Global and United States Electric Forklift Market Research by Company, Type & Application 2013-2025
SUMMARY
Electric Forklift refers to a powered industrial truck used to lift and move materials short distances, which is powered by electricity. Majority of electric forklifts are powered by batteries, which are used as source power to drive the motor driving motor and hydraulic systems to travel and load and unload operations. Compared with internal combustion forklifts, electric forklifts have advantages such as less pollution, easier to operate and higher energy efficiency. Along with the development of economy and the enhancement of environmental protection consciousness, the industry of electric forklift has experienced a rapid growth.
Market Segment as follows:
By Type
Section 1:
Product definition, type and application, global and United States market overview;
Section 2:
Global and United States Market competition by company;
Section 3:
Global and United States sales revenue, volume and price by type;
Section 4:
Global and United States sales revenue, volume and price by application;
Section 5:
United States export and import;
Section 6:
Company information, business overview, sales data and product specifications;
Section 7:
Industry chain and raw materials;
Section 8:
SWOT and Porter's Five Forces;
Section 9:
Conclusion.
Electric Forklift refers to a powered industrial truck used to lift and move materials short distances, which is powered by electricity. Majority of electric forklifts are powered by batteries, which are used as source power to drive the motor driving motor and hydraulic systems to travel and load and unload operations. Compared with internal combustion forklifts, electric forklifts have advantages such as less pollution, easier to operate and higher energy efficiency. Along with the development of economy and the enhancement of environmental protection consciousness, the industry of electric forklift has experienced a rapid growth.
Market Segment as follows:
By Type
- Electric counterbalance forklift trucks
- Electric pallet trucks
- Electric reach trucks
- Electric stackers
- Factory
- Harbor
- Airport
- Others
- Toyota
- Kion Group AG
- Jungheinrich AG
- Hyster-Yale Materials Handling
- Crown Equipment
- Mitsubishi Nichiyu
- UniCarriers Corp
- Komatsu
- Anhui Heli
- Clark Material Handling Company
- Hangcha
- Doosan Industrial Vehicles
- Hyundai Heavy Industries
- Combilift Ltd
- Lonking
- Tailift Group
- Hubtex
- Hytsu Group
- Godrej & Boyce
Section 1:
Product definition, type and application, global and United States market overview;
Section 2:
Global and United States Market competition by company;
Section 3:
Global and United States sales revenue, volume and price by type;
Section 4:
Global and United States sales revenue, volume and price by application;
Section 5:
United States export and import;
Section 6:
Company information, business overview, sales data and product specifications;
Section 7:
Industry chain and raw materials;
Section 8:
SWOT and Porter's Five Forces;
Section 9:
Conclusion.
1 MARKET OVERVIEW
1.1 Market Segment Overview
1.1.1 Product Definition
1.1.2 Market by Type
1.1.2.1 Electric counterbalance forklift trucks
1.1.2.2 Electric pallet trucks
1.1.2.3 Electric reach trucks
1.1.2.4 Electric stackers
1.1.3 Market by Application
1.1.3.1 Factory
1.1.3.2 Harbor
1.1.3.3 Airport
1.1.3.4 Others
1.2 Global and Regional Market Size
1.2.1 Global Overview
1.2.2 United States Overview
2 GLOBAL AND REGIONAL MARKET BY COMPANY
2.1 Global
2.1.1 Global Sales by Company
2.1.2 Global Price by Company
2.2 United States
2.2.1 United States Sales by Company
2.2.2 United States Price by Company
3 GLOBAL AND REGIONAL MARKET BY TYPE
3.1 Global
3.1.1 Global Sales by Type
3.1.2 Global Price by Type
3.2 United States
3.2.1 United States Sales by Type
3.2.2 United States Price by Type
4 GLOBAL AND REGIONAL MARKET BY APPLICATION
4.1 Global
4.1.1 Global Sales by Application
4.1.2 Global Price by Application
4.2 United States
4.2.1 United States Sales by Application
4.2.2 United States Price by Application
5 REGIONAL TRADE
5.1 Export
5.2 Import
6 KEY MANUFACTURERS
6.1 Toyota
6.1.2 Company Information
6.1.2 Product Specifications
6.1.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.2 Kion Group AG
6.2.1 Company Information
6.2.2 Product Specifications
6.2.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.3 Jungheinrich AG
6.3.1 Company Information
6.3.2 Product Specifications
6.3.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.4 Hyster-Yale Materials Handling
6.4.1 Company Information
6.4.2 Product Specifications
6.4.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.5 Crown Equipment
6.5.1 Company Information
6.5.2 Product Specifications
6.5.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.6 Mitsubishi Nichiyu
6.6.1 Company Information
6.6.2 Product Specifications
6.6.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.7 UniCarriers Corp
6.7.1 Company Information
6.7.2 Product Specifications
6.7.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.8 Komatsu
6.8.1 Company Information
6.8.2 Product Specifications
6.8.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.9 Anhui Heli
6.9.1 Company Information
6.9.2 Product Specifications
6.9.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.10 Clark Material Handling Company
6.10.1 Company Information
6.10.2 Product Specifications
6.10.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.11 Hangcha
6.12 Doosan Industrial Vehicles
6.13 Hyundai Heavy Industries
6.14 Combilift Ltd
6.15 Lonking
6.16 Tailift Group
6.17 Hubtex
6.18 Hytsu Group
6.19 Godrej & Boyce
7 INDUSTRY UPSTREAM
7.1 Industry Chain
7.2 Raw Materials
8 MARKET ENVIRONMENT
8.1 SWOT
8.2 Porter's Five Forces
9 CONCLUSION
1.1 Market Segment Overview
1.1.1 Product Definition
1.1.2 Market by Type
1.1.2.1 Electric counterbalance forklift trucks
1.1.2.2 Electric pallet trucks
1.1.2.3 Electric reach trucks
1.1.2.4 Electric stackers
1.1.3 Market by Application
1.1.3.1 Factory
1.1.3.2 Harbor
1.1.3.3 Airport
1.1.3.4 Others
1.2 Global and Regional Market Size
1.2.1 Global Overview
1.2.2 United States Overview
2 GLOBAL AND REGIONAL MARKET BY COMPANY
2.1 Global
2.1.1 Global Sales by Company
2.1.2 Global Price by Company
2.2 United States
2.2.1 United States Sales by Company
2.2.2 United States Price by Company
3 GLOBAL AND REGIONAL MARKET BY TYPE
3.1 Global
3.1.1 Global Sales by Type
3.1.2 Global Price by Type
3.2 United States
3.2.1 United States Sales by Type
3.2.2 United States Price by Type
4 GLOBAL AND REGIONAL MARKET BY APPLICATION
4.1 Global
4.1.1 Global Sales by Application
4.1.2 Global Price by Application
4.2 United States
4.2.1 United States Sales by Application
4.2.2 United States Price by Application
5 REGIONAL TRADE
5.1 Export
5.2 Import
6 KEY MANUFACTURERS
6.1 Toyota
6.1.2 Company Information
6.1.2 Product Specifications
6.1.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.2 Kion Group AG
6.2.1 Company Information
6.2.2 Product Specifications
6.2.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.3 Jungheinrich AG
6.3.1 Company Information
6.3.2 Product Specifications
6.3.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.4 Hyster-Yale Materials Handling
6.4.1 Company Information
6.4.2 Product Specifications
6.4.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.5 Crown Equipment
6.5.1 Company Information
6.5.2 Product Specifications
6.5.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.6 Mitsubishi Nichiyu
6.6.1 Company Information
6.6.2 Product Specifications
6.6.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.7 UniCarriers Corp
6.7.1 Company Information
6.7.2 Product Specifications
6.7.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.8 Komatsu
6.8.1 Company Information
6.8.2 Product Specifications
6.8.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.9 Anhui Heli
6.9.1 Company Information
6.9.2 Product Specifications
6.9.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.10 Clark Material Handling Company
6.10.1 Company Information
6.10.2 Product Specifications
6.10.3 Business Data (Capacity, Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin)
6.11 Hangcha
6.12 Doosan Industrial Vehicles
6.13 Hyundai Heavy Industries
6.14 Combilift Ltd
6.15 Lonking
6.16 Tailift Group
6.17 Hubtex
6.18 Hytsu Group
6.19 Godrej & Boyce
7 INDUSTRY UPSTREAM
7.1 Industry Chain
7.2 Raw Materials
8 MARKET ENVIRONMENT
8.1 SWOT
8.2 Porter's Five Forces
9 CONCLUSION
LIST OF TABLES
Table Global Market Sales Revenue by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume Share by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Price by Company 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue by Company 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Company 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume by Company 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume Share by Company 2013-2017
Table United States Price by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume Share by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Price by Type 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue by Type 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Type 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume by Type 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume Share by Type 2013-2017
Table United States Price by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue by Application 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Application 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume by Application 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume Share by Application 2013-2017
Table Global Price by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume Share by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Price by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Export 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Table United States Export 2013-2017 (Volume)
Table United States Import 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Table United States Import 2013-2017 (Volume)
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Toyota
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Kion Group AG
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Jungheinrich AG
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Hyster-Yale Materials Handling
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Crown Equipment
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Mitsubishi Nichiyu
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of UniCarriers Corp
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Komatsu
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Anhui Heli
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Clark Material Handling Company
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Hangcha
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Doosan Industrial Vehicles
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Hyundai Heavy Industries
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Combilift Ltd
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Lonking
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Tailift Group
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Hubtex
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Hytsu Group
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Godrej & Boyce
Table Global Market Sales Revenue by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume Share by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Price by Company 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue by Company 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Company 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume by Company 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume Share by Company 2013-2017
Table United States Price by Company 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume Share by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Price by Type 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue by Type 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Type 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume by Type 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume Share by Type 2013-2017
Table United States Price by Type 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue by Application 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Application 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume by Application 2013-2017
Table Global Market Sales Volume Share by Application 2013-2017
Table Global Price by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Market Sales Volume Share by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Price by Application 2013-2017
Table United States Export 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Table United States Export 2013-2017 (Volume)
Table United States Import 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Table United States Import 2013-2017 (Volume)
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Toyota
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Kion Group AG
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Jungheinrich AG
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Hyster-Yale Materials Handling
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Crown Equipment
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Mitsubishi Nichiyu
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of UniCarriers Corp
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Komatsu
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Anhui Heli
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Clark Material Handling Company
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Hangcha
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Doosan Industrial Vehicles
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Hyundai Heavy Industries
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Combilift Ltd
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Lonking
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Tailift Group
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Hubtex
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Hytsu Group
Table Sales Revenue, Volume, Price, Cost and Margin of Godrej & Boyce
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Electric counterbalance forklift trucks Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Electric counterbalance forklift trucks Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Electric counterbalance forklift trucks Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Electric counterbalance forklift trucks Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Electric pallet trucks Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Electric pallet trucks Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Electric pallet trucks Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Electric pallet trucks Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Electric reach trucks Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Electric reach trucks Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Electric reach trucks Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Electric reach trucks Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Electric stackers Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Electric stackers Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Electric stackers Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Electric stackers Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Factory Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Factory Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Factory Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Factory Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Harbor Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Harbor Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Harbor Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Harbor Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Airport Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Airport Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Airport Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Airport Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Others Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Others Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Others Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Others Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Global Electric Forklift Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Global Electric Forklift Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Global Electric Forklift Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Global Electric Forklift Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure United States Electric Forklift Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure United States Electric Forklift Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure United States Electric Forklift Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure United States Electric Forklift Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Company in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Volume Share by Company in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Company in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Volume Share by Company in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Type in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Volume Share by Type in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Type in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Volume Share by Type in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Application in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Volume Share by Application in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Application in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Volume Share by Application in 2017
Figure Industry Chain Overview
Figure Electric Forklift SWOT List
Figure Automotive & Transportation Porter's Five Forces
Figure Electric counterbalance forklift trucks Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Electric counterbalance forklift trucks Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Electric counterbalance forklift trucks Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Electric counterbalance forklift trucks Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Electric pallet trucks Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Electric pallet trucks Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Electric pallet trucks Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Electric pallet trucks Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Electric reach trucks Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Electric reach trucks Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Electric reach trucks Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Electric reach trucks Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Electric stackers Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Electric stackers Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Electric stackers Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Electric stackers Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Factory Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Factory Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Factory Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Factory Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Harbor Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Harbor Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Harbor Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Harbor Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Airport Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Airport Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Airport Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Airport Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Others Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Others Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Others Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Others Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Global Electric Forklift Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure Global Electric Forklift Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure Global Electric Forklift Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Global Electric Forklift Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure United States Electric Forklift Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Million USD)
Figure United States Electric Forklift Market Size and CAGR 2013-2017 (Volume)
Figure United States Electric Forklift Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Million USD)
Figure United States Electric Forklift Market Forecast and CAGR 2018-2025 (Volume)
Figure Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Company in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Volume Share by Company in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Company in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Volume Share by Company in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Type in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Volume Share by Type in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Type in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Volume Share by Type in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Revenue Share by Application in 2017
Figure Global Market Sales Volume Share by Application in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Revenue Share by Application in 2017
Figure United States Market Sales Volume Share by Application in 2017
Figure Industry Chain Overview
Figure Electric Forklift SWOT List
Figure Automotive & Transportation Porter's Five Forces
