Global Anatomical Models Market Research Report 2017

January 2017 | 121 pages | ID: G5DB014A22CEN
QYResearch

Abstracts

Notes:

Production, means the output of Anatomical Models

Revenue, means the sales value of Anatomical Models

This report studies Anatomical Models in Global market, especially in North America, Europe, China, Japan, Southeast Asia and India, focuses on top manufacturers in global market, with capacity, production, price, revenue and market share for each manufacturer, covering

• 3B Scientific
• GPI Anatomicals
• Laerdal
• Honglian Medical Tech
• frasaco
• Xincheng
• Simulaids
• A. Algeo
• PRODONT-HOLLIGER
• Adam, Rouilly
• Erler-Zimmer
• PRODONT-HOLLIGER
• Columbia Dentoform
• Sakamoto Model Corporation
• Scientific Publishing
• 3DIEMME
• Fysiomed
• Altay Scientific
• Nasco
• Dynamic Disc Designs
• Sterling Manufacturing

Market Segment by Regions, this report splits Global into several key Regions, with production, consumption, revenue, market share and growth rate of Anatomical Models in these regions, from 2011 to 2021 (forecast), like

• North America
• Europe
• China
• Japan
• Southeast Asia
• India

Split by product type, with production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, can be divided into

• Skeleton & Muscular Models
• Dental Models
• Head & Skull & Nervous Models
• Torso & Organ Models
• Veterinary Models
• Others

Split by application, this report focuses on consumption, market share and growth rate of Anatomical Models in each application, can be divided into

• Education
• Hospitals
• Scientific Research
• Others

Contents

Global Anatomical Models Market Research Report 2017

1 ANATOMICAL MODELS MARKET OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Anatomical Models
1.2 Anatomical Models Segment by Type
  1.2.1 Global Production Market Share of Anatomical Models by Type in 2015
  1.2.2 Skeleton & Muscular Models
  1.2.3 Dental Models
  1.2.4 Head & Skull & Nervous Models
  1.2.5 Torso & Organ Models
  1.2.6 Veterinary Models
  1.2.7 Others
1.3 Anatomical Models Segment by Application
  1.3.1 Anatomical Models Consumption Market Share by Application in 2015
  1.3.2 Education
  1.3.3 Hospitals
  1.3.4 Scientific Research
  1.3.5 Others
1.4 Anatomical Models Market by Region
  1.4.1 North America Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.2 Europe Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.3 China Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.4 Japan Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.5 Southeast Asia Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
  1.4.6 India Status and Prospect (2011-2021)
1.5 Global Market Size (Value) of Anatomical Models (2011-2021)

2 GLOBAL ANATOMICAL MODELS MARKET COMPETITION BY MANUFACTURERS

2.1 Global Anatomical Models Production and Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
2.2 Global Anatomical Models Revenue and Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
2.3 Global Anatomical Models Average Price by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
2.4 Manufacturers Anatomical Models Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area and Product Type
2.5 Anatomical Models Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  2.5.1 Anatomical Models Market Concentration Rate
  2.5.2 Anatomical Models Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Manufacturers
  2.5.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

3 GLOBAL ANATOMICAL MODELS PRODUCTION, REVENUE (VALUE) BY REGION (2011-2016)

3.1 Global Anatomical Models Production by Region (2011-2016)
3.2 Global Anatomical Models Production Market Share by Region (2011-2016)
3.3 Global Anatomical Models Revenue (Value) and Market Share by Region (2011-2016)
3.4 Global Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
3.5 North America Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
3.6 Europe Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
3.7 China Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
3.8 Japan Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
3.9 Southeast Asia Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
3.10 India Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)

4 GLOBAL ANATOMICAL MODELS SUPPLY (PRODUCTION), CONSUMPTION, EXPORT, IMPORT BY REGIONS (2011-2016)

4.1 Global Anatomical Models Consumption by Regions (2011-2016)
4.2 North America Anatomical Models Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2011-2016)
4.3 Europe Anatomical Models Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2011-2016)
4.4 China Anatomical Models Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2011-2016)
4.5 Japan Anatomical Models Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2011-2016)
4.6 Southeast Asia Anatomical Models Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2011-2016)
4.7 India Anatomical Models Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2011-2016)

5 GLOBAL ANATOMICAL MODELS PRODUCTION, REVENUE (VALUE), PRICE TREND BY TYPE

5.1 Global Anatomical Models Production and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
5.2 Global Anatomical Models Revenue and Market Share by Type (2011-2016)
5.3 Global Anatomical Models Price by Type (2011-2016)
5.4 Global Anatomical Models Production Growth by Type (2011-2016)

6 GLOBAL ANATOMICAL MODELS MARKET ANALYSIS BY APPLICATION

6.1 Global Anatomical Models Consumption and Market Share by Application (2011-2016)
6.2 Global Anatomical Models Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2011-2016)
6.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities
  6.3.1 Potential Applications
  6.3.2 Emerging Markets/Countries

7 GLOBAL ANATOMICAL MODELS MANUFACTURERS PROFILES/ANALYSIS

7.1 3B Scientific
  7.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Its Competitors
  7.1.2 Anatomical Models Product Type, Application and Specification
    7.1.2.1 Skeleton & Muscular Models
    7.1.2.2 Dental Models
  7.1.3 3B Scientific Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
  7.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.2 GPI Anatomicals
  7.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Its Competitors
  7.2.2 Anatomical Models Product Type, Application and Specification
    7.2.2.1 Skeleton & Muscular Models
    7.2.2.2 Dental Models
  7.2.3 GPI Anatomicals Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
  7.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.3 Laerdal
  7.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Its Competitors
  7.3.2 Anatomical Models Product Type, Application and Specification
    7.3.2.1 Skeleton & Muscular Models
    7.3.2.2 Dental Models
  7.3.3 Laerdal Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
  7.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.4 Honglian Medical Tech
  7.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Its Competitors
  7.4.2 Anatomical Models Product Type, Application and Specification
    7.4.2.1 Skeleton & Muscular Models
    7.4.2.2 Dental Models
  7.4.3 Honglian Medical Tech Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
  7.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.5 frasaco
  7.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Its Competitors
  7.5.2 Anatomical Models Product Type, Application and Specification
    7.5.2.1 Skeleton & Muscular Models
    7.5.2.2 Dental Models
  7.5.3 frasaco Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
  7.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.6 Xincheng
  7.6.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Its Competitors
  7.6.2 Anatomical Models Product Type, Application and Specification
    7.6.2.1 Skeleton & Muscular Models
    7.6.2.2 Dental Models
  7.6.3 Xincheng Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
  7.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.7 Simulaids
  7.7.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Its Competitors
  7.7.2 Anatomical Models Product Type, Application and Specification
    7.7.2.1 Skeleton & Muscular Models
    7.7.2.2 Dental Models
  7.7.3 Simulaids Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
  7.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.8 A. Algeo
  7.8.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Its Competitors
  7.8.2 Anatomical Models Product Type, Application and Specification
    7.8.2.1 Skeleton & Muscular Models
    7.8.2.2 Dental Models
  7.8.3 A. Algeo Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
  7.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.9 PRODONT-HOLLIGER
  7.9.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Its Competitors
  7.9.2 Anatomical Models Product Type, Application and Specification
    7.9.2.1 Skeleton & Muscular Models
    7.9.2.2 Dental Models
  7.9.3 PRODONT-HOLLIGER Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
  7.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.10 Adam, Rouilly
  7.10.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Its Competitors
  7.10.2 Anatomical Models Product Type, Application and Specification
    7.10.2.1 Skeleton & Muscular Models
    7.10.2.2 Dental Models
  7.10.3 Adam, Rouilly Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
  7.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview
7.11 Erler-Zimmer
7.12 PRODONT-HOLLIGER
7.13 Columbia Dentoform
7.14 Sakamoto Model Corporation
7.15 Scientific Publishing
7.16 3DIEMME
7.17 Fysiomed
7.18 Altay Scientific
7.19 Nasco
7.20 Dynamic Disc Designs
7.21 Sterling Manufacturing

8 ANATOMICAL MODELS MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

8.1 Anatomical Models Key Raw Materials Analysis
  8.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  8.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  8.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  8.2.1 Raw Materials
  8.2.2 Labor Cost
  8.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Anatomical Models

9 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

9.1 Anatomical Models Industrial Chain Analysis
9.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
9.3 Raw Materials Sources of Anatomical Models Major Manufacturers in 2015
9.4 Downstream Buyers

