Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market 2022-2031 by Product Category (Drugs, Devices, Procedures), Phase (I, II, III, IV), Design (Interventional, Observational, Expanded Access), Service Type (Site Identification, Lab Services, Supply & Logistic, Decentralized Services), Indication (Oncology, Infectious Diseases, Cardiology, Obesity, Diabetes, Neurology), End User, and Country: Trend Forecast and Growth Opportunity

April 2023 | 186 pages | ID: ACA52B8524A9EN
GMD Research

Abstracts

Asia Pacific clinical trials market will grow by 8.4% annually with a total addressable market cap of $97,110.8 million over 2023-2031, driven by the increasing number of clinical trials and increase in demand for novel therapies, rising prevalence on chronic diseases such as cancer and diabetes, the outbreak of tropical and infectious diseases such as COVID-19, and the increase in government initiatives and R&D investments.

Highlighted with 99 tables and 79 figures, this 186-page report “Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market 2022-2031 by Product Category (Drugs, Devices, Procedures), Phase (I, II, III, IV), Design (Interventional, Observational, Expanded Access), Service Type (Site Identification, Lab Services, Supply & Logistic, Decentralized Services), Indication (Oncology, Infectious Diseases, Cardiology, Obesity, Diabetes, Neurology), End User, and Country: Trend Forecast and Growth Opportunity” is based on a comprehensive research of the entire Asia Pacific clinical trials market and all its sub-segments through extensively detailed classifications. Profound analysis and assessment are generated from premium primary and secondary information sources with inputs derived from industry professionals across the value chain. The report is based on studies on 2021-2022 and provides forecast from 2023 till 2031 with 2022 as the base year. (Please note: The report will be updated before delivery so that the latest historical year is the base year and the forecast covers at least 5 years over the base year.)

In-depth qualitative analyses include identification and investigation of the following aspects:

• Market Structure
• Growth Drivers
• Restraints and Challenges
• Emerging Product Trends & Market Opportunities
• Porter’s Fiver Forces

The trend and outlook of Asia Pacific market is forecast in optimistic, balanced, and conservative view by taking into account of COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine conflict. The balanced (most likely) projection is used to quantify Asia Pacific clinical trials market in every aspect of the classification from perspectives of Product Category, Phase, Design, Service Type, Indication, End User, and Country.

Based on Product Category, the Asia Pacific market is segmented into the following sub-markets with annual revenue ($ mn) for 2022-2031 included in each section.

• Trials of Drugs
• Small Molecule Drugs
• Vaccines
• Cell & Gene Therapy
• Other Drugs
• Trials of Devices
• Trials of Procedures

Based on Phase, the Asia Pacific market is segmented into the following sub-markets with annual revenue ($ mn) for 2022-2031 included in each section.

• Phase I
• Phase II
• Phase III
• Phase IV

By Design, the Asia Pacific market is segmented into the following sub-markets with annual revenue ($ mn) for 2022-2031 included in each section.

• Interventional Studies
• Randomized Control Trial
• Adaptive Clinical Trial
• Non-randomized Control Trial
• Observational Studies
• Cohort Study
• Case Control Study
• Cross Sectional Study
• Ecological Study
• Expanded Access Trials

By Service Type, the Asia Pacific market is segmented into the following sub-markets with annual revenue ($ mn) for 2022-2031 included in each section.

• Protocol Designing
• Site Identification
• Patient Recruitment
• Laboratory Services
• Bioanalytical Testing Services
• Clinical Trial Data Management Services
• Clinical Trial Supply & Logistic Services
• Decentralized Clinical Trial Services
• Medical Device Testing Services
• Other Clinical Trial Services

By Indication, the Asia Pacific market is segmented into the following sub-markets with annual revenue ($ mn) for 2022-2031 included in each section.

• Oncology
• Infectious Diseases
• Cardiology
• Obesity
• Diabetes
• Neurology
• Immunology
• Pain Management
• Other Indications

By End User, the Asia Pacific market is segmented into the following sub-markets with annual revenue ($ mn) for 2022-2031 included in each section.

• Pharmaceutical and Biotechnological Companies
• Clinical Research Organizations
• Clinical Testing Laboratories
• Other End Users

Geographically, the following national/local markets are fully investigated:

• Japan
• China
• South Korea
• Australia
• India
• Rest of APAC (further segmented into Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand, New Zealand, Vietnam, Taiwan, and Philippines)

For each key country, detailed analysis and data for annual revenue ($ mn) are available for 2022-2031. The breakdown of each national market by Phase, Design, and Indication over the forecast years are also included.

The report also covers the current competitive scenario and the predicted trend; and profiles key vendors including market leaders and important emerging players.

Selected Key Players:

Accell Clinical Research LLC

Charles River Laboratories

ClinDatrix Inc

Clinipace

Eli Lilly and Company

F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.

ICON PLC

IQVIA Holdings, Inc.

Laboratory Corporation of America (Covance Inc.)

Novo Nordisk AS

PAREXEL International Corporation

Pfizer Inc.

Pharmaceutical Product Development LLC

PhlexAsia Pacific

PRA Health Sciences

Sanofi SA

SGS SA (SGS Life Sciences)

Syneos Health Inc.

Wuxi AppTec Inc.

(Please note: The report will be updated before delivery so that the latest historical year is the base year and the forecast covers at least 5 years over the base year.)

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Industry Definition and Research Scope
  1.1.1 Industry Definition
  1.1.2 Research Scope
1.2 Research Methodology
  1.2.1 Overview of Market Research Methodology
  1.2.2 Market Assumption
  1.2.3 Secondary Data
  1.2.4 Primary Data
  1.2.5 Data Filtration and Model Design
  1.2.6 Market Size/Share Estimation
  1.2.7 Research Limitations
1.3 Executive Summary

2 MARKET OVERVIEW AND DYNAMICS

2.1 Market Size and Forecast
  2.1.1 Impact of COVID-19 on World Economy
  2.1.2 Impact of COVID-19 on the Market
  2.1.3 Impact of Russia-Ukraine Conflict: War Slows Economic Recovery
2.2 Major Growth Drivers
2.3 Market Restraints and Challenges
2.4 Emerging Opportunities and Market Trends
2.5 Porter’s Fiver Forces Analysis

3 SEGMENTATION OF ASIA PACIFIC MARKET BY PRODUCT CATEGORY

3.1 Market Overview by Product Category
3.2 Trials of Drugs
  3.2.1 Small Molecule Drugs
  3.2.2 Vaccines
  3.2.3 Cell & Gene Therapy
  3.2.4 Other Drugs
3.3 Trials of Devices
3.4 Trials of Procedures

4 SEGMENTATION OF ASIA PACIFIC MARKET BY PHASE

4.1 Market Overview by Phase
4.2 Phase I
4.3 Phase II
4.4 Phase III
4.5 Phase IV

5 SEGMENTATION OF ASIA PACIFIC MARKET BY DESIGN

5.1 Market Overview by Design
5.2 Interventional Studies
  5.2.1 Randomized Control Trial
  5.2.2 Adaptive Clinical Trial
  5.2.3 Non-randomized Control Trial
5.3 Observational Studies
  5.3.1 Cohort Study
  5.3.2 Case Control Study
  5.3.3 Cross Sectional Study
  5.3.4 Ecological Study
5.4 Expanded Access Trials

6 SEGMENTATION OF ASIA PACIFIC MARKET BY SERVICE TYPE

6.1 Market Overview by Service Type
6.2 Protocol Designing
6.3 Site Identification
6.4 Patient Recruitment
6.5 Laboratory Services
6.6 Bioanalytical Testing Services
6.7 Clinical Trial Data Management Services
6.8 Clinical Trial Supply & Logistic Services
6.9 Decentralized Clinical Trial Services
6.10 Medical Device Testing Services
6.11 Other Clinical Trial Services

7 SEGMENTATION OF ASIA PACIFIC MARKET BY INDICATION

7.1 Market Overview by Indication
7.2 Oncology
7.3 Infectious Diseases
7.4 Cardiology
7.5 Obesity
7.6 Diabetes
7.7 Neurology
7.8 Immunology
7.9 Pain Management
7.10 Other Indications

8 SEGMENTATION OF ASIA PACIFIC MARKET BY END USER

8.1 Market Overview by End User
8.2 Pharmaceutical and Biotechnological Companies
8.3 Clinical Research Organizations
8.4 Clinical Testing Laboratories
8.5 Other End Users

9 ASIA-PACIFIC MARKET 2021-2031 BY COUNTRY

9.1 Overview of Asia-Pacific Market
9.2 Japan
9.3 China
9.4 Australia
9.5 India
9.6 South Korea
9.7 Rest of APAC Region

10 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE

10.1 Overview of Key Vendors
10.2 New Product Launch, Partnership, Investment, and M&A
10.3 Company Profiles
Accell Clinical Research LLC
Charles River Laboratories
ClinDatrix Inc
Clinipace
Eli Lilly and Company
F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.
ICON PLC
IQVIA Holdings, Inc.
Laboratory Corporation of America (Covance Inc.)
Novo Nordisk AS
PAREXEL International Corporation
Pfizer Inc.
Pharmaceutical Product Development LLC
Phlexglobal
PRA Health Sciences
Sanofi SA
SGS SA (SGS Life Sciences)
Syneos Health Inc.
Wuxi AppTec Inc.
RELATED REPORTS

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES:

Table 1. Snapshot of Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market in Balanced Perspective, 2022-2031
Table 2. Total Number of Registered Clinical Studies Worldwide, 2010-2021
Table 3. World Economic Outlook, 2021-2031
Table 4. World Economic Outlook, 2021-2023
Table 5. Scenarios for Economic Impact of Ukraine Crisis
Table 6. World Health Spending by Region, $ bn, 2013-2020
Table 7. Main Product Trends and Market Opportunities in Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market
Table 8. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Product Category, 2021-2031, $ mn
Table 9. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market: Trials of Drugs by Drug Type, 2021-2031, $ mn
Table 10. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Phase, 2021-2031, $ mn
Table 11. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Design, 2021-2031, $ mn
Table 12. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market: Interventional Studies by Segment, 2021-2031, $ mn
Table 13. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market: Observational Studies by Segment, 2021-2031, $ mn
Table 14. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Service Type, 2021-2031, $ mn
Table 15. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Indication, 2021-2031, $ mn
Table 16. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by End User, 2021-2031, $ mn
Table 17. APAC Clinical Trials Market by Country, 2021-2031, $ mn
Table 18. Japan Clinical Trials Market by Phase, 2021-2031, $ mn
Table 19. Japan Clinical Trials Market by Design, 2021-2031, $ mn
Table 20. Japan Clinical Trials Market by Indication, 2021-2031, $ mn
Table 21. China Clinical Trials Market by Phase, 2021-2031, $ mn
Table 22. China Clinical Trials Market by Design, 2021-2031, $ mn
Table 23. China Clinical Trials Market by Indication, 2021-2031, $ mn
Table 24. Australia Clinical Trials Market by Phase, 2021-2031, $ mn
Table 25. Australia Clinical Trials Market by Design, 2021-2031, $ mn
Table 26. Australia Clinical Trials Market by Indication, 2021-2031, $ mn
Table 27. India Clinical Trials Market by Phase, 2021-2031, $ mn
Table 28. India Clinical Trials Market by Design, 2021-2031, $ mn
Table 29. India Clinical Trials Market by Indication, 2021-2031, $ mn
Table 30. South Korea Clinical Trials Market by Phase, 2021-2031, $ mn
Table 31. South Korea Clinical Trials Market by Design, 2021-2031, $ mn
Table 32. South Korea Clinical Trials Market by Indication, 2021-2031, $ mn
Table 33. Clinical Trials Market in Rest of APAC by Country/Region, 2021-2031, $ mn
Table 34. Percentage of Registered Studies by Location (as of February 24, 2022)
Table 35. Percentage of Recruiting Studies by Location (as of February 24, 2022)
Table 36. Accell Clinical Research LLC: Company Snapshot
Table 37. Accell Clinical Research LLC: Business Segmentation
Table 38. Accell Clinical Research LLC: Product Portfolio
Table 39. Charles River Laboratories: Company Snapshot
Table 40. Charles River Laboratories: Product Portfolio
Table 41. Charles River Laboratories: Breakdown of Revenue by Division
Table 42. Charles River Laboratories: Breakdown of Revenue by Region
Table 43. ClinDatrix Inc: Company Snapshot
Table 44. Clinipace: Company Snapshot
Table 45. Clinipace: Product Portfolio
Table 46. Eli Lilly and Company: Company Snapshot
Table 47. Eli Lilly and Company: Pharmaceutical Brands
Table 48. Eli Lilly and Company: Clinical Trial Service
Table 49. Eli Lilly and Company: Breakdown of Revenue by Therapeutic Area
Table 50. Eli Lilly and Company: Breakdown of Revenue by Region
Table 51. F. Hoffmann-La Roche: Company Snapshot
Table 52. F. Hoffmann-La Roche: Clinical Trial Service
Table 53. F. Hoffmann-La Roche: Business Segmentation
Table 54. F. Hoffmann-La Roche: Revenue by Region
Table 55. ICON Plc: Company Snapshot
Table 56. ICON Plc: Business Segmentation
Table 57. ICON Plc: Product Portfolio
Table 58. ICON Plc: Revenue by Region, 2020, %
Table 59. IQVIA Holdings Inc.: Company Snapshot
Table 60. IQVIA Holdings Inc.: Business Segmentation
Table 61. IQVIA Holdings Inc.: Revenue by Region, 2020, %
Table 62. IQVIA Holdings Inc.: Product Portfolio
Table 63. Covance Inc.: Company Snapshot
Table 64. Covance Inc.: Product Portfolio
Table 65. Covance Inc.: Revenue by Region, 2020, %
Table 66. Novo Nordisk: Company Snapshot
Table 67. Novo Nordisk: Product Portfolio
Table 68. Novo Nordisk: Breakdown of Revenue by Business Segment
Table 69. Novo Nordisk: Breakdown of Revenue by Region
Table 70. PAREXEL International Corporation: Company Snapshot
Table 71. PAREXEL International Corporation: Business Segmentation
Table 72. PAREXEL International Corporation: Revenue by Region, 2018, %
Table 73. PAREXEL International Corporation: Product Portfolio
Table 74. Pfizer Inc.: Company Snapshot
Table 75. Pfizer Inc.: Business Segmentation
Table 76. Pfizer Inc.: Breakdown of Revenue by Product Category
Table 77. Pfizer Inc.: Breakdown of Revenue by Region
Table 78. Pfizer Inc.: Product Portfolio
Table 79. Pfizer Inc.: Revenue, 2018-2020, $ bn
Table 80. Pharmaceutical Product Development LLC (PPD): Company Snapshot
Table 81. Pharmaceutical Product Development LLC (PPD): Breakdown of Revenue by Division
Table 82. Pharmaceutical Product Development LLC (PPD): Breakdown of Revenue by Region
Table 83. Phlexglobal: Company Snapshot
Table 84. PRA Health Sciences Inc.: Company Snapshot
Table 85. PRA Health Sciences Inc.: Business Segmentation
Table 86. PRA Health Sciences Inc.: Revenue by Region, 2018, %
Table 87. Sanofi: Company Snapshot
Table 88. Sanofi: Business Segmentation
Table 89. Sanofi: Breakdown of Revenue by Region
Table 90. SGS SA (SGS Life Sciences): Company Snapshot
Table 91. SGS SA (SGS Life Sciences): Business Segmentation
Table 92. SGS SA (SGS Life Sciences): Revenue by Region, 2018, %
Table 93. Syneos Health Inc.: Company Snapshot
Table 94. Syneos Health Inc.: Business Segmentation
Table 95. Syneos Health Inc.: Revenue by Region, 2020, %
Table 96. WuXi AppTec Inc.: Company Snapshot

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES:

Figure 1. Research Method Flow Chart
Figure 2. Bottom-up Approach and Top-down Approach for Market Estimation
Figure 3. Asia Pacific Market Forecast in Optimistic, Conservative and Balanced Perspectives, 2022-2031
Figure 4. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 5. Impact of COVID-19 on Business
Figure 6. Primary Drivers and Impact Factors of Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market
Figure 7. Percentage of Trial Participants by Country, 2015-2019
Figure 8. Leading Causes of Death in the World, 2000 and 2019, million
Figure 9. Worldwide Geriatric Population (60 years and above) by Regions, 2015 & 2030, million
Figure 10. World Population 65 and Over, % of Total Population, 1950-2060
Figure 11. Primary Restraints and Impact Factors of Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market
Figure 12. Investment Opportunity Analysis
Figure 13. Porter’s Fiver Forces Analysis of Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market
Figure 14. Breakdown of Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Product Category, 2021-2031, % of Revenue
Figure 15. Asia Pacific Addressable Market Cap in 2023-2031 by Product Category, Value ($ mn) and Share (%)
Figure 16. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Product Category: Trials of Drugs, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 17. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Trials of Drugs: Small Molecule Drugs, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 18. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Trials of Drugs: Vaccines, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 19. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Trials of Drugs: Cell & Gene Therapy, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 20. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Trials of Drugs: Other Drugs, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 21. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Product Category: Trials of Devices, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 22. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Product Category: Trials of Procedures, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 23. Breakdown of Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Phase, 2021-2031, % of Sales Revenue
Figure 24. Asia Pacific Addressable Market Cap in 2023-2031 by Phase, Value ($ mn) and Share (%)
Figure 25. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Phase: Phase I, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 26. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Phase: Phase II, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 27. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Phase: Phase III, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 28. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Phase: Phase IV, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 29. Breakdown of Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Design, 2021-2031, % of Sales Revenue
Figure 30. Asia Pacific Addressable Market Cap in 2023-2031 by Design, Value ($ mn) and Share (%)
Figure 31. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Design: Interventional Studies, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 32. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Interventional Studies: Randomized Control Trial, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 33. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Interventional Studies: Adaptive Clinical Trial, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 34. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Interventional Studies: Non-randomized Control Trial, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 35. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Design: Observational Studies, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 36. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Observational Studies: Cohort Study, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 37. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Observational Studies: Case Control Study, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 38. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Observational Studies: Cross Sectional Study, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 39. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Observational Studies: Ecological Study, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 40. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Design: Expanded Access Trials, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 41. Breakdown of Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Service Type, 2021-2031, % of Revenue
Figure 42. Asia Pacific Addressable Market Cap in 2023-2031 by Service Type, Value ($ mn) and Share (%)
Figure 43. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Service Type: Protocol Designing, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 44. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Service Type: Site Identification, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 45. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Service Type: Patient Recruitment, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 46. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Service Type: Laboratory Services, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 47. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Service Type: Bioanalytical Testing Services, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 48. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Service Type: Clinical Trial Data Management Services, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 49. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Service Type: Clinical Trial Supply & Logistic Services, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 50. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Service Type: Decentralized Clinical Trial Services, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 51. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Service Type: Medical Device Testing Services, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 52. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Service Type: Other Clinical Trial Services, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 53. Breakdown of Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Indication, 2021-2031, % of Revenue
Figure 54. Asia Pacific Addressable Market Cap in 2023-2031 by Indication, Value ($ mn) and Share (%)
Figure 55. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Indication: Oncology, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 56. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Indication: Infectious Diseases, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 57. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Indication: Cardiology, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 58. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Indication: Obesity, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 59. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Indication: Diabetes, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 60. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Indication: Neurology, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 61. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Indication: Immunology, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 62. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Indication: Pain Management, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 63. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by Indication: Other Indications, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 64. Breakdown of Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by End User, 2021-2031, % of Revenue
Figure 65. Asia Pacific Addressable Market Cap in 2023-2031 by End User, Value ($ mn) and Share (%)
Figure 66. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by End User: Pharmaceutical and Biotechnological Companies, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 67. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by End User: Clinical Research Organizations, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 68. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by End User: Clinical Testing Laboratories, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 69. Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Market by End User: Other End Users, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 70. Breakdown of APAC Clinical Trials Market by Country, 2022 and 2031, % of Revenue
Figure 71. Contribution to APAC 2023-2031 Cumulative Market by Country, Value ($ mn) and Share (%)
Figure 72. Clinical Trials Market in Japan, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 73. Clinical Trials Market in China, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 74. Clinical Trials Market in Australia, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 75. Clinical Trials Market in India, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 76. Clinical Trials Market in South Korea, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 77. Clinical Trials Market in Rest of APAC, 2021-2031, $ mn
Figure 78. Growth Stage of Asia Pacific Clinical Trials Industry over the Forecast Period