United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Market Report 2018

March 2018 | 107 pages | ID: UB4F9C98DADEN
QYResearch

Abstracts

In this report, the United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices market is valued at USD XX million in 2017 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2017 and 2025.

Geographically, this report splits the United States market into seven regions:

• The West
• Southwest
• The Middle Atlantic
• New England
• The South
• The Midwest
• with sales (volume), revenue (value), market share and growth rate of Diabetic Eye Disease Devices in these regions, from 2013 to 2025 (forecast).

United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices market competition by top manufacturers/players, with Diabetic Eye Disease Devices sales volume, price, revenue (Million USD) and market share for each manufacturer/player; the top players including

• IRIDEX
• Ellex
• Alcon
• Bausch & Lomb
• Synergetics USA
• Topcon
• Carl Zeiss Meditec
• Abbott Medical Optics
• NIDEK
• Quantel
• Rhein Medical
• Lumenis
• Meridian

On the basis of product, this report displays the production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into

• Laser Surgery
• Vitrectomy

On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate for each application, including

• Hospitals
• Clinics
• Other

If you have any special requirements, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want.

Contents

United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Market Report 2018

1 DIABETIC EYE DISEASE DEVICES OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Diabetic Eye Disease Devices
1.2 Classification of Diabetic Eye Disease Devices by Product Category
  1.2.1 United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Market Size (Sales Volume) Comparison by Type (2013-2025)
  1.2.2 United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Market Size (Sales Volume) Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2017
  1.2.3 Laser Surgery
  1.2.4 Vitrectomy
1.3 United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Market by Application/End Users
  1.3.1 United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Market Size (Consumption) and Market Share Comparison by Application (2013-2025)
  1.3.2 Hospitals
  1.3.3 Clinics
  1.3.4 Other
1.4 United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Market by Region
  1.4.1 United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Market Size (Value) Comparison by Region (2013-2025)
  1.4.2 The West Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.3 Southwest Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.4 The Middle Atlantic Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.5 New England Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.6 The South Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.7 The Midwest Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
1.5 United States Market Size (Value and Volume) of Diabetic Eye Disease Devices (2013-2025)
  1.5.1 United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
  1.5.2 United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2025)

2 UNITED STATES DIABETIC EYE DISEASE DEVICES MARKET COMPETITION BY PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS

2.1 United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
2.2 United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Revenue and Share by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
2.3 United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Average Price by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
2.4 United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  2.4.1 United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Market Concentration Rate
  2.4.2 United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Suppliers
  2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in United States Market
2.5 United States Players/Suppliers Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type

3 UNITED STATES DIABETIC EYE DISEASE DEVICES SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY REGION (2013-2018)

3.1 United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
3.2 United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Revenue and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
3.3 United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Price by Region (2013-2018)

4 UNITED STATES DIABETIC EYE DISEASE DEVICES SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY TYPE (PRODUCT CATEGORY) (2013-2018)

4.1 United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales and Market Share by Type (Product Category) (2013-2018)
4.2 United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
4.3 United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Price by Type (2013-2018)
4.4 United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Growth Rate by Type (2013-2018)

5 UNITED STATES DIABETIC EYE DISEASE DEVICES SALES (VOLUME) BY APPLICATION (2013-2018)

5.1 United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales and Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
5.2 United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)
5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 UNITED STATES DIABETIC EYE DISEASE DEVICES PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS PROFILES AND SALES DATA

6.1 IRIDEX
  6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.1.2 Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.1.2.1 Product A
    6.1.2.2 Product B
  6.1.3 IRIDEX Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.2 Ellex
  6.2.2 Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.2.2.1 Product A
    6.2.2.2 Product B
  6.2.3 Ellex Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.3 Alcon
  6.3.2 Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.3.2.1 Product A
    6.3.2.2 Product B
  6.3.3 Alcon Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.4 Bausch & Lomb
  6.4.2 Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.4.2.1 Product A
    6.4.2.2 Product B
  6.4.3 Bausch & Lomb Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.5 Synergetics USA
  6.5.2 Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.5.2.1 Product A
    6.5.2.2 Product B
  6.5.3 Synergetics USA Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.6 Topcon
  6.6.2 Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.6.2.1 Product A
    6.6.2.2 Product B
  6.6.3 Topcon Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.7 Carl Zeiss Meditec
  6.7.2 Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.7.2.1 Product A
    6.7.2.2 Product B
  6.7.3 Carl Zeiss Meditec Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.8 Abbott Medical Optics
  6.8.2 Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.8.2.1 Product A
    6.8.2.2 Product B
  6.8.3 Abbott Medical Optics Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.9 NIDEK
  6.9.2 Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.9.2.1 Product A
    6.9.2.2 Product B
  6.9.3 NIDEK Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.10 Quantel
  6.10.2 Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.10.2.1 Product A
    6.10.2.2 Product B
  6.10.3 Quantel Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.11 Rhein Medical
6.12 Lumenis
6.13 Meridian