10 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

10.1 Marketing Channel
  10.1.1 Direct Marketing
  10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
10.2 Market Positioning
  10.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  10.2.2 Brand Strategy
  10.2.3 Target Client
10.3 Distributors/Traders List

11 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

11.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  11.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  11.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
11.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
11.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

12 GLOBAL ANATOMICAL MODELS MARKET FORECAST (2016-2021)

12.1 Global Anatomical Models Production, Revenue and Price Forecast (2016-2021)
  12.1.1 Global Anatomical Models Production and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
  12.1.2 Global Anatomical Models Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
  12.1.3 Global Anatomical Models Price and Trend Forecast (2016-2021)
12.2 Global Anatomical Models Production, Consumption, Import and Export Forecast by Regions (2016-2021)
  12.2.1 North America Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2016-2021)
  12.2.2 Europe Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2016-2021)
  12.2.3 China Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2016-2021)
  12.2.4 Japan Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2016-2021)
  12.2.5 Southeast Asia Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2016-2021)
  12.2.6 India Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2016-2021)
12.3 Global Anatomical Models Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2016-2021)
12.4 Global Anatomical Models Consumption Forecast by Application (2016-2021)

13 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

14 APPENDIX

Methodology
Analyst Introduction
Data Source

The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Picture of Anatomical Models
Figure Global Production Market Share of Anatomical Models by Type in 2015
Figure Product Picture of Skeleton & Muscular Models
Table Major Manufacturers of Skeleton & Muscular Models
Figure Product Picture of Dental Models
Table Major Manufacturers of Dental Models
Figure Product Picture of Head & Skull & Nervous Models
Table Major Manufacturers of Head & Skull & Nervous Models
Figure Product Picture of Torso & Organ Models
Table Major Manufacturers of Torso & Organ Models
Figure Product Picture of Veterinary Models
Table Major Manufacturers of Veterinary Models
Figure Product Picture of Others
Table Major Manufacturers of Others
Table Anatomical Models Consumption Market Share by Application in 2015
Figure Education Examples
Figure Hospitals Examples
Figure Scientific Research Examples
Figure Others Examples
Figure North America Anatomical Models Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Europe Anatomical Models Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure China Anatomical Models Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Japan Anatomical Models Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Southeast Asia Anatomical Models Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure India Anatomical Models Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Figure Global Anatomical Models Revenue (Million UDS) and Growth Rate (2011-2021)
Table Global Anatomical Models Capacity of Key Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Global Anatomical Models Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Figure Global Anatomical Models Capacity of Key Manufacturers in 2015
Figure Global Anatomical Models Capacity of Key Manufacturers in 2016
Table Global Anatomical Models Production of Key Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Global Anatomical Models Production Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Figure 2015 Anatomical Models Production Share by Manufacturers
Figure 2016 Anatomical Models Production Share by Manufacturers
Table Global Anatomical Models Revenue (Million USD) by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Global Anatomical Models Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table 2015 Global Anatomical Models Revenue Share by Manufacturers
Table 2016 Global Anatomical Models Revenue Share by Manufacturers
Table Global Market Anatomical Models Average Price of Key Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Figure Global Market Anatomical Models Average Price of Key Manufacturers in 2015
Table Manufacturers Anatomical Models Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table Manufacturers Anatomical Models Product Type
Figure Anatomical Models Market Share of Top 3 Manufacturers
Figure Anatomical Models Market Share of Top 5 Manufacturers
Table Global Anatomical Models Capacity by Regions (2011-2016)
Figure Global Anatomical Models Capacity Market Share by Regions (2011-2016)
Figure Global Anatomical Models Capacity Market Share by Regions (2011-2016)
Figure 2015 Global Anatomical Models Capacity Market Share by Regions
Table Global Anatomical Models Production by Regions (2011-2016)
Figure Global Anatomical Models Production and Market Share by Regions (2011-2016)
Figure Global Anatomical Models Production Market Share by Regions (2011-2016)
Figure 2015 Global Anatomical Models Production Market Share by Regions
Table Global Anatomical Models Revenue by Regions (2011-2016)
Table Global Anatomical Models Revenue Market Share by Regions (2011-2016)
Table 2015 Global Anatomical Models Revenue Market Share by Regions
Table Global Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table North America Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Europe Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table China Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Japan Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Southeast Asia Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table India Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2011-2016)
Table Global Anatomical Models Consumption Market by Regions (2011-2016)
Table Global Anatomical Models Consumption Market Share by Regions (2011-2016)
Figure Global Anatomical Models Consumption Market Share by Regions (2011-2016)
Figure 2015 Global Anatomical Models Consumption Market Share by Regions
Table North America Anatomical Models Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2011-2016)
Table Europe Anatomical Models Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2011-2016)
Table China Anatomical Models Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2011-2016)
Table Japan Anatomical Models Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2011-2016)
Table Southeast Asia Anatomical Models Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2011-2016)
Table India Anatomical Models Production, Consumption, Import & Export (2011-2016)
Table Global Anatomical Models Production by Type (2011-2016)
Table Global Anatomical Models Production Share by Type (2011-2016)
Figure Production Market Share of Anatomical Models by Type (2011-2016)
Figure 2015 Production Market Share of Anatomical Models by Type
Table Global Anatomical Models Revenue by Type (2011-2016)
Table Global Anatomical Models Revenue Share by Type (2011-2016)
Figure Production Revenue Share of Anatomical Models by Type (2011-2016)
Figure 2015 Revenue Market Share of Anatomical Models by Type
Table Global Anatomical Models Price by Type (2011-2016)
Figure Global Anatomical Models Production Growth by Type (2011-2016)
Table Global Anatomical Models Consumption by Application (2011-2016)
Table Global Anatomical Models Consumption Market Share by Application (2011-2016)
Figure Global Anatomical Models Consumption Market Share by Application in 2015
Table Global Anatomical Models Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2011-2016)
Figure Global Anatomical Models Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2011-2016)
Table 3B Scientific Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
Table 3B Scientific Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
Figure 3B Scientific Anatomical Models Market Share (2015 and 2016)
Table GPI Anatomicals Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
Table GPI Anatomicals Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
Figure GPI Anatomicals Anatomical Models Market Share (2015 and 2016)
Table Laerdal Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
Table Laerdal Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
Figure Laerdal Anatomical Models Market Share (2015 and 2016)
Table Honglian Medical Tech Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
Table Honglian Medical Tech Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
Figure Honglian Medical Tech Anatomical Models Market Share (2015 and 2016)
Table frasaco Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
Table frasaco Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
Figure frasaco Anatomical Models Market Share (2015 and 2016)
Table Xincheng Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
Table Xincheng Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
Figure Xincheng Anatomical Models Market Share (2015 and 2016)
Table Simulaids Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
Table Simulaids Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
Figure Simulaids Anatomical Models Market Share (2015 and 2016)
Table A. Algeo Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
Table A. Algeo Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
Figure A. Algeo Anatomical Models Market Share (2015 and 2016)
Table PRODONT-HOLLIGER Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
Table PRODONT-HOLLIGER Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
Figure PRODONT-HOLLIGER Anatomical Models Market Share (2015 and 2016)
Table Adam, Rouilly Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
Table Adam, Rouilly Anatomical Models Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015 and 2016)
Figure Adam, Rouilly Anatomical Models Market Share (2015 and 2016)
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Anatomical Models
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Anatomical Models
Figure Anatomical Models Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Anatomical Models Major Manufacturers in 2015
Table Major Buyers of Anatomical Models
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure Global Anatomical Models Production and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Global Anatomical Models Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Global Anatomical Models Price and Trend Forecast (2016-2021)
Table Global Anatomical Models Production Forecast by Regions (2016-2021)
Table Global Anatomical Models Consumption Forecast by Regions (2016-2021)
Figure North America Anatomical Models Production, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Table North America Anatomical Models Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Europe Anatomical Models Production, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Table Europe Anatomical Models Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure China Anatomical Models Production, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Table China Anatomical Models Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Japan Anatomical Models Production, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Table Japan Anatomical Models Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure Southeast Asia Anatomical Models Production, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Table Southeast Asia Anatomical Models Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2016-2021)
Figure India Anatomical Models Production, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2016-2021)
Table India Anatomical Models Production, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2016-2021)
Table Global Anatomical Models Production Forecast by Type (2016-2021)
Table Global Anatomical Models Revenue Forecast by Type (2016-2021)
Table Global Anatomical Models Price Forecast by Type (2016-2021)
Table Global Anatomical Models Consumption Forecast by Application (2016-2021)