United States Coagulation Analyzer Market Report 2017

December 2017 | 101 pages | ID: U9892BDDDAAEN
QYResearch

Abstracts

In this report, the United States Coagulation Analyzer market is valued at USD XX million in 2016 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2022, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2016 and 2022.

Geographically, this report splits the United States market into seven regions:

• The West
• Southwest
• The Middle Atlantic
• New England
• The South
• The Midwest
• with sales (volume), revenue (value), market share and growth rate of Coagulation Analyzer in these regions, from 2012 to 2022 (forecast).

United States Coagulation Analyzer market competition by top manufacturers/players, with Coagulation Analyzer sales volume, price, revenue (Million USD) and market share for each manufacturer/player; the top players including

• Roche Diagnostics (Switzerland)
• Siemens Healthcare (Germany)
• Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc
• Instrumentation Laboratory Werfen Group (U.S.)
• Helena Laboratories (U.S.)
• Nihon Kohden Corporation (Nihon Kohden) (Japan)
• International Technidyne Corporation (U.S.)
• Diagnostica Stago, Inc. (France)
• Alere, Inc. (U.S.)
• Sysmex Corporation (Japan)

On the basis of product, this report displays the production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into

• Semi-automatic Coagulation Analyzer
• Automatic Coagulation Analyzer

On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate for each application, including

• Research Institutes
• Hospitals

If you have any special requirements, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want.

Contents

United States Coagulation Analyzer Market Report 2017

1 COAGULATION ANALYZER OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Coagulation Analyzer
1.2 Classification of Coagulation Analyzer by Product Category
  1.2.1 United States Coagulation Analyzer Market Size (Sales Volume) Comparison by Type (2012-2022)
  1.2.2 United States Coagulation Analyzer Market Size (Sales Volume) Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016
  1.2.3 Semi-automatic Coagulation Analyzer
  1.2.4 Automatic Coagulation Analyzer
1.3 United States Coagulation Analyzer Market by Application/End Users
  1.3.1 United States Coagulation Analyzer Market Size (Consumption) and Market Share Comparison by Application (2012-2022)
  1.3.2 Research Institutes
  1.3.3 Hospitals
1.4 United States Coagulation Analyzer Market by Region
  1.4.1 United States Coagulation Analyzer Market Size (Value) Comparison by Region (2012-2022)
  1.4.2 The West Coagulation Analyzer Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.3 Southwest Coagulation Analyzer Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.4 The Middle Atlantic Coagulation Analyzer Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.5 New England Coagulation Analyzer Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.6 The South Coagulation Analyzer Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.7 The Midwest Coagulation Analyzer Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
1.5 United States Market Size (Value and Volume) of Coagulation Analyzer (2012-2022)
  1.5.1 United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
  1.5.2 United States Coagulation Analyzer Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

2 UNITED STATES COAGULATION ANALYZER MARKET COMPETITION BY PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS

2.1 United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.2 United States Coagulation Analyzer Revenue and Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.3 United States Coagulation Analyzer Average Price by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.4 United States Coagulation Analyzer Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  2.4.1 United States Coagulation Analyzer Market Concentration Rate
  2.4.2 United States Coagulation Analyzer Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Suppliers
  2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in United States Market
2.5 United States Players/Suppliers Coagulation Analyzer Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type

3 UNITED STATES COAGULATION ANALYZER SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY REGION (2012-2017)

3.1 United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.2 United States Coagulation Analyzer Revenue and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.3 United States Coagulation Analyzer Price by Region (2012-2017)

4 UNITED STATES COAGULATION ANALYZER SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY TYPE (PRODUCT CATEGORY) (2012-2017)

4.1 United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales and Market Share by Type (Product Category) (2012-2017)
4.2 United States Coagulation Analyzer Revenue and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
4.3 United States Coagulation Analyzer Price by Type (2012-2017)
4.4 United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)

5 UNITED STATES COAGULATION ANALYZER SALES (VOLUME) BY APPLICATION (2012-2017)

5.1 United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales and Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
5.2 United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 UNITED STATES COAGULATION ANALYZER PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS PROFILES AND SALES DATA

6.1 Roche Diagnostics (Switzerland)
  6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.1.2 Coagulation Analyzer Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.1.2.1 Product A
    6.1.2.2 Product B
  6.1.3 Roche Diagnostics (Switzerland) Coagulation Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.2 Siemens Healthcare (Germany)
  6.2.2 Coagulation Analyzer Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.2.2.1 Product A
    6.2.2.2 Product B
  6.2.3 Siemens Healthcare (Germany) Coagulation Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.3 Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc
  6.3.2 Coagulation Analyzer Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.3.2.1 Product A
    6.3.2.2 Product B
  6.3.3 Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc Coagulation Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.4 Instrumentation Laboratory Werfen Group (U.S.)
  6.4.2 Coagulation Analyzer Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.4.2.1 Product A
    6.4.2.2 Product B
  6.4.3 Instrumentation Laboratory Werfen Group (U.S.) Coagulation Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.5 Helena Laboratories (U.S.)
  6.5.2 Coagulation Analyzer Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.5.2.1 Product A
    6.5.2.2 Product B
  6.5.3 Helena Laboratories (U.S.) Coagulation Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.6 Nihon Kohden Corporation (Nihon Kohden) (Japan)
  6.6.2 Coagulation Analyzer Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.6.2.1 Product A
    6.6.2.2 Product B
  6.6.3 Nihon Kohden Corporation (Nihon Kohden) (Japan) Coagulation Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.7 International Technidyne Corporation (U.S.)
  6.7.2 Coagulation Analyzer Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.7.2.1 Product A
    6.7.2.2 Product B
  6.7.3 International Technidyne Corporation (U.S.) Coagulation Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.8 Diagnostica Stago, Inc. (France)
  6.8.2 Coagulation Analyzer Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.8.2.1 Product A
    6.8.2.2 Product B
  6.8.3 Diagnostica Stago, Inc. (France) Coagulation Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.9 Alere, Inc. (U.S.)
  6.9.2 Coagulation Analyzer Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.9.2.1 Product A
    6.9.2.2 Product B
  6.9.3 Alere, Inc. (U.S.) Coagulation Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.10 Sysmex Corporation (Japan)
  6.10.2 Coagulation Analyzer Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.10.2.1 Product A
    6.10.2.2 Product B
  6.10.3 Sysmex Corporation (Japan) Coagulation Analyzer Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview

7 COAGULATION ANALYZER MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

7.1 Coagulation Analyzer Key Raw Materials Analysis
  7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  7.2.1 Raw Materials
  7.2.2 Labor Cost
  7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Coagulation Analyzer

8 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

8.1 Coagulation Analyzer Industrial Chain Analysis
8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Coagulation Analyzer Major Manufacturers in 2016
8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

9.1 Marketing Channel
  9.1.1 Direct Marketing
  9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
9.2 Market Positioning
  9.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  9.2.2 Brand Strategy
  9.2.3 Target Client
9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  10.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 UNITED STATES COAGULATION ANALYZER MARKET SIZE (VALUE AND VOLUME) FORECAST (2017-2022)

11.1 United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales Volume, Revenue Forecast (2017-2022)
11.2 United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales Volume Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
11.3 United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales Volume Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
11.4 United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales Volume Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

12 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

13 APPENDIX

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
  13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
  13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
  13.2.1 Secondary Sources
  13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer


The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Product Picture of Coagulation Analyzer
Figure United States Coagulation Analyzer Market Size (K Units) by Type (2012-2022)
Figure United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales Volume Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016
Figure Semi-automatic Coagulation Analyzer Product Picture
Figure Automatic Coagulation Analyzer Product Picture
Figure United States Coagulation Analyzer Market Size (K Units) by Application (2012-2022)
Figure United States Sales Market Share of Coagulation Analyzer by Application in 2016
Figure Research Institutes Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Research Institutes
Figure Hospitals Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Hospitals
Figure United States Coagulation Analyzer Market Size (Million USD) by Region (2012-2022)
Figure The West Coagulation Analyzer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Southwest Coagulation Analyzer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The Middle Atlantic Coagulation Analyzer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure New England Coagulation Analyzer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The South of US Coagulation Analyzer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The Midwest Coagulation Analyzer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Coagulation Analyzer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Coagulation Analyzer Market Major Players Product Sales Volume (K Units) (2012-2017)
Table United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales (K Units) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Table United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Coagulation Analyzer Market Major Players Product Revenue (Million USD) (2012-2017)
Table United States Coagulation Analyzer Revenue (Million USD) by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Table United States Coagulation Analyzer Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 United States Coagulation Analyzer Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Coagulation Analyzer Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Table United States Market Coagulation Analyzer Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure United States Market Coagulation Analyzer Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers in 2016
Figure United States Coagulation Analyzer Market Share of Top 3 Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Coagulation Analyzer Market Share of Top 5 Players/Suppliers
Table United States Players/Suppliers Coagulation Analyzer Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table United States Players/Suppliers Coagulation Analyzer Product Category
Table United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales (K Units) by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales Market Share by Region in 2016
Table United States Coagulation Analyzer Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Coagulation Analyzer Revenue Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Coagulation Analyzer Revenue Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Coagulation Analyzer Revenue Market Share by Region in 2016
Table United States Coagulation Analyzer Price (USD/Unit) by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales (K Units) by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales Market Share by Type in 2016
Table United States Coagulation Analyzer Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Coagulation Analyzer Revenue Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Coagulation Analyzer by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Coagulation Analyzer by Type in 2016
Table United States Coagulation Analyzer Price (USD/Unit) by Types (2012-2017)
Figure United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales (K Units) by Application (2012-2017)
Table United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales Market Share by Application in 2016
Table United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
Table Roche Diagnostics (Switzerland) Basic Information List
Table Roche Diagnostics (Switzerland) Coagulation Analyzer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Roche Diagnostics (Switzerland) Coagulation Analyzer Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Roche Diagnostics (Switzerland) Coagulation Analyzer Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Roche Diagnostics (Switzerland) Coagulation Analyzer Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Siemens Healthcare (Germany) Basic Information List
Table Siemens Healthcare (Germany) Coagulation Analyzer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Siemens Healthcare (Germany) Coagulation Analyzer Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Siemens Healthcare (Germany) Coagulation Analyzer Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Siemens Healthcare (Germany) Coagulation Analyzer Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc Basic Information List
Table Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc Coagulation Analyzer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc Coagulation Analyzer Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc Coagulation Analyzer Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc Coagulation Analyzer Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Instrumentation Laboratory Werfen Group (U.S.) Basic Information List
Table Instrumentation Laboratory Werfen Group (U.S.) Coagulation Analyzer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Instrumentation Laboratory Werfen Group (U.S.) Coagulation Analyzer Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Instrumentation Laboratory Werfen Group (U.S.) Coagulation Analyzer Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Instrumentation Laboratory Werfen Group (U.S.) Coagulation Analyzer Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Helena Laboratories (U.S.) Basic Information List
Table Helena Laboratories (U.S.) Coagulation Analyzer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Helena Laboratories (U.S.) Coagulation Analyzer Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Helena Laboratories (U.S.) Coagulation Analyzer Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Helena Laboratories (U.S.) Coagulation Analyzer Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Nihon Kohden Corporation (Nihon Kohden) (Japan) Basic Information List
Table Nihon Kohden Corporation (Nihon Kohden) (Japan) Coagulation Analyzer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Nihon Kohden Corporation (Nihon Kohden) (Japan) Coagulation Analyzer Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Nihon Kohden Corporation (Nihon Kohden) (Japan) Coagulation Analyzer Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Nihon Kohden Corporation (Nihon Kohden) (Japan) Coagulation Analyzer Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table International Technidyne Corporation (U.S.) Basic Information List
Table International Technidyne Corporation (U.S.) Coagulation Analyzer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure International Technidyne Corporation (U.S.) Coagulation Analyzer Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure International Technidyne Corporation (U.S.) Coagulation Analyzer Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure International Technidyne Corporation (U.S.) Coagulation Analyzer Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Diagnostica Stago, Inc. (France) Basic Information List
Table Diagnostica Stago, Inc. (France) Coagulation Analyzer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Diagnostica Stago, Inc. (France) Coagulation Analyzer Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Diagnostica Stago, Inc. (France) Coagulation Analyzer Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Diagnostica Stago, Inc. (France) Coagulation Analyzer Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Alere, Inc. (U.S.) Basic Information List
Table Alere, Inc. (U.S.) Coagulation Analyzer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Alere, Inc. (U.S.) Coagulation Analyzer Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Alere, Inc. (U.S.) Coagulation Analyzer Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Alere, Inc. (U.S.) Coagulation Analyzer Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Sysmex Corporation (Japan) Basic Information List
Table Sysmex Corporation (Japan) Coagulation Analyzer Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Sysmex Corporation (Japan) Coagulation Analyzer Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Sysmex Corporation (Japan) Coagulation Analyzer Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Sysmex Corporation (Japan) Coagulation Analyzer Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Coagulation Analyzer
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Coagulation Analyzer
Figure Coagulation Analyzer Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Coagulation Analyzer Major Players/Suppliers in 2016
Table Major Buyers of Coagulation Analyzer
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales Volume (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure United States Coagulation Analyzer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure United States Coagulation Analyzer Price (USD/Unit) Trend Forecast (2017-2022)
Table United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type in 2022
Table United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application in 2022
Table United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Table United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Figure United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Figure United States Coagulation Analyzer Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region in 2022
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources