on the industry?
For any questions related to essential oil based flavour and fragrance market or related to essential oil based flavour and fragrance companies, essential oil based flavour and fragrance market size, essential oil based flavour and fragrance market share, essential oil based flavour and fragrance analysis, essential oil based flavour and fragrance market growth, essential oil based flavour and fragrance market research, write Lucintel analyst at email: [email protected] we will be glad to get back to you soon.
Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market Trends and Forecast
The future of the essential oil based flavour and fragrance market looks promising with opportunities in the fine fragrance, cosmetic & toiletry, soap & detergent, and aromatherapy end use industries. The global essential oil based flavour and fragrance market is expected to reach an estimated $40.3 billion by 2028 with a CAGR of 4% from 2023 to 2028. The major drivers for this market are increasing consumption of processed food and personal care & cosmetic products and growing demand for natural and organic ingredients in the emerging economies.
Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market
A more than 150-page report is developed to help in your business decisions. A sample figure with some insights is shown below.
Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by Segments
Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by Segment
The study includes trends and forecast for the global essential oil based flavour and fragrance market by product, end use, and region, as follows:
Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by Product [Value ($B) Shipment Analysis from 2017 to 2028]:
Orange Essential Oil
Corn mint Essential Oil
Eucalyptus Essential Oil
Pepper Mint Essential Oil
Lemon Essential Oil
Citronella Essential Oil
Patchouli Essential Oil
Clove Essential Oil
Ylang Ylang/Canaga Essential Oil
Lavender Essential Oil
Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by End Use [Value ($B) Shipment Analysis from 2017 to 2028]:
Fine Fragrance
Cosmetics & Toiletries
Soaps & Detergents
Aromatherapy
Others
Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by Region [Value ($B) Shipment Analysis from 2017 to 2028]:
North America
Europe
Asia Pacific
The Rest of the World
List of Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Companies
Companies in the market compete on the basis of product quality offered. Major players in this market focus on expanding their manufacturing facilities, R&D investments, infrastructural development, and leverage integration opportunities across the value chain. With these strategies essential oil based flavour and fragrance companies cater increasing demand, ensure competitive effectiveness, develop innovative products & technologies, reduce production costs, and expand their customer base. Some of the essential oil based flavour and fragrance companies profiled in this report include.
ADM
Agilex Fragrance
Akay Flavors & Aromatics
Alpha Aromatics
BASF SE
Bell Flavors & Fragrance
Biolandes
Comax MFG Corp
doTERRA International
Elevance Renewable Sciences
Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market Insights
Lucintel forecast that orange essential oil will witness the highest growth over the forecast period as it is highly used in the food and beverage industries to add a natural orange flavor to beverages, sweets, desserts, and various bakery and confectionary items.
Fine fragrance is expected to remain the largest segment due to the increasing adoption of natural products by manufacturers to deliver a better quality to their products.
APAC will remain the largest region due changing lifestyles and rapid economic expansion in countries like India, China, Vietnam, and Indonesia.
Features of the Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market
Market Size Estimates: Essential oil based flavour and fragrance market size estimation in terms of value ($B)
Trend And Forecast Analysis: Market trends (2017-2022) and forecast (2023-2028) by various segments and regions.
Segmentation Analysis: Essential oil based flavour and fragrance market size by various segments, such as by product, end use, and region
Regional Analysis: Essential oil based flavour and fragrance market breakdown by North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Rest of the World.
Growth Opportunities: Analysis on growth opportunities in different by product, end use, and regions for the essential oil based flavour and fragrance market.
Strategic Analysis: This includes M&A, new product development, and competitive landscape for the essential oil based flavour and fragrance market.
Analysis of competitive intensity of the industry based on Porter’s Five Forces model.
FAQ
Q1. What is the essential oil based flavour and fragrance market size?
Answer: The global essential oil based flavour and fragrance market is expected to reach an estimated $40.3 billion by 2028.
Q2. What is the growth forecast for essential oil based flavour and fragrance market?
Answer: The global essential oil based flavour and fragrance market is expected to grow with a CAGR of 4% from 2023 to 2028.
Q3. What are the major drivers influencing the growth of the essential oil based flavour and fragrance market?
Answer: The major drivers for this market are increasing consumption of processed food and personal care & cosmetic products and growing demand for natural and organic ingredients in the emerging economies.
Q4. What are the major segments for essential oil based flavour and fragrance market?
Answer: The future of the essential oil based flavour and fragrance market looks promising with opportunities in the fine fragrance, cosmetic & toiletry, soap & detergent, and aromatherapy end use industries.
Q5. Who are the key essential oil based flavour and fragrance companies?
Answer: Some of the key essential oil based flavour and fragrance companies are as follows:
ADM
Agilex Fragrance
Akay Flavors & Aromatics
Alpha Aromatics
BASF SE
Bell Flavors & Fragrance
Biolandes
Comax MFG Corp
doTERRA International
Elevance Renewable Sciences
Q6. Which essential oil based flavour and fragrance segment will be the largest in future?
Answer:Lucintel forecast that orange essential oil will witness the highest growth over the forecast period as it is highly used in the food and beverage industries to add a natural orange flavor to beverages, sweets, desserts, and various bakery and confectionary items.
Q7. In essential oil based flavour and fragrance market, which region is expected to be the largest in next 5 years?
Answer: APAC will remain the largest region due changing lifestyles and rapid economic expansion in countries like India, China, Vietnam, and Indonesia.
Q8. Do we receive customization in this report?
Answer: Yes, Lucintel provides 10% Customization Without any Additional Cost.
This report answers following 11 key questions
Q.1. What are some of the most promising, high-growth opportunities for the essential oil based flavour and fragrance market by product (orange essential oil, corn mint essential oil, eucalyptus essential oil, pepper mint essential oil, lemon essential oil, citronella essential oil, patchouli essential oil, clove essential oil, ylang ylang/canaga essential oil, and lavender essential oil), end use (fine fragrance, cosmetics & toiletries, soaps & detergents, aromatherapy, and others), and region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Rest of the World)?
Q.2. Which segments will grow at a faster pace and why?
Q.3. Which region will grow at a faster pace and why?
Q.4. What are the key factors affecting market dynamics? What are the key challenges and business risks in this market?
Q.5. What are the business risks and competitive threats in this market?
Q.6. What are the emerging trends in this market and the reasons behind them?
Q.7. What are some of the changing demands of customers in the market?
Q.8. What are the new developments in the market? Which companies are leading these developments?
Q.9. Who are the major players in this market? What strategic initiatives are key players pursuing for business growth?
Q.10. What are some of the competing products in this market and how big of a threat do they pose for loss of market share by material or product substitution?
Q.11. What M&A activity has occurred in the last 5 years and what has its impact been on the industry?
For any questions related to essential oil based flavour and fragrance market or related to essential oil based flavour and fragrance companies, essential oil based flavour and fragrance market size, essential oil based flavour and fragrance market share, essential oil based flavour and fragrance analysis, essential oil based flavour and fragrance market growth, essential oil based flavour and fragrance market research, write Lucintel analyst at email: [email protected] we will be glad to get back to you soon.
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2. GLOBAL ESSENTIAL OIL BASED FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE MARKET: MARKET DYNAMICS
2.1: Introduction, Background, and Classifications
2.2: Supply Chain
2.3: Industry Drivers and Challenges
3. MARKET TRENDS AND FORECAST ANALYSIS FROM 2017 TO 2028
3.1: Macroeconomic Trends (2017-2022) and Forecast (2023-2028)
3.2: Global Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market Trends (2017-2022) and Forecast (2023-2028)
3.3: Global Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by Product
3.3.1: Orange Essential Oil
3.3.2: Corn mint Essential Oil
3.3.3: Eucalyptus Essential Oil
3.3.4: Pepper Mint Essential Oil
3.3.5: Lemon Essential Oil
3.3.6: Citronella Essential Oil
3.3.7: Patchouli Essential Oil
3.3.8: Clove Essential Oil
3.3.9: Ylang Ylang/Canaga Essential Oil
3.3.10: Lavender Essential Oil
3.4: Global Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by End Use
3.4.1: Fine Fragrance
3.4.2: Cosmetics & Toiletries
3.4.3: Soaps & Detergents
3.4.4: Aromatherapy
3.4.5: Others
4. MARKET TRENDS AND FORECAST ANALYSIS BY REGION FROM 2017 TO 2028
4.1: Global Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by Region
4.2: North American Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market
4.2.1: North American Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by Product: Orange Essential Oil, Corn Mint Essential Oil, Eucalyptus Essential Oil, Pepper Mint Essential Oil, Lemon Essential Oil, Citronella Essential Oil, Patchouli Essential Oil, Clove Essential Oil, Ylang Ylang/Canaga Essential Oil, and Lavender Essential Oil
4.2.2: North American Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by End Use: Fine Fragrance, Cosmetics & Toiletries, Soaps & Detergents, Aromatherapy, and Others
4.3: European Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market
4.3.1: European Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by Product: Orange Essential Oil, Corn Mint Essential Oil, Eucalyptus Essential Oil, Pepper Mint Essential Oil, Lemon Essential Oil, Citronella Essential Oil, Patchouli Essential Oil, Clove Essential Oil, Ylang Ylang/Canaga Essential Oil, and Lavend
4.3.2: European Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by End Use: Fine Fragrance, Cosmetics & Toiletries, Soaps & Detergents, Aromatherapy, and Others
4.4: APAC Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market
4.4.1: APAC Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by Product: Orange Essential Oil, Corn Mint Essential Oil, Eucalyptus Essential Oil, Pepper Mint Essential Oil, Lemon Essential Oil, Citronella Essential Oil, Patchouli Essential Oil, Clove Essential Oil, Ylang Ylang/Canaga Essential Oil, and Lavend
4.4.2: APAC Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by End Use: Fine Fragrance, Cosmetics & Toiletries, Soaps & Detergents, Aromatherapy, and Others
4.5: ROW Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market
4.5.1: ROW Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by Product: Orange Essential Oil, Corn Mint Essential Oil, Eucalyptus Essential Oil, Pepper Mint Essential Oil, Lemon Essential Oil, Citronella Essential Oil, Patchouli Essential Oil, Clove Essential Oil, Ylang Ylang/Canaga Essential Oil, and Lavend
4.5.2: ROW Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by End Use: Fine Fragrance, Cosmetics & Toiletries, Soaps & Detergents, Aromatherapy, and Others
5. COMPETITOR ANALYSIS
5.1: Product Portfolio Analysis
5.2: Operational Integration
5.3: Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
6. GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES AND STRATEGIC ANALYSIS
6.1: Growth Opportunity Analysis
6.1.1: Growth Opportunities for the Global Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by Product
6.1.2: Growth Opportunities for the Global Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by End Use
6.1.3: Growth Opportunities for the Global Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by Region
6.2: Emerging Trends in the Global Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market
6.3: Strategic Analysis
6.3.1: New Product Development
6.3.2: Capacity Expansion of the Global Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market
6.3.3: Mergers, Acquisitions, and Joint Ventures in the Global Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market
6.3.4: Certification and Licensing
7. COMPANY PROFILES OF LEADING PLAYERS
7.1: ADM
7.2: Agilex Fragrance
7.3: Akay Flavors & Aromatics
7.4: Alpha Aromatics
7.5: BASF SE
7.6: Bell Flavors & Fragrance
7.7: Biolandes
7.8: Comax MFG Corp
7.9: doTERRA International
7.10: Elevance Renewable Sciences
2. GLOBAL ESSENTIAL OIL BASED FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE MARKET: MARKET DYNAMICS
2.1: Introduction, Background, and Classifications
2.2: Supply Chain
2.3: Industry Drivers and Challenges
3. MARKET TRENDS AND FORECAST ANALYSIS FROM 2017 TO 2028
3.1: Macroeconomic Trends (2017-2022) and Forecast (2023-2028)
3.2: Global Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market Trends (2017-2022) and Forecast (2023-2028)
3.3: Global Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by Product
3.3.1: Orange Essential Oil
3.3.2: Corn mint Essential Oil
3.3.3: Eucalyptus Essential Oil
3.3.4: Pepper Mint Essential Oil
3.3.5: Lemon Essential Oil
3.3.6: Citronella Essential Oil
3.3.7: Patchouli Essential Oil
3.3.8: Clove Essential Oil
3.3.9: Ylang Ylang/Canaga Essential Oil
3.3.10: Lavender Essential Oil
3.4: Global Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by End Use
3.4.1: Fine Fragrance
3.4.2: Cosmetics & Toiletries
3.4.3: Soaps & Detergents
3.4.4: Aromatherapy
3.4.5: Others
4. MARKET TRENDS AND FORECAST ANALYSIS BY REGION FROM 2017 TO 2028
4.1: Global Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by Region
4.2: North American Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market
4.2.1: North American Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by Product: Orange Essential Oil, Corn Mint Essential Oil, Eucalyptus Essential Oil, Pepper Mint Essential Oil, Lemon Essential Oil, Citronella Essential Oil, Patchouli Essential Oil, Clove Essential Oil, Ylang Ylang/Canaga Essential Oil, and Lavender Essential Oil
4.2.2: North American Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by End Use: Fine Fragrance, Cosmetics & Toiletries, Soaps & Detergents, Aromatherapy, and Others
4.3: European Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market
4.3.1: European Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by Product: Orange Essential Oil, Corn Mint Essential Oil, Eucalyptus Essential Oil, Pepper Mint Essential Oil, Lemon Essential Oil, Citronella Essential Oil, Patchouli Essential Oil, Clove Essential Oil, Ylang Ylang/Canaga Essential Oil, and Lavend
4.3.2: European Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by End Use: Fine Fragrance, Cosmetics & Toiletries, Soaps & Detergents, Aromatherapy, and Others
4.4: APAC Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market
4.4.1: APAC Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by Product: Orange Essential Oil, Corn Mint Essential Oil, Eucalyptus Essential Oil, Pepper Mint Essential Oil, Lemon Essential Oil, Citronella Essential Oil, Patchouli Essential Oil, Clove Essential Oil, Ylang Ylang/Canaga Essential Oil, and Lavend
4.4.2: APAC Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by End Use: Fine Fragrance, Cosmetics & Toiletries, Soaps & Detergents, Aromatherapy, and Others
4.5: ROW Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market
4.5.1: ROW Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by Product: Orange Essential Oil, Corn Mint Essential Oil, Eucalyptus Essential Oil, Pepper Mint Essential Oil, Lemon Essential Oil, Citronella Essential Oil, Patchouli Essential Oil, Clove Essential Oil, Ylang Ylang/Canaga Essential Oil, and Lavend
4.5.2: ROW Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by End Use: Fine Fragrance, Cosmetics & Toiletries, Soaps & Detergents, Aromatherapy, and Others
5. COMPETITOR ANALYSIS
5.1: Product Portfolio Analysis
5.2: Operational Integration
5.3: Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
6. GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES AND STRATEGIC ANALYSIS
6.1: Growth Opportunity Analysis
6.1.1: Growth Opportunities for the Global Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by Product
6.1.2: Growth Opportunities for the Global Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by End Use
6.1.3: Growth Opportunities for the Global Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market by Region
6.2: Emerging Trends in the Global Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market
6.3: Strategic Analysis
6.3.1: New Product Development
6.3.2: Capacity Expansion of the Global Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market
6.3.3: Mergers, Acquisitions, and Joint Ventures in the Global Essential Oil based Flavour and Fragrance Market
6.3.4: Certification and Licensing
7. COMPANY PROFILES OF LEADING PLAYERS
7.1: ADM
7.2: Agilex Fragrance
7.3: Akay Flavors & Aromatics
7.4: Alpha Aromatics
7.5: BASF SE
7.6: Bell Flavors & Fragrance
7.7: Biolandes
7.8: Comax MFG Corp
7.9: doTERRA International
7.10: Elevance Renewable Sciences
