United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Market Report 2017

October 2017 | 111 pages | ID: U00FEFFD63FEN
QYResearch

Abstracts

In this report, the United States Adalimumab Biosimilar market is valued at USD XX million in 2016 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2022, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2016 and 2022.

Geographically, this report splits the United States market into seven regions:

• The West
• Southwest
• The Middle Atlantic
• New England
• The South
• The Midwest
• with sales (volume), revenue (value), market share and growth rate of Adalimumab Biosimilar in these regions, from 2012 to 2022 (forecast).

United States Adalimumab Biosimilar market competition by top manufacturers/players, with Adalimumab Biosimilar sales volume, price, revenue (Million USD) and market share for each manufacturer/player; the top players including

• AET BioTech
• Amgen
• Boehringer Ingelheim
• Coherus Biosciences
• Fujifilm Kyowa Kirin Biologics
• LG Life Sciences/Mochida Pharmaceutical
• Momenta Pharmaceuticals
• Oncobiologics
• Pfizer
• Samsung Bioepsis
• Sandoz
• Zydus Cadila

On the basis of product, this report displays the production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into

• Tablet
• Oral Solution

On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate of Adalimumab Biosimilar for each application, including

• Hospital Pharmacy
• Retail Pharmacy
• Online Pharmacy

If you have any special requirements, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want.

Contents

United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Market Report 2017

1 ADALIMUMAB BIOSIMILAR OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Adalimumab Biosimilar
1.2 Classification of Adalimumab Biosimilar by Product Category
  1.2.1 United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Market Size (Sales Volume) Comparison by Type (2012-2022)
  1.2.2 United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Market Size (Sales Volume) Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016
  1.2.3 Tablet
  1.2.4 Oral Solution
1.3 United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Market by Application/End Users
  1.3.1 United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Market Size (Consumption) and Market Share Comparison by Application (2012-2022)
  1.3.2 Hospital Pharmacy
  1.3.3 Retail Pharmacy
  1.3.4 Online Pharmacy
1.4 United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Market by Region
  1.4.1 United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Market Size (Value) Comparison by Region (2012-2022)
  1.4.2 The West Adalimumab Biosimilar Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.3 Southwest Adalimumab Biosimilar Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.4 The Middle Atlantic Adalimumab Biosimilar Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.5 New England Adalimumab Biosimilar Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.6 The South Adalimumab Biosimilar Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.7 The Midwest Adalimumab Biosimilar Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
1.5 United States Market Size (Value and Volume) of Adalimumab Biosimilar (2012-2022)
  1.5.1 United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
  1.5.2 United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

2 UNITED STATES ADALIMUMAB BIOSIMILAR MARKET COMPETITION BY PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS

2.1 United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.2 United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Revenue and Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.3 United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Average Price by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.4 United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  2.4.1 United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Market Concentration Rate
  2.4.2 United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Suppliers
  2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in United States Market
2.5 United States Players/Suppliers Adalimumab Biosimilar Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type

3 UNITED STATES ADALIMUMAB BIOSIMILAR SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY REGION (2012-2017)

3.1 United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.2 United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Revenue and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.3 United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Price by Region (2012-2017)

4 UNITED STATES ADALIMUMAB BIOSIMILAR SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY TYPE (PRODUCT CATEGORY) (2012-2017)

4.1 United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales and Market Share by Type (Product Category) (2012-2017)
4.2 United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Revenue and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
4.3 United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Price by Type (2012-2017)
4.4 United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)

5 UNITED STATES ADALIMUMAB BIOSIMILAR SALES (VOLUME) BY APPLICATION (2012-2017)

5.1 United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales and Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
5.2 United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 UNITED STATES ADALIMUMAB BIOSIMILAR PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS PROFILES AND SALES DATA

6.1 AET BioTech
  6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.1.2 Adalimumab Biosimilar Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.1.2.1 Product A
    6.1.2.2 Product B
  6.1.3 AET BioTech Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.2 Amgen
  6.2.2 Adalimumab Biosimilar Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.2.2.1 Product A
    6.2.2.2 Product B
  6.2.3 Amgen Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.3 Boehringer Ingelheim
  6.3.2 Adalimumab Biosimilar Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.3.2.1 Product A
    6.3.2.2 Product B
  6.3.3 Boehringer Ingelheim Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.4 Coherus Biosciences
  6.4.2 Adalimumab Biosimilar Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.4.2.1 Product A
    6.4.2.2 Product B
  6.4.3 Coherus Biosciences Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.5 Fujifilm Kyowa Kirin Biologics
  6.5.2 Adalimumab Biosimilar Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.5.2.1 Product A
    6.5.2.2 Product B
  6.5.3 Fujifilm Kyowa Kirin Biologics Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.6 LG Life Sciences/Mochida Pharmaceutical
  6.6.2 Adalimumab Biosimilar Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.6.2.1 Product A
    6.6.2.2 Product B
  6.6.3 LG Life Sciences/Mochida Pharmaceutical Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.7 Momenta Pharmaceuticals
  6.7.2 Adalimumab Biosimilar Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.7.2.1 Product A
    6.7.2.2 Product B
  6.7.3 Momenta Pharmaceuticals Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.8 Oncobiologics
  6.8.2 Adalimumab Biosimilar Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.8.2.1 Product A
    6.8.2.2 Product B
  6.8.3 Oncobiologics Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.9 Pfizer
  6.9.2 Adalimumab Biosimilar Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.9.2.1 Product A
    6.9.2.2 Product B
  6.9.3 Pfizer Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.10 Samsung Bioepsis
  6.10.2 Adalimumab Biosimilar Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.10.2.1 Product A
    6.10.2.2 Product B
  6.10.3 Samsung Bioepsis Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.11 Sandoz
6.12 Zydus Cadila

7 ADALIMUMAB BIOSIMILAR MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

7.1 Adalimumab Biosimilar Key Raw Materials Analysis
  7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  7.2.1 Raw Materials
  7.2.2 Labor Cost
  7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Adalimumab Biosimilar

8 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

8.1 Adalimumab Biosimilar Industrial Chain Analysis
8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Adalimumab Biosimilar Major Manufacturers in 2016
8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

9.1 Marketing Channel
  9.1.1 Direct Marketing
  9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
9.2 Market Positioning
  9.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  9.2.2 Brand Strategy
  9.2.3 Target Client
9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  10.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 UNITED STATES ADALIMUMAB BIOSIMILAR MARKET SIZE (VALUE AND VOLUME) FORECAST (2017-2022)

11.1 United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Volume, Revenue Forecast (2017-2022)
11.2 United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Volume Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
11.3 United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Volume Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
11.4 United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Volume Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

12 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

13 APPENDIX

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
  13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
  13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
  13.2.1 Secondary Sources
  13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer


The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Product Picture of Adalimumab Biosimilar
Figure United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Market Size (K Units) by Type (2012-2022)
Figure United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Volume Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016
Figure Tablet Product Picture
Figure Oral Solution Product Picture
Figure United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Market Size (K Units) by Application (2012-2022)
Figure United States Sales Market Share of Adalimumab Biosimilar by Application in 2016
Figure Hospital Pharmacy Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Hospital Pharmacy
Figure Retail Pharmacy Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Retail Pharmacy
Figure Online Pharmacy Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Online Pharmacy
Figure United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Market Size (Million USD) by Region (2012-2022)
Figure The West Adalimumab Biosimilar Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Southwest Adalimumab Biosimilar Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The Middle Atlantic Adalimumab Biosimilar Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure New England Adalimumab Biosimilar Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The South of US Adalimumab Biosimilar Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The Midwest Adalimumab Biosimilar Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Market Major Players Product Sales Volume (K Units) (2012-2017)
Table United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales (K Units) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Table United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Market Major Players Product Revenue (Million USD) (2012-2017)
Table United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Revenue (Million USD) by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Table United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Table United States Market Adalimumab Biosimilar Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure United States Market Adalimumab Biosimilar Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers in 2016
Figure United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Market Share of Top 3 Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Market Share of Top 5 Players/Suppliers
Table United States Players/Suppliers Adalimumab Biosimilar Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table United States Players/Suppliers Adalimumab Biosimilar Product Category
Table United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales (K Units) by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Market Share by Region in 2016
Table United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Revenue Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Revenue Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Revenue Market Share by Region in 2016
Table United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Price (USD/Unit) by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales (K Units) by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Market Share by Type in 2016
Table United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Revenue Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Adalimumab Biosimilar by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Adalimumab Biosimilar by Type in 2016
Table United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Price (USD/Unit) by Types (2012-2017)
Figure United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales (K Units) by Application (2012-2017)
Table United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Market Share by Application in 2016
Table United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
Table AET BioTech Basic Information List
Table AET BioTech Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure AET BioTech Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure AET BioTech Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure AET BioTech Adalimumab Biosimilar Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Amgen Basic Information List
Table Amgen Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Amgen Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Amgen Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Amgen Adalimumab Biosimilar Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Boehringer Ingelheim Basic Information List
Table Boehringer Ingelheim Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Boehringer Ingelheim Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Boehringer Ingelheim Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Boehringer Ingelheim Adalimumab Biosimilar Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Coherus Biosciences Basic Information List
Table Coherus Biosciences Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Coherus Biosciences Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Coherus Biosciences Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Coherus Biosciences Adalimumab Biosimilar Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Fujifilm Kyowa Kirin Biologics Basic Information List
Table Fujifilm Kyowa Kirin Biologics Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Fujifilm Kyowa Kirin Biologics Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Fujifilm Kyowa Kirin Biologics Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Fujifilm Kyowa Kirin Biologics Adalimumab Biosimilar Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table LG Life Sciences/Mochida Pharmaceutical Basic Information List
Table LG Life Sciences/Mochida Pharmaceutical Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure LG Life Sciences/Mochida Pharmaceutical Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure LG Life Sciences/Mochida Pharmaceutical Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure LG Life Sciences/Mochida Pharmaceutical Adalimumab Biosimilar Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Momenta Pharmaceuticals Basic Information List
Table Momenta Pharmaceuticals Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Momenta Pharmaceuticals Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Momenta Pharmaceuticals Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Momenta Pharmaceuticals Adalimumab Biosimilar Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Oncobiologics Basic Information List
Table Oncobiologics Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Oncobiologics Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Oncobiologics Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Oncobiologics Adalimumab Biosimilar Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Pfizer Basic Information List
Table Pfizer Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Pfizer Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Pfizer Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Pfizer Adalimumab Biosimilar Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Samsung Bioepsis Basic Information List
Table Samsung Bioepsis Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Samsung Bioepsis Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Samsung Bioepsis Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Samsung Bioepsis Adalimumab Biosimilar Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Sandoz Basic Information List
Table Zydus Cadila Basic Information List
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Adalimumab Biosimilar
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Adalimumab Biosimilar
Figure Adalimumab Biosimilar Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Adalimumab Biosimilar Major Players/Suppliers in 2016
Table Major Buyers of Adalimumab Biosimilar
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Volume (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Price (USD/Unit) Trend Forecast (2017-2022)
Table United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type in 2022
Table United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application in 2022
Table United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Table United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Figure United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Figure United States Adalimumab Biosimilar Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region in 2022
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources