Global Automotive Heat Exchanger Market Survey and Trend Research 2018
SUMMARY
This report describes the development of the industry by upstream & downstream, industry overall and development, key companies, as well as type segment & market application and so on, and makes a scientific prediction for the development industry prospects on the basis of analysis, finally, analyzes opportunities for investment in the industry at the end of the report.
Industry Chain
This report describes the development of the industry by upstream & downstream, industry overall and development, key companies, as well as type segment & market application and so on, and makes a scientific prediction for the development industry prospects on the basis of analysis, finally, analyzes opportunities for investment in the industry at the end of the report.
Industry Chain
- Raw Materials
- Cost
- Technology
- Consumer Preference
- History
- Development & Trend
- Market Competition
- Trade Overview
- Policy
- Regional Market
- Production Development
- Sales
- Regional Trade
- Regional Forecast
- Company Profile
- Product & Service
- Business Operation Data
- Market Share
- Market Features
- Investment Opportunity
- Investment Calculation
PART 1 INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
1.1 Automotive Heat Exchanger Industry
1.1.1 Definition
1.1.2 Industry Trend
1.2 Industry Chain
1.2.1 Upstream
1.2.2 Technology
1.2.3 Cost Structure
1.2.4 Consumer Preference
1.2.2 Downstream
PART 2 INDUSTRY OVERALL
2.1 Industry History
2.2 Development Prospect
2.3 Competition Structure
2.4 Relevant Policy
2.5 Trade Overview
PART 3 AUTOMOTIVE HEAT EXCHANGER MARKET BY PRODUCT
3.1 Products List of Major Companies
3.2 Market Size
3.3 Market Forecast
PART 4 KEY COMPANIES LIST
4.1 Denso (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.1.1 Company Overview
4.1.2 Products and Services
4.1.3 Business Analysis
4.2 Mahle (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.2.1 Company Overview
4.2.2 Products and Services
4.2.3 Business Analysis
4.3 Hanon System (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.3.1 Company Overview
4.3.2 Products and Services
4.3.3 Business Analysis
4.4 Calsonic Kansei (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.4.1 Company Overview
4.4.2 Products and Services
4.4.3 Business Analysis
4.5 Alcoil (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.5.1 Company Overview
4.5.2 Products and Services
4.5.3 Business Analysis
4.6 Alcoil (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.6.1 Company Overview
4.6.2 Products and Services
4.6.3 Business Analysis
4.7 Dana (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.7.1 Company Overview
4.7.2 Products and Services
4.7.3 Business Analysis
4.8 Pranav Vikas (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.8.1 Company Overview
4.8.2 Products and Services
4.8.3 Business Analysis
4.9 Senior (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.9.1 Company Overview
4.9.2 Products and Services
4.9.3 Business Analysis
4.10 Tata AutoComp (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.10.1 Company Overview
4.10.2 Products and Services
4.10.3 Business Analysis
4.11 Koyorad (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.12 Tokyo Radiator (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.13 G&M (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.14 T.RAD (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.15 Modine (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.16 Sanden (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.17 KB AutoTech (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.18 Nanning Baling (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.19 Zhejiang Yinlun (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.20 Qingdao Toyo (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.21 Wuxi Guanyun (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.22 Jiangsu Jiahe (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.23 LURUN (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.24 Fawer (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.25 South Air (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.26 Weifang Hengan (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.27 Paninco (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.28 Shandong Tongchuang (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.29 Chaolihi Tech (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.30 Huaerda (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
PART 5 MARKET COMPETITION
5.1 Companies Competition
5.2 Industry Competition Structure Analysis
5.2.1 Rivalry
5.2.2 Threat of New Entrants
5.2.3 Substitutes
5.2.4 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
5.2.5 Bargaining Power of Buyers
PART 6 MARKET DEMAND BY SEGMENT
6.1 Demand Situation
6.1.1 Industry Application Status
6.1.2 Industry SWOT Analysis
6.1.2.1 Strengths
6.1.2.2 Weaknesses
6.1.2.3 Opportunities
6.1.2.4 Threats
6.2 Major Customer Survey
6.3 Demand Forecast
PART 7 REGION OPERATION
7.1 Regional Market
7.2 Production and Sales by Region
7.2.1 Production
7.2.2 Sales
7.2.3 Trade
7.3 Regional Forecast
PART 8 MARKET INVESTMENT
8.1 Market Features
8.1.1 Product Features
8.1.2 Price Features
8.1.3 Channel Features
8.1.4 Purchasing Features
8.2 Investment Opportunity
8.2.1 Regional Investment Opportunity
8.2.2 Industry Investment Opportunity
8.3 Investment Calculation
8.3.1 Cost Calculation
8.3.2 Revenue Calculation
8.3.3 Economic Performance Evaluation
PART 9 CONCLUSION
1.1 Automotive Heat Exchanger Industry
1.1.1 Definition
1.1.2 Industry Trend
1.2 Industry Chain
1.2.1 Upstream
1.2.2 Technology
1.2.3 Cost Structure
1.2.4 Consumer Preference
1.2.2 Downstream
PART 2 INDUSTRY OVERALL
2.1 Industry History
2.2 Development Prospect
2.3 Competition Structure
2.4 Relevant Policy
2.5 Trade Overview
PART 3 AUTOMOTIVE HEAT EXCHANGER MARKET BY PRODUCT
3.1 Products List of Major Companies
3.2 Market Size
3.3 Market Forecast
PART 4 KEY COMPANIES LIST
4.1 Denso (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.1.1 Company Overview
4.1.2 Products and Services
4.1.3 Business Analysis
4.2 Mahle (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.2.1 Company Overview
4.2.2 Products and Services
4.2.3 Business Analysis
4.3 Hanon System (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.3.1 Company Overview
4.3.2 Products and Services
4.3.3 Business Analysis
4.4 Calsonic Kansei (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.4.1 Company Overview
4.4.2 Products and Services
4.4.3 Business Analysis
4.5 Alcoil (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.5.1 Company Overview
4.5.2 Products and Services
4.5.3 Business Analysis
4.6 Alcoil (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.6.1 Company Overview
4.6.2 Products and Services
4.6.3 Business Analysis
4.7 Dana (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.7.1 Company Overview
4.7.2 Products and Services
4.7.3 Business Analysis
4.8 Pranav Vikas (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.8.1 Company Overview
4.8.2 Products and Services
4.8.3 Business Analysis
4.9 Senior (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.9.1 Company Overview
4.9.2 Products and Services
4.9.3 Business Analysis
4.10 Tata AutoComp (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.10.1 Company Overview
4.10.2 Products and Services
4.10.3 Business Analysis
4.11 Koyorad (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.12 Tokyo Radiator (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.13 G&M (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.14 T.RAD (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.15 Modine (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.16 Sanden (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.17 KB AutoTech (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.18 Nanning Baling (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.19 Zhejiang Yinlun (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.20 Qingdao Toyo (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.21 Wuxi Guanyun (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.22 Jiangsu Jiahe (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.23 LURUN (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.24 Fawer (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.25 South Air (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.26 Weifang Hengan (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.27 Paninco (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.28 Shandong Tongchuang (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.29 Chaolihi Tech (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
4.30 Huaerda (Company Overview, Sales Data etc.)
PART 5 MARKET COMPETITION
5.1 Companies Competition
5.2 Industry Competition Structure Analysis
5.2.1 Rivalry
5.2.2 Threat of New Entrants
5.2.3 Substitutes
5.2.4 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
5.2.5 Bargaining Power of Buyers
PART 6 MARKET DEMAND BY SEGMENT
6.1 Demand Situation
6.1.1 Industry Application Status
6.1.2 Industry SWOT Analysis
6.1.2.1 Strengths
6.1.2.2 Weaknesses
6.1.2.3 Opportunities
6.1.2.4 Threats
6.2 Major Customer Survey
6.3 Demand Forecast
PART 7 REGION OPERATION
7.1 Regional Market
7.2 Production and Sales by Region
7.2.1 Production
7.2.2 Sales
7.2.3 Trade
7.3 Regional Forecast
PART 8 MARKET INVESTMENT
8.1 Market Features
8.1.1 Product Features
8.1.2 Price Features
8.1.3 Channel Features
8.1.4 Purchasing Features
8.2 Investment Opportunity
8.2.1 Regional Investment Opportunity
8.2.2 Industry Investment Opportunity
8.3 Investment Calculation
8.3.1 Cost Calculation
8.3.2 Revenue Calculation
8.3.3 Economic Performance Evaluation
PART 9 CONCLUSION
LIST OF TABLES
Table Global Automotive Heat Exchanger Market 2012-2017, by Type, in USD Million
Table Global Automotive Heat Exchanger Market 2012-2017, by Type, in Volume
Table Global Automotive Heat Exchanger Market Forecast 2018-2023, by Type, in USD Million
Table Global Automotive Heat Exchanger Market Forecast 2018-2023, by Type, in Volume
Table Denso Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Denso (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Mahle Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Mahle (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Hanon System Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Hanon System (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Calsonic Kansei Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Calsonic Kansei (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Alcoil Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Alcoil (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Alcoil Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Alcoil (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Dana Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Dana (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Pranav Vikas Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Pranav Vikas (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Senior Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Senior (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Tata AutoComp Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Tata AutoComp (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Koyorad Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Koyorad (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Tokyo Radiator Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Tokyo Radiator (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table G&M Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of G&M (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table T.RAD Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of T.RAD (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Modine Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Modine (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Sanden Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Sanden (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table KB AutoTech Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of KB AutoTech (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Nanning Baling Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Nanning Baling (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Zhejiang Yinlun Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Zhejiang Yinlun (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Qingdao Toyo Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Qingdao Toyo (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Wuxi Guanyun Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Wuxi Guanyun (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Jiangsu Jiahe Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Jiangsu Jiahe (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table LURUN Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of LURUN (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Fawer Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Fawer (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table South Air Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of South Air (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Weifang Hengan Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Weifang Hengan (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Paninco Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Paninco (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Shandong Tongchuang Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Shandong Tongchuang (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Chaolihi Tech Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Chaolihi Tech (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Huaerda Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Huaerda (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Global Automotive Heat Exchanger Sales Revenue 2012-2017, by Companies, in USD Million
Table Global Automotive Heat Exchanger Sales Revenue Share, by Companies, in USD Million
Table Global Automotive Heat Exchanger Sales Volume 2012-2017, by Companies, in Volume
Table Global Automotive Heat Exchanger Sales Revenue Share, by Companies in 2017, in Volume