7 DIABETIC EYE DISEASE DEVICES MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

7.1 Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Key Raw Materials Analysis
  7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  7.2.1 Raw Materials
  7.2.2 Labor Cost
  7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Diabetic Eye Disease Devices

8 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

8.1 Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Industrial Chain Analysis
8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Major Manufacturers in 2017
8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

9.1 Marketing Channel
  9.1.1 Direct Marketing
  9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
9.2 Market Positioning
  9.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  9.2.2 Brand Strategy
  9.2.3 Target Client
9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  10.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 UNITED STATES DIABETIC EYE DISEASE DEVICES MARKET SIZE (VALUE AND VOLUME) FORECAST (2018-2025)

11.1 United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Volume, Revenue Forecast (2018-2025)
11.2 United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Volume Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
11.3 United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Volume Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
11.4 United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Volume Forecast by Region (2018-2025)

12 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

13 APPENDIX

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
  13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
  13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
  13.2.1 Secondary Sources
  13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer

The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Product Picture of Diabetic Eye Disease Devices
Figure United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Market Size (K Units) by Type (2013-2025)
Figure United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Volume Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2017
Figure Laser Surgery Product Picture
Figure Vitrectomy Product Picture
Figure United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Market Size (K Units) by Application (2013-2025)
Figure United States Sales Market Share of Diabetic Eye Disease Devices by Application in 2017
Figure Hospitals Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Hospitals
Figure Clinics Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Clinics
Figure Other Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Other
Figure United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Market Size (Million USD) by Region (2013-2025)
Figure The West Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure Southwest Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure The Middle Atlantic Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure New England Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure The South of US Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure The Midwest Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Market Major Players Product Sales Volume (K Units) (2013-2018)
Table United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales (K Units) of Key Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Table United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Share by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Figure 2017 United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Market Major Players Product Revenue (Million USD) (2013-2018)
Table United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Revenue (Million USD) by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Table United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Figure 2017 United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Table United States Market Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Figure United States Market Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers in 2017
Figure United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Market Share of Top 3 Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Market Share of Top 5 Players/Suppliers
Table United States Players/Suppliers Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table United States Players/Suppliers Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Product Category
Table United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales (K Units) by Region (2013-2018)
Table United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Market Share by Region in 2017
Table United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
Table United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Revenue Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Revenue Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Revenue Market Share by Region in 2017
Table United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Price (USD/Unit) by Region (2013-2018)
Table United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales (K Units) by Type (2013-2018)
Table United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Share by Type (2013-2018)
Figure United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Share by Type (2013-2018)
Figure United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Market Share by Type in 2017
Table United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
Table United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Revenue Share by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Diabetic Eye Disease Devices by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Diabetic Eye Disease Devices by Type in 2017
Table United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Price (USD/Unit) by Types (2013-2018)
Figure United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Growth Rate by Type (2013-2018)
Table United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales (K Units) by Application (2013-2018)
Table United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
Figure United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
Figure United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Market Share by Application in 2017
Table United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)
Figure United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)
Table IRIDEX Basic Information List
Table IRIDEX Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure IRIDEX Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure IRIDEX Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure IRIDEX Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Ellex Basic Information List
Table Ellex Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Ellex Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Ellex Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Ellex Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Alcon Basic Information List
Table Alcon Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Alcon Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Alcon Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Alcon Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Bausch & Lomb Basic Information List
Table Bausch & Lomb Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Bausch & Lomb Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Bausch & Lomb Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Bausch & Lomb Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Synergetics USA Basic Information List
Table Synergetics USA Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Synergetics USA Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Synergetics USA Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Synergetics USA Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Topcon Basic Information List
Table Topcon Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Topcon Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Topcon Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Topcon Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Carl Zeiss Meditec Basic Information List
Table Carl Zeiss Meditec Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Carl Zeiss Meditec Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Carl Zeiss Meditec Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Carl Zeiss Meditec Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Abbott Medical Optics Basic Information List
Table Abbott Medical Optics Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Abbott Medical Optics Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Abbott Medical Optics Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Abbott Medical Optics Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table NIDEK Basic Information List
Table NIDEK Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure NIDEK Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure NIDEK Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure NIDEK Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Quantel Basic Information List
Table Quantel Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Quantel Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Quantel Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Quantel Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Rhein Medical Basic Information List
Table Lumenis Basic Information List
Table Meridian Basic Information List
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Diabetic Eye Disease Devices
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Diabetic Eye Disease Devices
Figure Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Major Players/Suppliers in 2017
Table Major Buyers of Diabetic Eye Disease Devices
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Volume (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Price (USD/Unit) Trend Forecast (2018-2025)
Table United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
Figure United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
Figure United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type in 2025
Table United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
Figure United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
Figure United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application in 2025
Table United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Region (2018-2025)
Table United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2018-2025)
Figure United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2018-2025)
Figure United States Diabetic Eye Disease Devices Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region in 2025
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources