China Nonstick Cooker Market Research Report 2018

February 2018 | 112 pages | ID: C14F50AD175QEN
QYResearch

Abstracts

The global Nonstick Cooker market is valued at XX million USD in 2016 and is expected to reach XX million USD by the end of 2022, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2016 and 2022.

China plays an important role in global market, with market size of xx million USD in 2016 and will be xx million USD in 2022, with a CAGR of xx%.

This report studies the Nonstick Cooker development status and future trend in China, focuses on top players in China, also splits Nonstick Cooker by type and by applications, to fully and deeply research and reveal the market general situation and future forecast.

The major players in China market include

• SEB
• Meyer Corporation
• NEWELL
• Berndes
• Maspion
• The Cookware Company
• Neoflam
• TTK Prestige
• Hawkins Cookers
• Cuisinart
• Le Creuset
• Cinsa
• China ASD
• Nanlong
• Sanhe Kitchenware
• Cooker King
• TianXi Holding Group

Geographically, this report splits the China market into six regions,

• South China
• East China
• Southwest China
• Northeast China
• North China
• Central China
• Northwest China

On the basis of product, this report displays the sales volume (K Units), revenue (Million USD), product price (USD/Unit), market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into

• Teflon Coated
• Anodized Aluminum Coated
• Enameled Iron Coated
• Ceramic Coating
• Others

On the basis of the end users/application, this report covers

• Commercial
• Residential

If you have any special requirements, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want.

Contents

China Nonstick Cooker Market Research Report 2017

1 NONSTICK COOKER OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Nonstick Cooker
1.2 Classification of Nonstick Cooker by Product Category
  1.2.1 China Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units) Comparison by Type (2012-2022)
  1.2.2 China Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units) Market Share by Type in 2016
  1.2.3 Teflon Coated
  1.2.4 Anodized Aluminum Coated
  1.2.5 Enameled Iron Coated
  1.2.6 Ceramic Coating
  1.2.7 Others
1.3 China Nonstick Cooker Market by Application/End Users
  1.3.1 China Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units) and Market Share Comparison by Applications (2012-2022)
  1.3.2 Commercial
  1.3.3 Residential
1.4 China Nonstick Cooker Market by Region
  1.4.1 China Nonstick Cooker Market Size (Million USD) Comparison by Region (2012-2022)
  1.4.2 South China Nonstick Cooker Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.3 East China Nonstick Cooker Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.4 Southwest China Nonstick Cooker Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.5 Northeast China Nonstick Cooker Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.6 North China Nonstick Cooker Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.7 Central China Nonstick Cooker Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
1.5 China Market Size (Sales and Revenue) of Nonstick Cooker (2012-2022)
  1.5.1 China Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2022)
  1.5.2 China Nonstick Cooker Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2022)

2 CHINA NONSTICK COOKER MARKET COMPETITION BY PLAYERS/MANUFACTURERS

2.1 China Nonstick Cooker Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
2.2 China Nonstick Cooker Revenue and Share by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
2.3 China Nonstick Cooker Average Price (USD/Unit) by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
2.4 China Nonstick Cooker Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  2.4.1 China Nonstick Cooker Market Concentration Rate
  2.4.2 China Nonstick Cooker Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Manufacturers
  2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in China Market
2.5 China Players/Manufacturers Nonstick Cooker Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Types

3 CHINA NONSTICK COOKER SALES AND REVENUE BY REGION (2012-2017)

3.1 China Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.2 China Nonstick Cooker Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.3 China Nonstick Cooker Price (USD/Unit) by Regions (2012-2017)

4 CHINA NONSTICK COOKER SALES AND REVENUE BY TYPE/ PRODUCT CATEGORY (2012-2017)

4.1 China Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units) and Market Share by Type/ Product Category (2012-2017)
4.2 China Nonstick Cooker Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
4.3 China Nonstick Cooker Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2012-2017)
4.4 China Nonstick Cooker Sales Growth Rate (%) by Type (2012-2017)

5 CHINA NONSTICK COOKER SALES BY APPLICATION (2012-2017)

5.1 China Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units) and Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
5.2 China Nonstick Cooker Sales Growth Rate (%) by Application (2012-2017)
5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 CHINA NONSTICK COOKER PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS PROFILES AND SALES DATA

6.1 SEB
  6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.1.2 Nonstick Cooker Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.1.2.1 Product A
    6.1.2.2 Product B
  6.1.3 SEB Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.2 Meyer Corporation
  6.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.2.2 Nonstick Cooker Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.2.2.1 Product A
    6.2.2.2 Product B
  6.2.3 Meyer Corporation Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.3 NEWELL
  6.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.3.2 Nonstick Cooker Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.3.2.1 Product A
    6.3.2.2 Product B
  6.3.3 NEWELL Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.4 Berndes
  6.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.4.2 Nonstick Cooker Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.4.2.1 Product A
    6.4.2.2 Product B
  6.4.3 Berndes Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.5 Maspion
  6.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.5.2 Nonstick Cooker Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.5.2.1 Product A
    6.5.2.2 Product B
  6.5.3 Maspion Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.6 The Cookware Company
  6.6.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.6.2 Nonstick Cooker Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.6.2.1 Product A
    6.6.2.2 Product B
  6.6.3 The Cookware Company Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.7 Neoflam
  6.7.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.7.2 Nonstick Cooker Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.7.2.1 Product A
    6.7.2.2 Product B
  6.7.3 Neoflam Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.8 TTK Prestige
  6.8.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.8.2 Nonstick Cooker Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.8.2.1 Product A
    6.8.2.2 Product B
  6.8.3 TTK Prestige Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.9 Hawkins Cookers
  6.9.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.9.2 Nonstick Cooker Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.9.2.1 Product A
    6.9.2.2 Product B
  6.9.3 Hawkins Cookers Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.10 Cuisinart
  6.10.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.10.2 Nonstick Cooker Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.10.2.1 Product A
    6.10.2.2 Product B
  6.10.3 Cuisinart Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.11 Le Creuset
6.12 Cinsa
6.13 China ASD
6.14 Nanlong
6.15 Sanhe Kitchenware
6.16 Cooker King
6.17 TianXi Holding Group

7 NONSTICK COOKER MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

7.1 Nonstick Cooker Key Raw Materials Analysis
  7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  7.2.1 Raw Materials
  7.2.2 Labor Cost
  7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Nonstick Cooker

8 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

8.1 Nonstick Cooker Industrial Chain Analysis
8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Nonstick Cooker Major Manufacturers in 2016
8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

9.1 Marketing Channel
  9.1.1 Direct Marketing
  9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
9.2 Market Positioning
  9.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  9.2.2 Brand Strategy
  9.2.3 Target Client
9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  10.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 CHINA NONSTICK COOKER MARKET SIZE (SALES AND REVENUE) FORECAST (2017-2022)

11.1 China Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD) Forecast (2017-2022)
11.2 China Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
11.3 China Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
11.4 China Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units) Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

12 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

13 METHODOLOGY AND DATA SOURCE

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
  13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
  13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
  13.2.1 Secondary Sources
  13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer
13.4 Author List

The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.


List of Tables and Figures

Figure Global and China Market Size (Million USD) Comparison (2012-2022)
Table Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units) and Revenue (Million USD) Market Split by Product Type
Table Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units) by Application (2016-2022)
Figure Product Picture of Nonstick Cooker
Table China Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (%) Comparison by Types (Product Category) (2012-2022)
Figure China Nonstick Cooker Sales Volume Market Share by Types in 2016
Figure Teflon Coated Product Picture
Figure Anodized Aluminum Coated Product Picture
Figure Enameled Iron Coated Product Picture
Figure Ceramic Coating Product Picture
Figure Others Product Picture
Figure China Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units) Comparison by Application (2012-2022)
Figure China Sales Market Share (%) of Nonstick Cooker by Application in 2016
Figure Commercial Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Commercial
Figure Residential Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Residential
Figure South China Nonstick Cooker Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure East China Nonstick Cooker Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Southwest China Nonstick Cooker Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Northeast China Nonstick Cooker Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure North China Nonstick Cooker Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Central China Nonstick Cooker Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure China Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2022)
Figure China Nonstick Cooker Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2022)
Table China Nonstick Cooker Sales of Key Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
Table China Nonstick Cooker Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 China Nonstick Cooker Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Figure 2017 China Nonstick Cooker Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Table China Nonstick Cooker Revenue by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
Table China Nonstick Cooker Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 China Nonstick Cooker Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Figure 2017 China Nonstick Cooker Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Table China Market Nonstick Cooker Average Price of Key Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
Figure China Market Nonstick Cooker Average Price of Key Players/Manufacturers in 2016
Figure China Nonstick Cooker Market Share of Top 3 Players/Manufacturers
Figure China Nonstick Cooker Market Share of Top 5 Players/Manufacturers
Table China Players/Manufacturers Nonstick Cooker Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table China Players/Manufacturers Nonstick Cooker Product Category
Table China Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units) by Regions (2012-2017)
Table China Nonstick Cooker Sales Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017)
Figure China Nonstick Cooker Sales Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017)
Figure China Nonstick Cooker Sales Market Share (%) by Regions in 2016
Table China Nonstick Cooker Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Regions (2012-2017)
Table China Nonstick Cooker Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017)
Figure China Nonstick Cooker Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017)
Figure China Nonstick Cooker Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions in 2016
Table China Nonstick Cooker Price (USD/Unit) by Regions (2012-2017)
Table China Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units) by Type (2012-2017)
Table China Nonstick Cooker Sales Share (%) by Type (2012-2017)
Figure China Nonstick Cooker Sales Share (%) by Type (2012-2017)
Figure China Nonstick Cooker Sales Market Share (%) by Type in 2016
Table China Nonstick Cooker Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
Table China Nonstick Cooker Revenue Market Share (%) by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Nonstick Cooker by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Nonstick Cooker by Type in 2016
Table China Nonstick Cooker Price (USD/Unit) by Types (2012-2017)
Figure China Nonstick Cooker Sales Growth Rate (%) by Type (2012-2017)
Table China Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units) by Applications (2012-2017)
Table China Nonstick Cooker Sales Market Share (%) by Applications (2012-2017)
Figure China Nonstick Cooker Sales Market Share (%) by Application (2012-2017)
Figure China Nonstick Cooker Sales Market Share (%) by Application in 2016
Table China Nonstick Cooker Sales Growth Rate (%) by Application (2012-2017)
Figure China Nonstick Cooker Sales Growth Rate (%) by Application (2012-2017)
Table SEB Nonstick Cooker Basic Information List
Table SEB Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure SEB Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure SEB Nonstick Cooker Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure SEB Nonstick Cooker Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table Meyer Corporation Nonstick Cooker Basic Information List
Table Meyer Corporation Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Meyer Corporation Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Meyer Corporation Nonstick Cooker Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure Meyer Corporation Nonstick Cooker Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table NEWELL Nonstick Cooker Basic Information List
Table NEWELL Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure NEWELL Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure NEWELL Nonstick Cooker Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure NEWELL Nonstick Cooker Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table Berndes Nonstick Cooker Basic Information List
Table Berndes Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Berndes Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Berndes Nonstick Cooker Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure Berndes Nonstick Cooker Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table Maspion Nonstick Cooker Basic Information List
Table Maspion Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Maspion Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Maspion Nonstick Cooker Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure Maspion Nonstick Cooker Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table The Cookware Company Nonstick Cooker Basic Information List
Table The Cookware Company Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure The Cookware Company Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure The Cookware Company Nonstick Cooker Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure The Cookware Company Nonstick Cooker Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table Neoflam Nonstick Cooker Basic Information List
Table Neoflam Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Neoflam Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Neoflam Nonstick Cooker Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure Neoflam Nonstick Cooker Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table TTK Prestige? Nonstick Cooker Basic Information List
Table TTK Prestige? Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure TTK Prestige? Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure TTK Prestige? Nonstick Cooker Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure TTK Prestige? Nonstick Cooker Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table Hawkins Cookers Nonstick Cooker Basic Information List
Table Hawkins Cookers Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Hawkins Cookers Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Hawkins Cookers Nonstick Cooker Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure Hawkins Cookers Nonstick Cooker Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table Cuisinart Nonstick Cooker Basic Information List
Table Cuisinart Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Cuisinart Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Cuisinart Nonstick Cooker Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure Cuisinart Nonstick Cooker Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table Le Creuset Nonstick Cooker Basic Information List
Table Cinsa Nonstick Cooker Basic Information List
Table China ASD Nonstick Cooker Basic Information List
Table Nanlong Nonstick Cooker Basic Information List
Table Sanhe Kitchenware Nonstick Cooker Basic Information List
Table Cooker King Nonstick Cooker Basic Information List
Table TianXi Holding Group Nonstick Cooker Basic Information List
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Nonstick Cooker
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Nonstick Cooker
Figure Nonstick Cooker Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Nonstick Cooker Major Players/Manufacturers in 2016
Table Major Buyers of Nonstick Cooker
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure China Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (%) Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure China Nonstick Cooker Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure China Nonstick Cooker Price (USD/Unit) Trend Forecast (2017-2022)
Table China Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure China Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure China Nonstick Cooker Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Type in 2022
Table China Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure China Nonstick Cooker Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure China Nonstick Cooker Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Application in 2022
Table China Nonstick Cooker Sales (K Units) Forecast by Regions (2017-2022)
Table China Nonstick Cooker Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions (2017-2022)
Figure China Nonstick Cooker Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions (2017-2022)
Figure China Nonstick Cooker Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions in 2022
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources