South Korea Construction Equipment Market Report by Solution Type (Products, Services), Equipment Type (Heavy Construction Equipment, Compact Construction Equipment), Type (Loader, Cranes, Forklift, Excavator, Dozers, and Others), Application (Excavation and Mining, Lifting and Material Handling, Earth Moving, Transportation, and Others), Industry (Oil and Gas, Construction and Infrastructure, Manufacturing, Mining, and Others), and Region 2026-2034
South Korea construction equipment market size reached USD 4,960.4 Million in 2025. Looking forward, IMARC Group expects the market to reach USD 7,004.0 Million by 2034, exhibiting a growth rate (CAGR) of 3.79% during 2026-2034. Rapid urbanization, favorable government infrastructure initiatives, a thriving manufacturing sector, real estate development, the adoption of eco-friendly practices, increasing smart city projects, and international collaborations represent some of the key factors driving the market.
Construction equipment refers to a broad category of machinery designed and utilized for various tasks involved in the construction, demolition, and maintenance of infrastructure and buildings. These specialized machines are crucial for executing construction projects efficiently and include a diverse range of equipment, such as excavators, bulldozers, cranes, loaders, concrete mixers, pavers, and more. Each type of construction equipment serves a specific purpose, contributing to different phases of the construction process. Excavators are used for digging and earthmoving, while cranes are essential for lifting and placing heavy materials. Bulldozers play a pivotal role in grading and leveling surfaces, and concrete mixers are employed for mixing and transporting concrete to construction sites. The significance of construction equipment lies in its ability to enhance productivity, speed up construction timelines, and handle tasks that would be impractical or labor-intensive without mechanized assistance. These machines are integral to the modern construction industry, enabling builders and contractors to tackle complex projects with precision and efficiency, ultimately shaping the landscape of urban and rural environments around the world.
SOUTH KOREA CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT MARKET TRENDS:
Increasing urbanization, with South Korea witnessing a significant shift of its population towards urban centers, necessitates extensive construction activities for residential and commercial infrastructure, fueling the demand for construction equipment. Besides this, the government's emphasis on infrastructure development and extensive investments in large-scale infrastructure projects, such as highways, bridges, and public transportation systems to enhance connectivity are strengthening the market growth. Another factor influencing the market expansion is the burgeoning growth of the manufacturing sector, which requires advanced construction equipment for setting up production facilities. Moreover, the rising need for modernization and replacement of outdated equipment is contributing to the market growth as companies seek more efficient and technologically advanced machinery to enhance productivity. In addition to this, the escalating awareness and adoption of environmentally friendly practices are encouraging the incorporation of innovative, eco-friendly construction equipment, creating a favorable outlook for market expansion. Concurrently, the rise of smart cities and the integration of digital technologies in construction projects spurring the demand for specialized equipment are providing an impetus to the market growth. Furthermore, the influx of foreign investments and collaborations with international construction firms contribute to the market expansion by introducing advanced technologies and fostering healthy competition. Other factors, such as South Korea's developing retail sector, combined with favorable government policies, tax incentives, and easy access to financing options, are presenting lucrative opportunities for market expansion.
SOUTH KOREA CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT MARKET SEGMENTATION:
IMARC Group provides an analysis of the key trends in each segment of the market, along with forecasts at the country level for 2026-2034. Our report has categorized the market based on solution type, equipment type, type, application, and industry.
Solution Type Insights:
Equipment Type Insights:
Type Insights:
Application Insights:
Industry Insights:
Regional Insights:
COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE:
The market research report has also provided a comprehensive analysis of the competitive landscape in the market. Competitive analysis such as market structure, key player positioning, top winning strategies, competitive dashboard, and company evaluation quadrant has been covered in the report. Also, detailed profiles of all major companies have been provided. Some of the key players include:
KEY QUESTIONS ANSWERED IN THIS REPORT
How has the South Korea construction equipment market performed so far and how will it perform in the coming years?
What is the breakup of the South Korea construction equipment market on the basis of solution type?
What is the breakup of the South Korea construction equipment market on the basis of equipment type?
What is the breakup of the South Korea construction equipment market on the basis of type?
What is the breakup of the South Korea construction equipment market on the basis of application?
What is the breakup of the South Korea construction equipment market on the basis of industry?
What are the various stages in the value chain of the South Korea construction equipment market?
What are the key driving factors and challenges in the South Korea construction equipment?
What is the structure of the South Korea construction equipment market and who are the key players?
What is the degree of competition in the South Korea construction equipment market?
Construction equipment refers to a broad category of machinery designed and utilized for various tasks involved in the construction, demolition, and maintenance of infrastructure and buildings. These specialized machines are crucial for executing construction projects efficiently and include a diverse range of equipment, such as excavators, bulldozers, cranes, loaders, concrete mixers, pavers, and more. Each type of construction equipment serves a specific purpose, contributing to different phases of the construction process. Excavators are used for digging and earthmoving, while cranes are essential for lifting and placing heavy materials. Bulldozers play a pivotal role in grading and leveling surfaces, and concrete mixers are employed for mixing and transporting concrete to construction sites. The significance of construction equipment lies in its ability to enhance productivity, speed up construction timelines, and handle tasks that would be impractical or labor-intensive without mechanized assistance. These machines are integral to the modern construction industry, enabling builders and contractors to tackle complex projects with precision and efficiency, ultimately shaping the landscape of urban and rural environments around the world.
SOUTH KOREA CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT MARKET TRENDS:
Increasing urbanization, with South Korea witnessing a significant shift of its population towards urban centers, necessitates extensive construction activities for residential and commercial infrastructure, fueling the demand for construction equipment. Besides this, the government's emphasis on infrastructure development and extensive investments in large-scale infrastructure projects, such as highways, bridges, and public transportation systems to enhance connectivity are strengthening the market growth. Another factor influencing the market expansion is the burgeoning growth of the manufacturing sector, which requires advanced construction equipment for setting up production facilities. Moreover, the rising need for modernization and replacement of outdated equipment is contributing to the market growth as companies seek more efficient and technologically advanced machinery to enhance productivity. In addition to this, the escalating awareness and adoption of environmentally friendly practices are encouraging the incorporation of innovative, eco-friendly construction equipment, creating a favorable outlook for market expansion. Concurrently, the rise of smart cities and the integration of digital technologies in construction projects spurring the demand for specialized equipment are providing an impetus to the market growth. Furthermore, the influx of foreign investments and collaborations with international construction firms contribute to the market expansion by introducing advanced technologies and fostering healthy competition. Other factors, such as South Korea's developing retail sector, combined with favorable government policies, tax incentives, and easy access to financing options, are presenting lucrative opportunities for market expansion.
SOUTH KOREA CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT MARKET SEGMENTATION:
IMARC Group provides an analysis of the key trends in each segment of the market, along with forecasts at the country level for 2026-2034. Our report has categorized the market based on solution type, equipment type, type, application, and industry.
Solution Type Insights:
- Products
- Services
Equipment Type Insights:
- Heavy Construction Equipment
- Compact Construction Equipment
Type Insights:
- Loader
- Cranes
- Forklift
- Excavator
- Dozers
- Others
Application Insights:
- Excavation and Mining
- Lifting and Material Handling
- Earth Moving
- Transportation
- Others
Industry Insights:
- Oil and Gas
- Construction and Infrastructure
- Manufacturing
- Mining
- Others
Regional Insights:
- Seoul Capital Area
- Yeongnam (Southeastern Region)
- Honam (Southwestern Region)
- Hoseo (Central Region)
- Others
COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE:
The market research report has also provided a comprehensive analysis of the competitive landscape in the market. Competitive analysis such as market structure, key player positioning, top winning strategies, competitive dashboard, and company evaluation quadrant has been covered in the report. Also, detailed profiles of all major companies have been provided. Some of the key players include:
KEY QUESTIONS ANSWERED IN THIS REPORT
How has the South Korea construction equipment market performed so far and how will it perform in the coming years?
What is the breakup of the South Korea construction equipment market on the basis of solution type?
What is the breakup of the South Korea construction equipment market on the basis of equipment type?
What is the breakup of the South Korea construction equipment market on the basis of type?
What is the breakup of the South Korea construction equipment market on the basis of application?
What is the breakup of the South Korea construction equipment market on the basis of industry?
What are the various stages in the value chain of the South Korea construction equipment market?
What are the key driving factors and challenges in the South Korea construction equipment?
What is the structure of the South Korea construction equipment market and who are the key players?
What is the degree of competition in the South Korea construction equipment market?
1 PREFACE
2 SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY
2.1 Objectives of the Study
2.2 Stakeholders
2.3 Data Sources
2.3.1 Primary Sources
2.3.2 Secondary Sources
2.4 Market Estimation
2.4.1 Bottom-Up Approach
2.4.2 Top-Down Approach
2.5 Forecasting Methodology
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
4 SOUTH KOREA CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT MARKET - INTRODUCTION
4.1 Overview
4.2 Market Dynamics
4.3 Industry Trends
4.4 Competitive Intelligence
5 SOUTH KOREA CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT MARKET LANDSCAPE
5.1 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
5.2 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
6 SOUTH KOREA CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT MARKET - BREAKUP BY SOLUTION TYPE
6.1 Products
6.1.1 Overview
6.1.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
6.1.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
6.2 Services
6.2.1 Overview
6.2.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
6.2.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
7 SOUTH KOREA CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT MARKET - BREAKUP BY EQUIPMENT TYPE
7.1 Heavy Construction Equipment
7.1.1 Overview
7.1.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
7.1.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
7.2 Compact Construction Equipment
7.2.1 Overview
7.2.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
7.2.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
8 SOUTH KOREA CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT MARKET - BREAKUP BY TYPE
8.1 Loader
8.1.1 Overview
8.1.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
8.1.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
8.2 Cranes
8.2.1 Overview
8.2.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
8.2.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
8.3 Forklift
8.3.1 Overview
8.3.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
8.3.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
8.4 Excavator
8.4.1 Overview
8.4.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
8.4.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
8.5 Dozers
8.5.1 Overview
8.5.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
8.5.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
8.6 Others
8.6.1 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
8.6.2 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
9 SOUTH KOREA CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT MARKET - BREAKUP BY APPLICATION
9.1 Excavation and Mining
9.1.1 Overview
9.1.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
9.1.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
9.2 Lifting and Material Handling
9.2.1 Overview
9.2.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
9.2.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
9.3 Earth Moving
9.3.1 Overview
9.3.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
9.3.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
9.4 Transportation
9.4.1 Overview
9.4.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
9.4.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
9.5 Others
9.5.1 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
9.5.2 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
10 SOUTH KOREA CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT MARKET - BREAKUP BY INDUSTRY
10.1 Oil and Gas
10.1.1 Overview
10.1.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
10.1.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
10.2 Construction and Infrastructure
10.2.1 Overview
10.2.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
10.2.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
10.3 Manufacturing
10.3.1 Overview
10.3.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
10.3.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
10.4 Mining
10.4.1 Overview
10.4.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
10.4.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
10.5 Others
10.5.1 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
10.5.2 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
11 SOUTH KOREA CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT MARKET – BREAKUP BY REGION
11.1 Seoul Capital Area
11.1.1 Overview
11.1.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
11.1.3 Market Breakup by Solution Type
11.1.4 Market Breakup by Equipment Type
11.1.5 Market Breakup by Type
11.1.6 Market Breakup by Application
11.1.7 Market Breakup by Industry
11.1.8 Key Players
11.1.9 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
11.2 Yeongnam (Southeastern Region)
11.2.1 Overview
11.2.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
11.2.3 Market Breakup by Solution Type
11.2.4 Market Breakup by Equipment Type
11.2.5 Market Breakup by Type
11.2.6 Market Breakup by Application
11.2.7 Market Breakup by Industry
11.2.8 Key Players
11.2.9 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
11.3 Honam (Southwestern Region)
11.3.1 Overview
11.3.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
11.3.3 Market Breakup by Solution Type
11.3.4 Market Breakup by Equipment Type
11.3.5 Market Breakup by Type
11.3.6 Market Breakup by Application
11.3.7 Market Breakup by Industry
11.3.8 Key Players
11.3.9 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
11.4 Hoseo (Central Region)
11.4.1 Overview
11.4.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
11.4.3 Market Breakup by Solution Type
11.4.4 Market Breakup by Equipment Type
11.4.5 Market Breakup by Type
11.4.6 Market Breakup by Application
11.4.7 Market Breakup by Industry
11.4.8 Key Players
11.4.9 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
11.5 Others
11.5.1 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
11.5.2 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
12 SOUTH KOREA CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT MARKET – COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
12.1 Overview
12.2 Market Structure
12.3 Market Player Positioning
12.4 Top Winning Strategies
12.5 Competitive Dashboard
12.6 Company Evaluation Quadrant
13 PROFILES OF KEY PLAYERS
13.1 AB Volvo
13.1.1 Business Overview
13.1.2 Product Portfolio
13.1.3 Business Strategies
13.1.4 SWOT Analysis
13.1.5 Major News and Events
13.2 HD Hyundai Construction Equipment Co. Ltd.
13.2.1 Business Overview
13.2.2 Product Portfolio
13.2.3 Business Strategies
13.2.4 SWOT Analysis
13.2.5 Major News and Events
13.3 Komatsu Ltd.
13.3.1 Business Overview
13.3.2 Product Portfolio
13.3.3 Business Strategies
13.3.4 SWOT Analysis
13.3.5 Major News and Events
13.4 Xuzhou Construction Machinery Group Co. Ltd.
13.4.1 Business Overview
13.4.2 Product Portfolio
13.4.3 Business Strategies
13.4.4 SWOT Analysis
13.4.5 Major News and Events
14 SOUTH KOREA CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT MARKET - INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
14.1 Drivers, Restraints, and Opportunities
14.1.1 Overview
14.1.2 Drivers
14.1.3 Restraints
14.1.4 Opportunities
14.2 Porters Five Forces Analysis
14.2.1 Overview
14.2.2 Bargaining Power of Buyers
14.2.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
14.2.4 Degree of Competition
14.2.5 Threat of New Entrants
14.2.6 Threat of Substitutes
14.3 Value Chain Analysis
15 APPENDIX
2 SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY
2.1 Objectives of the Study
2.2 Stakeholders
2.3 Data Sources
2.3.1 Primary Sources
2.3.2 Secondary Sources
2.4 Market Estimation
2.4.1 Bottom-Up Approach
2.4.2 Top-Down Approach
2.5 Forecasting Methodology
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
4 SOUTH KOREA CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT MARKET - INTRODUCTION
4.1 Overview
4.2 Market Dynamics
4.3 Industry Trends
4.4 Competitive Intelligence
5 SOUTH KOREA CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT MARKET LANDSCAPE
5.1 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
5.2 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
6 SOUTH KOREA CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT MARKET - BREAKUP BY SOLUTION TYPE
6.1 Products
6.1.1 Overview
6.1.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
6.1.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
6.2 Services
6.2.1 Overview
6.2.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
6.2.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
7 SOUTH KOREA CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT MARKET - BREAKUP BY EQUIPMENT TYPE
7.1 Heavy Construction Equipment
7.1.1 Overview
7.1.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
7.1.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
7.2 Compact Construction Equipment
7.2.1 Overview
7.2.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
7.2.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
8 SOUTH KOREA CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT MARKET - BREAKUP BY TYPE
8.1 Loader
8.1.1 Overview
8.1.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
8.1.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
8.2 Cranes
8.2.1 Overview
8.2.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
8.2.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
8.3 Forklift
8.3.1 Overview
8.3.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
8.3.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
8.4 Excavator
8.4.1 Overview
8.4.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
8.4.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
8.5 Dozers
8.5.1 Overview
8.5.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
8.5.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
8.6 Others
8.6.1 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
8.6.2 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
9 SOUTH KOREA CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT MARKET - BREAKUP BY APPLICATION
9.1 Excavation and Mining
9.1.1 Overview
9.1.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
9.1.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
9.2 Lifting and Material Handling
9.2.1 Overview
9.2.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
9.2.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
9.3 Earth Moving
9.3.1 Overview
9.3.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
9.3.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
9.4 Transportation
9.4.1 Overview
9.4.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
9.4.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
9.5 Others
9.5.1 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
9.5.2 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
10 SOUTH KOREA CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT MARKET - BREAKUP BY INDUSTRY
10.1 Oil and Gas
10.1.1 Overview
10.1.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
10.1.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
10.2 Construction and Infrastructure
10.2.1 Overview
10.2.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
10.2.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
10.3 Manufacturing
10.3.1 Overview
10.3.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
10.3.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
10.4 Mining
10.4.1 Overview
10.4.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
10.4.3 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
10.5 Others
10.5.1 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
10.5.2 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
11 SOUTH KOREA CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT MARKET – BREAKUP BY REGION
11.1 Seoul Capital Area
11.1.1 Overview
11.1.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
11.1.3 Market Breakup by Solution Type
11.1.4 Market Breakup by Equipment Type
11.1.5 Market Breakup by Type
11.1.6 Market Breakup by Application
11.1.7 Market Breakup by Industry
11.1.8 Key Players
11.1.9 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
11.2 Yeongnam (Southeastern Region)
11.2.1 Overview
11.2.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
11.2.3 Market Breakup by Solution Type
11.2.4 Market Breakup by Equipment Type
11.2.5 Market Breakup by Type
11.2.6 Market Breakup by Application
11.2.7 Market Breakup by Industry
11.2.8 Key Players
11.2.9 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
11.3 Honam (Southwestern Region)
11.3.1 Overview
11.3.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
11.3.3 Market Breakup by Solution Type
11.3.4 Market Breakup by Equipment Type
11.3.5 Market Breakup by Type
11.3.6 Market Breakup by Application
11.3.7 Market Breakup by Industry
11.3.8 Key Players
11.3.9 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
11.4 Hoseo (Central Region)
11.4.1 Overview
11.4.2 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
11.4.3 Market Breakup by Solution Type
11.4.4 Market Breakup by Equipment Type
11.4.5 Market Breakup by Type
11.4.6 Market Breakup by Application
11.4.7 Market Breakup by Industry
11.4.8 Key Players
11.4.9 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
11.5 Others
11.5.1 Historical and Current Market Trends (2020-2025)
11.5.2 Market Forecast (2026-2034)
12 SOUTH KOREA CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT MARKET – COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
12.1 Overview
12.2 Market Structure
12.3 Market Player Positioning
12.4 Top Winning Strategies
12.5 Competitive Dashboard
12.6 Company Evaluation Quadrant
13 PROFILES OF KEY PLAYERS
13.1 AB Volvo
13.1.1 Business Overview
13.1.2 Product Portfolio
13.1.3 Business Strategies
13.1.4 SWOT Analysis
13.1.5 Major News and Events
13.2 HD Hyundai Construction Equipment Co. Ltd.
13.2.1 Business Overview
13.2.2 Product Portfolio
13.2.3 Business Strategies
13.2.4 SWOT Analysis
13.2.5 Major News and Events
13.3 Komatsu Ltd.
13.3.1 Business Overview
13.3.2 Product Portfolio
13.3.3 Business Strategies
13.3.4 SWOT Analysis
13.3.5 Major News and Events
13.4 Xuzhou Construction Machinery Group Co. Ltd.
13.4.1 Business Overview
13.4.2 Product Portfolio
13.4.3 Business Strategies
13.4.4 SWOT Analysis
13.4.5 Major News and Events
14 SOUTH KOREA CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT MARKET - INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
14.1 Drivers, Restraints, and Opportunities
14.1.1 Overview
14.1.2 Drivers
14.1.3 Restraints
14.1.4 Opportunities
14.2 Porters Five Forces Analysis
14.2.1 Overview
14.2.2 Bargaining Power of Buyers
14.2.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
14.2.4 Degree of Competition
14.2.5 Threat of New Entrants
14.2.6 Threat of Substitutes
14.3 Value Chain Analysis
15 APPENDIX
