Electric Vehicle Fluid Market – Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity, and Forecast, 2018-2028F Segmented By Propulsion Type (Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)), By Vehicle Type (Passenger Car, Light Commercial Vehicle, Medium & Heavy Commercial Vehicle), By Product Type (Grease, Heat Transfer Fluids, Drive System Fluid), By Distribution Channel (OEM, Aftermarket), By Region, Competition
Global electric vehicle fluids market is forecast to grow at an impressive rate through 2028. The number of electric vehicles sold was 6.6 million units in 2021. It is difficult to develop lubricants for EVs since different original equipment manufacturers have distinct electric motor design that demands a particular lubricant to meet their requirements for exceptional performance. The technical requirements for EV lubricants are higher than for ICEs. The lubricants provide insulating, anti-wear performance, friction reduction, cooling of the electric motor and battery pack, and performance against wearing. Electric vehicles (EVs) require lubricants in essential electrical components such as battery coolants, differential gear oils, brake fluids, and grease. Major breakthroughs are still happening in electric vehicles when it comes to personal transportation. Even though global sales of new EVs are growing quickly and mass production of electric vehicles has been in place for a few decades, the research and development of specialized fluids and lubricants for them has just started to take place. Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) may not require conventional engine oils, but other EVs still need a special variety of lubricants, fluids, and greases, especially the hybrid EVs that still include ICEs. Many of those lubricants must meet the same performance standards as regular cars.
The public health and economies of creating countries have been affected by the global COVID-19 pandemic. Most businesses, including the automobile industry, were forced to shut down their manufacturing facilities for a considerable amount of time as a result of lockdowns that were implemented across multiple countries to reduce the danger of spreading the new coronavirus. In 2020 and 2021, the automobile sector experienced a fall in sales as a result of slower economic growth. Furthermore, the increasing trend towards zero-emission vehicles gives a boost to the electric vehicle industry, increasing sales of electric vehicles across many countries which results in increasing demand for Electric Vehicles Fluids.
Rising Demand for Electric Vehicles
As technology progresses, there is a growing demand for electric vehicles, which drives the size of the electric vehicle industry fluid market. The number of electric vehicles will double in 2021 to reach around 6.6 million, according to the IEA Global Electric Vehicle Outlook. More than 3.3 million sales, which is three times of sales in 2020, were from China in 2021. There are numerous opportunities to create fluids for e-motor and battery cooling. Additionally, EVs have significantly more copper than ICE cars, which allows them to carry more current and remain compatible with lubricants and coolants directly. One of the top goals of electric fluids is to prevent copper from corroding. As a result, the demand for electric fluids is rising rapidly.
Need to increase the efficiency of electric vehicles
The limited range of electric vehicles and the negative public impression that goes along with it has been one of the major obstacles. Although EV driving range has dramatically increased in recent years, there is still a widespread belief that these cars would run out of battery and abandon their passengers stranded. The typical driving distance of new BEVs has been rising over time. A new battery electric car's average range increased from 200 km in 2015 to roughly 350 km in 2020. Several oil and gas businesses have begun to create fluids and coolants for electric vehicles that would be used to boost battery output and deal with the issue of range anxiety. The battery power and cell longevity could both be improved with the use of these dielectric fluids.
The increasing cost of EV fluids
Although maintaining electric vehicles is less expensive than maintaining internal combustion engines (ICE), there are still many factors that contribute to a greater initial cost of purchase. Rapidly developing electric vehicle fluids, such as heat transfer fluids, and greases, that would be utilized in batteries and gears are one of these factors. Many fluid manufacturing companies are working to bring down the price of these EV fluids using techniques including cost absorption, utilizing the same fluids for numerous functions within an EV, and reducing the frequency of changes. Moreover, these factors restrict the growth of electric vehicle fluids.
Market Segmentation
The global Electric Vehicle Fluid Market is segmented by propulsion type, vehicle type, product type, distribution channel, and by region. Based on propulsion type, the market is segmented into Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs). Based on vehicle type, the market is segmented into Passenger cars, Light Commercial vehicles, and Medium & Heavy Commercial vehicles. Based on product type, the market is divided into Grease, Heat Transfer Fluids, and Drive System Fluids. Distribution Channel segments the market into OEM and Aftermarket. The market analysis also studies the regional segmentation to devise a regional market divided among Asia-Pacific, Europe, North America, South America, the Middle East & Africa.
Company Profiles
Afton Chemicals Corporation, Dover Fueling Solutions, Engineered Fluids Inc., ExxonMobil Corporation, Fuchs Petrolub SE, Castrol, Freudenberg Chemical Specialities SE & Co. KG, M&I Materials Limited, Shell plc are the key players developing advanced technologies to stay competitive in the market and enhancing their product portfolio in the regions to increase their customer outreach.
Report Scope:
In this report, global Electric Vehicle Fluid Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends, which have also been detailed below:
Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in global Electric Vehicle Fluid Market.
Available Customizations:
With the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:
Company Information
The public health and economies of creating countries have been affected by the global COVID-19 pandemic. Most businesses, including the automobile industry, were forced to shut down their manufacturing facilities for a considerable amount of time as a result of lockdowns that were implemented across multiple countries to reduce the danger of spreading the new coronavirus. In 2020 and 2021, the automobile sector experienced a fall in sales as a result of slower economic growth. Furthermore, the increasing trend towards zero-emission vehicles gives a boost to the electric vehicle industry, increasing sales of electric vehicles across many countries which results in increasing demand for Electric Vehicles Fluids.
Rising Demand for Electric Vehicles
As technology progresses, there is a growing demand for electric vehicles, which drives the size of the electric vehicle industry fluid market. The number of electric vehicles will double in 2021 to reach around 6.6 million, according to the IEA Global Electric Vehicle Outlook. More than 3.3 million sales, which is three times of sales in 2020, were from China in 2021. There are numerous opportunities to create fluids for e-motor and battery cooling. Additionally, EVs have significantly more copper than ICE cars, which allows them to carry more current and remain compatible with lubricants and coolants directly. One of the top goals of electric fluids is to prevent copper from corroding. As a result, the demand for electric fluids is rising rapidly.
Need to increase the efficiency of electric vehicles
The limited range of electric vehicles and the negative public impression that goes along with it has been one of the major obstacles. Although EV driving range has dramatically increased in recent years, there is still a widespread belief that these cars would run out of battery and abandon their passengers stranded. The typical driving distance of new BEVs has been rising over time. A new battery electric car's average range increased from 200 km in 2015 to roughly 350 km in 2020. Several oil and gas businesses have begun to create fluids and coolants for electric vehicles that would be used to boost battery output and deal with the issue of range anxiety. The battery power and cell longevity could both be improved with the use of these dielectric fluids.
The increasing cost of EV fluids
Although maintaining electric vehicles is less expensive than maintaining internal combustion engines (ICE), there are still many factors that contribute to a greater initial cost of purchase. Rapidly developing electric vehicle fluids, such as heat transfer fluids, and greases, that would be utilized in batteries and gears are one of these factors. Many fluid manufacturing companies are working to bring down the price of these EV fluids using techniques including cost absorption, utilizing the same fluids for numerous functions within an EV, and reducing the frequency of changes. Moreover, these factors restrict the growth of electric vehicle fluids.
Market Segmentation
The global Electric Vehicle Fluid Market is segmented by propulsion type, vehicle type, product type, distribution channel, and by region. Based on propulsion type, the market is segmented into Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs). Based on vehicle type, the market is segmented into Passenger cars, Light Commercial vehicles, and Medium & Heavy Commercial vehicles. Based on product type, the market is divided into Grease, Heat Transfer Fluids, and Drive System Fluids. Distribution Channel segments the market into OEM and Aftermarket. The market analysis also studies the regional segmentation to devise a regional market divided among Asia-Pacific, Europe, North America, South America, the Middle East & Africa.
Company Profiles
Afton Chemicals Corporation, Dover Fueling Solutions, Engineered Fluids Inc., ExxonMobil Corporation, Fuchs Petrolub SE, Castrol, Freudenberg Chemical Specialities SE & Co. KG, M&I Materials Limited, Shell plc are the key players developing advanced technologies to stay competitive in the market and enhancing their product portfolio in the regions to increase their customer outreach.
Report Scope:
In this report, global Electric Vehicle Fluid Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends, which have also been detailed below:
- Global Electric Vehicle Fluid Market, By Propulsion Type:
- Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)
- Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
- Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
- Global Electric Vehicle Fluid Market, By Vehicle Type:
- Passenger Car
- Light Commercial Vehicle
- Medium & Heavy Commercial Vehicle
- Global Electric Vehicle Fluid Market, By Product Type:
- Grease
- Heat Transfer Fluids
- Drive System Fluids
- Global Electric Vehicle Fluid Market, By Distribution Channel:
- OEM
- Aftermarket
- Global Electric Vehicle Fluid Market, By Region:
- Asia-Pacific
- China
- India
- Japan
- South Korea
- Malaysia
- Indonesia
- Thailand
- Europe & CIS
- Germany
- Russia
- France
- Spain
- Italy
- United Kingdom
- Poland
- Netherland
- Norway
- North America
- United States
- Canada
- Mexico
- South America
- Argentina
- Brazil
- Colombia
- Middle East and Africa
- South Africa
- Saudi Arabia
- United Arab Emirates
Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in global Electric Vehicle Fluid Market.
Available Customizations:
With the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:
Company Information
- Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Maket Overview
1.2. Key Highlights of the Report
1.3. Market Coverage
1.4. Market Segments Covered
1.5. Research Tenure Considered
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1. Objective of the Study
2.2. Baseline Methodology
2.3. Key Industry Partners
2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
2.5. Forecasting Methodology
2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
2.7. Assumptions and Limitations
3. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
3.1. Market Overview
3.2. Market Forecast
3.3. Key Regions
3.4. Key Segments
4. IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON GLOBAL ELECTRIC VEHICLE FLUID MARKET
4.1. Key Segments Impacted
4.2. Key Regions Impacted
4.3. Key Countries Impacted
5. VOICE OF CUSTOMER
5.1. Factors Influencing Purchase Decision
5.2. Brand Awareness
5.3. Brand Satisfaction Level
6. GLOBAL ELECTRIC VEHICLE FLUID MARKET OUTLOOK
6.1. Market Size & Forecast
6.1.1. By Volume
6.1.2. By Value
6.2. Market Share & Forecast
6.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis (Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
6.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis (Passenger Car, Light Commercial Vehicle, Medium & Heavy Commercial Vehicle)
6.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis (Grease, Heat Transfer Fluids, Drive System Fluids)
6.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis (OEM, Aftermarket)
6.2.5. By Regional Market Share Analysis
6.2.6. By Company Market Share Analysis (By Value, 2022)
6.3. Global Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Mapping & Opportunity
6.3.1. By Propulsion Type Market Mapping & Opportunity Assessment
6.3.2. By Vehicle Type Mapping & Opportunity Assessment
6.3.3. By Product Mapping & Opportunity Assessment
6.3.4. By Distribution Channel Market Mapping & Opportunity Assessment
6.3.5. By Regional Market Mapping & Opportunity Assessment
7. ASIA PACIFIC ELECTRIC VEHICLE FLUID MARKET OUTLOOK
7.1. Market Size & Forecast
7.1.1. By Volume
7.1.2. By Value
7.2. Market Share & Forecast
7.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
7.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
7.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
7.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
7.2.5. By Country Market Share Analysis
7.3. Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
7.3.1. China Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
7.3.1.1.1. By Volume
7.3.1.1.2. By Value
7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
7.3.1.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
7.3.1.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
7.3.1.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
7.3.1.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
7.3.2. India Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
7.3.2.1.1. By Volume
7.3.2.1.2. By Value
7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
7.3.2.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
7.3.2.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
7.3.2.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
7.3.2.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
7.3.3. Japan Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
7.3.3.1.1. By Volume
7.3.3.1.2. By Value
7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
7.3.3.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
7.3.3.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
7.3.3.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
7.3.3.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
7.3.4. South Korea Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
7.3.4.1.1. By Volume
7.3.4.1.2. By Value
7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
7.3.4.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
7.3.4.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
7.3.4.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
7.3.4.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
7.3.5. Malaysia Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
7.3.5.1.1. By Volume
7.3.5.1.2. By Value
7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
7.3.5.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
7.3.5.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
7.3.5.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
7.3.5.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
7.3.6. Indonesia Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
7.3.6.1. Market Size & Forecast
7.3.6.1.1. By Volume
7.3.6.1.2. By Value
7.3.6.2. Market Share & Forecast
7.3.6.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
7.3.6.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
7.3.6.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
7.3.6.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
7.3.7. Thailand Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
7.3.7.1. Market Size & Forecast
7.3.7.1.1. By Volume
7.3.7.1.2. By Value
7.3.7.2. Market Share & Forecast
7.3.7.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
7.3.7.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
7.3.7.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
7.3.7.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
8. EUROPE & CIS ELECTRIC VEHICLE FLUID MARKET OUTLOOK
8.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.1.1. By Volume
8.1.2. By Value
8.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
8.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
8.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
8.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
8.2.5. By Country Market Share Analysis
8.3. Europe & CIS: Country Analysis
8.3.1. United Kingdom Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.3.1.1.1. By Volume
8.3.1.1.2. By Value
8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.3.1.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.1.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.1.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
8.3.1.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
8.3.2. France Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.3.2.1.1. By Volume
8.3.2.1.2. By Value
8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.3.2.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.2.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.2.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
8.3.2.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
8.3.3. Germany Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.3.3.1.1. By Volume
8.3.3.1.2. By Value
8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.3.3.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.3.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.3.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
8.3.3.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
8.3.4. Russia Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.3.4.1.1. By Volume
8.3.4.1.2. By Value
8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.3.4.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.4.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.4.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
8.3.4.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
8.3.5. Spain Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.3.5.1.1. By Volume
8.3.5.1.2. By Value
8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.3.5.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.5.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.5.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
8.3.5.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
8.3.6. Italy Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
8.3.6.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.3.6.1.1. By Volume
8.3.6.1.2. By Value
8.3.6.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.3.6.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.6.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.6.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
8.3.6.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
8.3.7. Poland Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
8.3.7.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.3.7.1.1. By Volume
8.3.7.1.2. By Value
8.3.7.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.3.7.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.7.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.7.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
8.3.7.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
8.3.8. Netherlands Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
8.3.8.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.3.8.1.1. By Volume
8.3.8.1.2. By Value
8.3.8.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.3.8.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.8.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.8.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
8.3.8.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
8.3.9. Norway Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
8.3.9.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.3.9.1.1. By Volume
8.3.9.1.2. By Value
8.3.9.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.3.9.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.9.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.9.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
8.3.9.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
9. NORTH AMERICA ELECTRIC VEHICLE FLUID MARKET OUTLOOK
9.1. Market Size & Forecast
9.1.1. By Volume
9.1.2. By Value
9.2. Market Share & Forecast
9.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
9.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
9.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
9.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
9.2.5. By Country Market Share Analysis
9.3. North America: Country Analysis
9.3.1. United States Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
9.3.1.1.1. By Volume
9.3.1.1.2. By Value
9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
9.3.1.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
9.3.1.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
9.3.1.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
9.3.1.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
9.3.2. Canada Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
9.3.2.1.1. By Volume
9.3.2.1.2. By Value
9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
9.3.2.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
9.3.2.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
9.3.2.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
9.3.2.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
9.3.3. Mexico Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
9.3.3.1.1. By Volume
9.3.3.1.2. By Value
9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
9.3.3.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
9.3.3.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
9.3.3.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
9.3.3.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
10. SOUTH AMERICA ELECTRIC VEHICLE FLUID MARKET OUTLOOK
10.1. Market Size & Forecast
10.1.1. By Volume
10.1.2. By Value
10.2. Market Share & Forecast
10.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
10.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
10.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
10.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
10.2.5. By Country Market Share Analysis
10.3. South America: Country Analysis
10.3.1. Argentina Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
10.3.1.1.1. By Volume
10.3.1.1.2. By Value
10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
10.3.1.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
10.3.1.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
10.3.1.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
10.3.1.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
10.3.2. Brazil Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
10.3.2.1.1. By Volume
10.3.2.1.2. By Value
10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
10.3.2.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
10.3.2.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
10.3.2.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
10.3.2.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
10.3.3. Colombia Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
10.3.3.1.1. By Volume
10.3.3.1.2. By Value
10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
10.3.3.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
10.3.3.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
10.3.3.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
10.3.3.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
11. MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA ELECTRIC VEHICLE FLUID MARKET OUTLOOK
11.1. Market Size & Forecast
11.1.1. By Value
11.1.2. By Volume
11.2. Market Share & Forecast
11.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
11.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
11.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
11.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
11.2.5. By Country Market Share Analysis
11.3. Middle East and Africa: Country Analysis
11.3.1. South Africa Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
11.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
11.3.1.1.1. By Volume
11.3.1.1.2. By Value
11.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
11.3.1.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
11.3.1.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
11.3.1.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
11.3.1.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
11.3.2. Saudi Arabia Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
11.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
11.3.2.1.1. By Volume
11.3.2.1.2. By Value
11.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
11.3.2.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
11.3.2.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
11.3.2.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
11.3.2.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
11.3.3. United Arab Emirates Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
11.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
11.3.3.1.1. By Volume
11.3.3.1.2. By Value
11.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
11.3.3.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
11.3.3.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
11.3.3.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
11.3.3.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
12. MARKET DYNAMICS
12.1. Market Drivers
12.2. Market Challenges
13. MARKET TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS
14. PORTER’S FIVE FORCES MODEL
14.1. Competitive Rivalry
14.2. Bargaining Power of Buyers
14.3. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
14.4. Threat of New Entrants
14.5. Threat of Substitutes
15. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE (UP TO 10 LEADING COMPANIES)
