South Korea Engineering Plastics Market Report by Resin Type (Fluoropolymer, Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP), Polyamide (PA), Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT), Polycarbonate (PC), Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Polyimide (PI), Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA), Polyoxymethylene (POM), Styrene Copolymers (ABS and SAN), End Use Industry (Aerospace, Automotive, Building and Construction, Electrical and Electronics, Industrial and Machinery, Packaging, and Others), and Region 2026-2034
South Korea engineering plastics market size reached USD 2.6 Billion in 2025. Looking forward, IMARC Group expects the market to reach USD 4.3 Billion by 2034, exhibiting a growth rate (CAGR) of 5.59 % during 2026-2034 . The escalating demand for lightweight automobiles and continual product innovations represent some of the key factors driving the market growth across the country.
Engineering plastics find broad application in the production of mechanical components, containers, and packaging materials. They serve as a favored alternative to metals and ceramics, primarily due to their lightweight nature. In addition to being lightweight, they exhibit outstanding load capacity, mechanical strength, thermal stability, and durability, all while providing flexibility in design. Common variants of engineering plastics include polyamides (PA), polycarbonates (PC), nylon 6, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), and polysulphone (PSU). These materials play a crucial role in the manufacturing of various products such as car bumpers, dashboard trims, ski boots, helmets, and optical discs, spanning multiple industries. Their versatility and performance make engineering plastics a preferred choice for applications where a combination of strength, durability, and design flexibility is essential.
SOUTH KOREA ENGINEERING PLASTICS MARKET TRENDS:
South Korea's engineering plastics market is propelled by a dynamic interplay of the escalating demands and local industry trends. With a robust manufacturing sector and technological advancements, the country is a key player in the engineering plastics landscape. Additionally, the automotive industry, a cornerstone of South Korea's economy, fuels the demand for lightweight, durable materials, making engineering plastics a preferred choice for components like car bumpers and dashboard trims. Besides this, the consumer electronics sector further drives innovation in engineering plastics, especially in products like ski boots, helmets, and optical discs, which is positively influencing the regional market. Moreover, a notable trend is the continuous research and development efforts focused on enhancing the properties of engineering plastics. Apart from this, South Korean companies invest in creating materials with improved mechanical strength, thermal stability, and design flexibility. The emphasis on sustainability aligns with the global shift towards eco-friendly practices, leading to the development of recyclable and environmentally conscious engineering plastics. As South Korea remains at the forefront of technological advancements, its engineering plastics market reflects a balance between traditional applications and innovative solutions, reinforcing its position in the evolving landscape. This, in turn, is expected to fuel the regional market over the forecasted period.
SOUTH KOREA ENGINEERING PLASTICS MARKET SEGMENTATION:
IMARC Group provides an analysis of the key trends in each segment of the market, along with forecasts at the country level for 2026-2034. Our report has categorized the market based on resin type and end use industry.
Resin Type Insights:
End Use Industry Insights:
Regional Insights:
COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE:
The market research report has also provided a comprehensive analysis of the competitive landscape in the market. Competitive analysis such as market structure, key player positioning, top winning strategies, competitive dashboard, and company evaluation quadrant has been covered in the report. Also, detailed profiles of all major companies have been provided. Some of the key players include:
KEY QUESTIONS ANSWERED IN THIS REPORT
How has the South Korea engineering plastics market performed so far and how will it perform in the coming years?
What has been the impact of COVID-19 on the South Korea engineering plastics market?
What is the breakup of the South Korea engineering plastics market on the basis of resin type?
What is the breakup of the South Korea engineering plastics market on the basis of end use industry?
What are the various stages in the value chain of the South Korea engineering plastics market?
What are the key driving factors and challenges in the South Korea engineering plastics?
What is the structure of the South Korea engineering plastics market and who are the key players?
What is the degree of competition in the South Korea engineering plastics market?
Engineering plastics find broad application in the production of mechanical components, containers, and packaging materials. They serve as a favored alternative to metals and ceramics, primarily due to their lightweight nature. In addition to being lightweight, they exhibit outstanding load capacity, mechanical strength, thermal stability, and durability, all while providing flexibility in design. Common variants of engineering plastics include polyamides (PA), polycarbonates (PC), nylon 6, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), and polysulphone (PSU). These materials play a crucial role in the manufacturing of various products such as car bumpers, dashboard trims, ski boots, helmets, and optical discs, spanning multiple industries. Their versatility and performance make engineering plastics a preferred choice for applications where a combination of strength, durability, and design flexibility is essential.
SOUTH KOREA ENGINEERING PLASTICS MARKET TRENDS:
South Korea's engineering plastics market is propelled by a dynamic interplay of the escalating demands and local industry trends. With a robust manufacturing sector and technological advancements, the country is a key player in the engineering plastics landscape. Additionally, the automotive industry, a cornerstone of South Korea's economy, fuels the demand for lightweight, durable materials, making engineering plastics a preferred choice for components like car bumpers and dashboard trims. Besides this, the consumer electronics sector further drives innovation in engineering plastics, especially in products like ski boots, helmets, and optical discs, which is positively influencing the regional market. Moreover, a notable trend is the continuous research and development efforts focused on enhancing the properties of engineering plastics. Apart from this, South Korean companies invest in creating materials with improved mechanical strength, thermal stability, and design flexibility. The emphasis on sustainability aligns with the global shift towards eco-friendly practices, leading to the development of recyclable and environmentally conscious engineering plastics. As South Korea remains at the forefront of technological advancements, its engineering plastics market reflects a balance between traditional applications and innovative solutions, reinforcing its position in the evolving landscape. This, in turn, is expected to fuel the regional market over the forecasted period.
SOUTH KOREA ENGINEERING PLASTICS MARKET SEGMENTATION:
IMARC Group provides an analysis of the key trends in each segment of the market, along with forecasts at the country level for 2026-2034. Our report has categorized the market based on resin type and end use industry.
Resin Type Insights:
- Fluoropolymer
- Ethylenetetrafluoroethylene (ETFE)
- Fluorinated Ethylene-propylene (FEP)
- Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
- Polyvinylfluoride (PVF)
- Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF)
- Others
- Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP)
- Polyamide (PA)
- Aramid
- Polyamide (PA) 6
- Polyamide (PA) 66
- Polyphthalamide
- Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT)
- Polycarbonate (PC)
- Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK)
- Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
- Polyimide (PI)
- Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA)
- Polyoxymethylene (POM)
- Styrene Copolymers (ABS and SAN)
End Use Industry Insights:
- Aerospace
- Automotive
- Building and Construction
- Electrical and Electronics
- Industrial and Machinery
- Packaging
Regional Insights:
- Seoul Capital Area
- Yeongnam (Southeastern Region)
- Honam (Southwestern Region)
- Hoseo (Central Region)
COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE:
The market research report has also provided a comprehensive analysis of the competitive landscape in the market. Competitive analysis such as market structure, key player positioning, top winning strategies, competitive dashboard, and company evaluation quadrant has been covered in the report. Also, detailed profiles of all major companies have been provided. Some of the key players include:
KEY QUESTIONS ANSWERED IN THIS REPORT
How has the South Korea engineering plastics market performed so far and how will it perform in the coming years?
What has been the impact of COVID-19 on the South Korea engineering plastics market?
What is the breakup of the South Korea engineering plastics market on the basis of resin type?
What is the breakup of the South Korea engineering plastics market on the basis of end use industry?
What are the various stages in the value chain of the South Korea engineering plastics market?
What are the key driving factors and challenges in the South Korea engineering plastics?
What is the structure of the South Korea engineering plastics market and who are the key players?
What is the degree of competition in the South Korea engineering plastics market?
1 PREFACE
2 SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY
2.1 Objectives of the Study
2.2 Stakeholders
2.3 Data Sources
2.3.1 Primary Sources
2.3.2 Secondary Sources
2.4 Market Estimation
2.4.1 Bottom-Up Approach
2.4.2 Top-Down Approach
2.5 Forecasting Methodology
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
4 SOUTH KOREA ENGINEERING PLASTICS MARKET - INTRODUCTION
4.1 Overview
4.2 Market Dynamics
4.3 Industry Trends
4.4 Competitive Intelligence
5 SOUTH KOREA ENGINEERING PLASTICS MARKET LANDSCAPE
5.1 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
5.2 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
6 SOUTH KOREA ENGINEERING PLASTICS MARKET - BREAKUP BY RESIN TYPE
6.1 Fluoropolymer
6.1.1 Overview
6.1.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
6.1.3 Market Segmentation
6.1.3.1 Ethylenetetrafluoroethylene (ETFE)
6.1.3.2 Fluorinated Ethylene-propylene (FEP)
6.1.3.3 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
6.1.3.4 Polyvinylfluoride (PVF)
6.1.3.5 Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF)
6.1.3.6 Others
6.1.4 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
6.2 Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP)
6.2.1 Overview
6.2.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
6.2.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
6.3 Polyamide (PA)
6.3.1 Overview
6.3.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
6.3.3 Market Segmentation
6.3.3.1 Aramid
6.3.3.2 Polyamide (PA)
6.3.3.3 Polyamide (PA)
6.3.3.4 Polyphthalamide
6.3.4 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
6.4 Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT)
6.4.1 Overview
6.4.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
6.4.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
6.5 Polycarbonate (PC)
6.5.1 Overview
6.5.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
6.5.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
6.6 Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK)
6.6.1 Overview
6.6.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
6.6.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
6.7 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
6.7.1 Overview
6.7.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
6.7.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
6.8 Polyimide (PI)
6.8.1 Overview
6.8.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
6.8.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
6.9 Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA)
6.9.1 Overview
6.9.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
6.9.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
6.10 Polyoxymethylene (POM)
6.10.1 Overview
6.10.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
6.10.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
6.11 Styrene Copolymers (ABS and SAN)
6.11.1 Overview
6.11.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
6.11.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
7 SOUTH KOREA ENGINEERING PLASTICS MARKET - BREAKUP BY END USE INDUSTRY
7.1 Aerospace
7.1.1 Overview
7.1.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
7.1.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
7.2 Automotive
7.2.1 Overview
7.2.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
7.2.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
7.3 Building and Construction
7.3.1 Overview
7.3.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
7.3.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
7.4 Electrical and Electronics
7.4.1 Overview
7.4.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
7.4.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
7.5 Industrial and Machinery
7.5.1 Overview
7.5.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
7.5.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
7.6 Packaging
7.6.1 Overview
7.6.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
7.6.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
7.6 Others
7.7.1 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
7.7.2 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
8 SOUTH KOREA ENGINEERING PLASTICS MARKET – BREAKUP BY REGION
8.1 Seoul Capital Area
8.1.1 Overview
8.1.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
8.1.3 Market Breakup by Resin Type
8.1.4 Market Breakup by End Use Industry
8.1.5 Key Players
8.1.6 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
8.2 Yeongnam (Southeastern Region)
8.2.1 Overview
8.2.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
8.2.3 Market Breakup by Resin Type
8.2.4 Market Breakup by End Use Industry
8.2.5 Key Players
8.2.6 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
8.3 Honam (Southwestern Region)
8.3.1 Overview
8.3.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
8.3.3 Market Breakup by Resin Type
8.3.4 Market Breakup by End Use Industry
8.3.5 Key Players
8.3.6 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
8.4 Hoseo (Central Region)
8.4.1 Overview
8.4.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
8.4.3 Market Breakup by Resin Type
8.4.4 Market Breakup by End Use Industry
8.4.5 Key Players
8.4.6 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
8.5 Others
8.5.1 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
8.5.2 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
9 SOUTH KOREA ENGINEERING PLASTICS MARKET – COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
9.1 Overview
9.2 Market Structure
9.3 Market Player Positioning
9.4 Top Winning Strategies
9.5 Competitive Dashboard
9.6 Company Evaluation Quadrant
10 PROFILES OF KEY PLAYERS
10.1 INEOS Group
10.1.1 Business Overview
10.1.2 Product Portfolio
10.1.3 Business Strategies
10.1.4 SWOT Analysis
10.1.5 Major News and Events
10.2 Kolon Industries Inc.
10.2.1 Business Overview
10.2.2 Product Portfolio
10.2.3 Business Strategies
10.2.4 SWOT Analysis
10.2.5 Major News and Events
10.3 Korea Engineering Plastics Co. Ltd.
10.3.1 Business Overview
10.3.2 Product Portfolio
10.3.3 Business Strategies
10.3.4 SWOT Analysis
10.3.5 Major News and Events
10.4 Kumho Petrochemical
10.4.1 Business Overview
10.4.2 Product Portfolio
10.4.3 Business Strategies
10.4.4 SWOT Analysis
10.4.5 Major News and Events
10.5 LG Chem (LG Corp)
10.5.1 Business Overview
10.5.2 Product Portfolio
10.5.3 Business Strategies
10.5.4 SWOT Analysis
10.5.5 Major News and Events
10.6 Lotte Chemical Corporation (Lotte Corporation)
10.6.1 Business Overview
10.6.2 Product Portfolio
10.6.3 Business Strategies
10.6.4 SWOT Analysis
10.6.5 Major News and Events
10.7 Samyang Corporation
10.7.1 Business Overview
10.7.2 Product Portfolio
10.7.3 Business Strategies
10.7.4 SWOT Analysis
10.7.5 Major News and Events
11 SOUTH KOREA ENGINEERING PLASTICS MARKET - INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
11.1 Drivers, Restraints, and Opportunities
11.1.1 Overview
11.1.2 Drivers
11.1.3 Restraints
11.1.4 Opportunities
11.2 Porters Five Forces Analysis
11.2.1 Overview
11.2.2 Bargaining Power of Buyers
11.2.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
11.2.4 Degree of Competition
11.2.5 Threat of New Entrants
11.2.6 Threat of Substitutes
11.3 Value Chain Analysis
12 APPENDIX
2 SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY
2.1 Objectives of the Study
2.2 Stakeholders
2.3 Data Sources
2.3.1 Primary Sources
2.3.2 Secondary Sources
2.4 Market Estimation
2.4.1 Bottom-Up Approach
2.4.2 Top-Down Approach
2.5 Forecasting Methodology
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
4 SOUTH KOREA ENGINEERING PLASTICS MARKET - INTRODUCTION
4.1 Overview
4.2 Market Dynamics
4.3 Industry Trends
4.4 Competitive Intelligence
5 SOUTH KOREA ENGINEERING PLASTICS MARKET LANDSCAPE
5.1 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
5.2 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
6 SOUTH KOREA ENGINEERING PLASTICS MARKET - BREAKUP BY RESIN TYPE
6.1 Fluoropolymer
6.1.1 Overview
6.1.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
6.1.3 Market Segmentation
6.1.3.1 Ethylenetetrafluoroethylene (ETFE)
6.1.3.2 Fluorinated Ethylene-propylene (FEP)
6.1.3.3 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
6.1.3.4 Polyvinylfluoride (PVF)
6.1.3.5 Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF)
6.1.3.6 Others
6.1.4 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
6.2 Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP)
6.2.1 Overview
6.2.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
6.2.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
6.3 Polyamide (PA)
6.3.1 Overview
6.3.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
6.3.3 Market Segmentation
6.3.3.1 Aramid
6.3.3.2 Polyamide (PA)
6.3.3.3 Polyamide (PA)
6.3.3.4 Polyphthalamide
6.3.4 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
6.4 Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT)
6.4.1 Overview
6.4.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
6.4.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
6.5 Polycarbonate (PC)
6.5.1 Overview
6.5.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
6.5.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
6.6 Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK)
6.6.1 Overview
6.6.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
6.6.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
6.7 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
6.7.1 Overview
6.7.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
6.7.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
6.8 Polyimide (PI)
6.8.1 Overview
6.8.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
6.8.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
6.9 Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA)
6.9.1 Overview
6.9.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
6.9.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
6.10 Polyoxymethylene (POM)
6.10.1 Overview
6.10.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
6.10.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
6.11 Styrene Copolymers (ABS and SAN)
6.11.1 Overview
6.11.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
6.11.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
7 SOUTH KOREA ENGINEERING PLASTICS MARKET - BREAKUP BY END USE INDUSTRY
7.1 Aerospace
7.1.1 Overview
7.1.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
7.1.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
7.2 Automotive
7.2.1 Overview
7.2.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
7.2.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
7.3 Building and Construction
7.3.1 Overview
7.3.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
7.3.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
7.4 Electrical and Electronics
7.4.1 Overview
7.4.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
7.4.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
7.5 Industrial and Machinery
7.5.1 Overview
7.5.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
7.5.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
7.6 Packaging
7.6.1 Overview
7.6.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
7.6.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
7.6 Others
7.7.1 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
7.7.2 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
8 SOUTH KOREA ENGINEERING PLASTICS MARKET – BREAKUP BY REGION
8.1 Seoul Capital Area
8.1.1 Overview
8.1.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
8.1.3 Market Breakup by Resin Type
8.1.4 Market Breakup by End Use Industry
8.1.5 Key Players
8.1.6 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
8.2 Yeongnam (Southeastern Region)
8.2.1 Overview
8.2.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
8.2.3 Market Breakup by Resin Type
8.2.4 Market Breakup by End Use Industry
8.2.5 Key Players
8.2.6 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
8.3 Honam (Southwestern Region)
8.3.1 Overview
8.3.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
8.3.3 Market Breakup by Resin Type
8.3.4 Market Breakup by End Use Industry
8.3.5 Key Players
8.3.6 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
8.4 Hoseo (Central Region)
8.4.1 Overview
8.4.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
8.4.3 Market Breakup by Resin Type
8.4.4 Market Breakup by End Use Industry
8.4.5 Key Players
8.4.6 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
8.5 Others
8.5.1 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
8.5.2 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
9 SOUTH KOREA ENGINEERING PLASTICS MARKET – COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
9.1 Overview
9.2 Market Structure
9.3 Market Player Positioning
9.4 Top Winning Strategies
9.5 Competitive Dashboard
9.6 Company Evaluation Quadrant
10 PROFILES OF KEY PLAYERS
10.1 INEOS Group
10.1.1 Business Overview
10.1.2 Product Portfolio
10.1.3 Business Strategies
10.1.4 SWOT Analysis
10.1.5 Major News and Events
10.2 Kolon Industries Inc.
10.2.1 Business Overview
10.2.2 Product Portfolio
10.2.3 Business Strategies
10.2.4 SWOT Analysis
10.2.5 Major News and Events
10.3 Korea Engineering Plastics Co. Ltd.
10.3.1 Business Overview
10.3.2 Product Portfolio
10.3.3 Business Strategies
10.3.4 SWOT Analysis
10.3.5 Major News and Events
10.4 Kumho Petrochemical
10.4.1 Business Overview
10.4.2 Product Portfolio
10.4.3 Business Strategies
10.4.4 SWOT Analysis
10.4.5 Major News and Events
10.5 LG Chem (LG Corp)
10.5.1 Business Overview
10.5.2 Product Portfolio
10.5.3 Business Strategies
10.5.4 SWOT Analysis
10.5.5 Major News and Events
10.6 Lotte Chemical Corporation (Lotte Corporation)
10.6.1 Business Overview
10.6.2 Product Portfolio
10.6.3 Business Strategies
10.6.4 SWOT Analysis
10.6.5 Major News and Events
10.7 Samyang Corporation
10.7.1 Business Overview
10.7.2 Product Portfolio
10.7.3 Business Strategies
10.7.4 SWOT Analysis
10.7.5 Major News and Events
11 SOUTH KOREA ENGINEERING PLASTICS MARKET - INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
11.1 Drivers, Restraints, and Opportunities
11.1.1 Overview
11.1.2 Drivers
11.1.3 Restraints
11.1.4 Opportunities
11.2 Porters Five Forces Analysis
11.2.1 Overview
11.2.2 Bargaining Power of Buyers
11.2.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
11.2.4 Degree of Competition
11.2.5 Threat of New Entrants
11.2.6 Threat of Substitutes
11.3 Value Chain Analysis
12 APPENDIX