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Demand 2012-2017, by Application, in USD Million
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Demand 2012-2017, by Application, in Volume
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Demand Forecast 2018-2023, by Application, in USD Million
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Demand Forecast 2018-2023, by Application, in Volume
Table Global Automotive Heat Exchanger Market 2012-2017, by Region, in USD Million
Table Global Automotive Heat Exchanger Market 2012-2017, by Region, in Volume
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Market Forecast 2018-2023, by Region, in USD Million
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Market Forecast 2018-2023, by Region, in Volume
Table Global Automotive Heat Exchanger Market 2012-2017, by Type, in USD Million
Table Global Automotive Heat Exchanger Market 2012-2017, by Type, in Volume
Table Global Automotive Heat Exchanger Market Forecast 2018-2023, by Type, in USD Million
Table Global Automotive Heat Exchanger Market Forecast 2018-2023, by Type, in Volume
Table Denso Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Denso (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Mahle Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Mahle (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Hanon System Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Hanon System (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Calsonic Kansei Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Calsonic Kansei (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Alcoil Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Alcoil (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Alcoil Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Alcoil (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Dana Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Dana (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Pranav Vikas Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Pranav Vikas (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Senior Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Senior (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Tata AutoComp Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Tata AutoComp (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Koyorad Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Koyorad (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Tokyo Radiator Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Tokyo Radiator (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table G&M Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of G&M (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table T.RAD Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of T.RAD (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Modine Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Modine (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Sanden Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Sanden (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table KB AutoTech Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of KB AutoTech (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Nanning Baling Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Nanning Baling (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Zhejiang Yinlun Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Zhejiang Yinlun (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Qingdao Toyo Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Qingdao Toyo (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Wuxi Guanyun Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Wuxi Guanyun (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Jiangsu Jiahe Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Jiangsu Jiahe (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table LURUN Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of LURUN (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Fawer Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Fawer (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table South Air Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of South Air (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Weifang Hengan Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Weifang Hengan (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Paninco Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Paninco (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Shandong Tongchuang Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Shandong Tongchuang (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Chaolihi Tech Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Chaolihi Tech (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Huaerda Overview List
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Business Operation of Huaerda (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Global Automotive Heat Exchanger Sales Revenue 2012-2017, by Companies, in USD Million
Table Global Automotive Heat Exchanger Sales Revenue Share, by Companies, in USD Million
Table Global Automotive Heat Exchanger Sales Volume 2012-2017, by Companies, in Volume
Table Global Automotive Heat Exchanger Sales Revenue Share, by Companies in 2017, in Volume
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Demand 2012-2017, by Application, in USD Million
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Demand 2012-2017, by Application, in Volume
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Demand Forecast 2018-2023, by Application, in USD Million
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Demand Forecast 2018-2023, by Application, in Volume
Table Global Automotive Heat Exchanger Market 2012-2017, by Region, in USD Million
Table Global Automotive Heat Exchanger Market 2012-2017, by Region, in Volume
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Market Forecast 2018-2023, by Region, in USD Million
Table Automotive Heat Exchanger Market Forecast 2018-2023, by Region, in Volume
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Automotive Heat Exchanger Industry Chain Structure
Figure Global Automotive Heat Exchanger Market Growth 2012-2017, by Type, in USD Million
Figure Global Automotive Heat Exchanger Market Growth 2012-2017, by Type, in Volume
Figure Global Automotive Heat Exchanger Sales Revenue Share, by Companies in 2017, in USD Million
Figure Global Automotive Heat Exchanger Sales Volume Share 2012-2017, by Companies, in Volume
Figure Production Development by Region
Figure Sales List by Region
Figure Automotive Heat Exchanger Industry Chain Structure
Figure Global Automotive Heat Exchanger Market Growth 2012-2017, by Type, in USD Million
Figure Global Automotive Heat Exchanger Market Growth 2012-2017, by Type, in Volume
Figure Global Automotive Heat Exchanger Sales Revenue Share, by Companies in 2017, in USD Million
Figure Global Automotive Heat Exchanger Sales Volume Share 2012-2017, by Companies, in Volume
Figure Production Development by Region
Figure Sales List by Region