15.1. Company Profiles
15.1.1. Afton Chemicals
15.1.1.1. Company Details
15.1.1.2. Products & Services
15.1.1.3. Financial (As Reported)
15.1.1.4. Recent Development
15.1.1.5. Key Management Personnel
15.1.2. Dober
15.1.2.1. Company Details
15.1.2.2. Products & Services
15.1.2.3. Financial (As Reported)
15.1.2.4. Recent Development
15.1.2.5. Key Management Personnel
15.1.3. Engineered Fluids Inc.
15.1.3.1. Company Details
15.1.3.2. Products & Services
15.1.3.3. Financial (As Reported)
15.1.3.4. Recent Development
15.1.3.5. Key Management Personnel
15.1.4. ExxonMobil Corporation
15.1.4.1. Company Details
15.1.4.2. Products & Services
15.1.4.3. Financial (As Reported)
15.1.4.4. Recent Development
15.1.4.5. Key Management Personnel
15.1.5. FUCHS Petrolub AG
15.1.5.1. Company Details
15.1.5.2. Products & Services
15.1.5.3. Financial (As Reported)
15.1.5.4. Recent Development
15.1.5.5. Key Management Personnel
15.1.6. Castrol Limited
15.1.6.1. Company Details
15.1.6.2. Products & Services
15.1.6.3. Financial (As Reported)
15.1.6.4. Recent Development
15.1.6.5. Key Management Personnel
15.1.7. Freudenberg Chemical Specialities SE & Co. KG
15.1.7.1. Company Details
15.1.7.2. Products & Services
15.1.7.3. Financial (As Reported)
15.1.7.4. Recent Development
15.1.7.5. Key Management Personnel
15.1.8. M&I Materials
15.1.8.1. Company Details
15.1.8.2. Products & Services
15.1.8.3. Financial (As Reported)
15.1.8.4. Recent Development
15.1.8.5. Key Management Personnel
15.1.9. Petronas
15.1.9.1. Company Details
15.1.9.2. Products & Services
15.1.9.3. Financial (As Reported)
15.1.9.4. Recent Development
15.1.9.5. Key Management Personnel
15.1.10. Shell plc
15.1.10.1. Company Details
15.1.10.2. Products & Services
15.1.10.3. Financial (As Reported)
15.1.10.4. Recent Development
15.1.10.5. Key Management Personnel
16. STRATEGIC RECOMMENDATIONS
16.1. Key Focus Areas
16.2. Target Regions & Countries
16.3. Target Propulsion Type
16.4. Target Vehicle Type
17. ABOUT US & DISCLAIMER
1.1. Maket Overview
1.2. Key Highlights of the Report
1.3. Market Coverage
1.4. Market Segments Covered
1.5. Research Tenure Considered
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1. Objective of the Study
2.2. Baseline Methodology
2.3. Key Industry Partners
2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
2.5. Forecasting Methodology
2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
2.7. Assumptions and Limitations
3. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
3.1. Market Overview
3.2. Market Forecast
3.3. Key Regions
3.4. Key Segments
4. IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON GLOBAL ELECTRIC VEHICLE FLUID MARKET
4.1. Key Segments Impacted
4.2. Key Regions Impacted
4.3. Key Countries Impacted
5. VOICE OF CUSTOMER
5.1. Factors Influencing Purchase Decision
5.2. Brand Awareness
5.3. Brand Satisfaction Level
6. GLOBAL ELECTRIC VEHICLE FLUID MARKET OUTLOOK
6.1. Market Size & Forecast
6.1.1. By Volume
6.1.2. By Value
6.2. Market Share & Forecast
6.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis (Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
6.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis (Passenger Car, Light Commercial Vehicle, Medium & Heavy Commercial Vehicle)
6.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis (Grease, Heat Transfer Fluids, Drive System Fluids)
6.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis (OEM, Aftermarket)
6.2.5. By Regional Market Share Analysis
6.2.6. By Company Market Share Analysis (By Value, 2022)
6.3. Global Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Mapping & Opportunity
6.3.1. By Propulsion Type Market Mapping & Opportunity Assessment
6.3.2. By Vehicle Type Mapping & Opportunity Assessment
6.3.3. By Product Mapping & Opportunity Assessment
6.3.4. By Distribution Channel Market Mapping & Opportunity Assessment
6.3.5. By Regional Market Mapping & Opportunity Assessment
7. ASIA PACIFIC ELECTRIC VEHICLE FLUID MARKET OUTLOOK
7.1. Market Size & Forecast
7.1.1. By Volume
7.1.2. By Value
7.2. Market Share & Forecast
7.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
7.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
7.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
7.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
7.2.5. By Country Market Share Analysis
7.3. Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
7.3.1. China Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
7.3.1.1.1. By Volume
7.3.1.1.2. By Value
7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
7.3.1.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
7.3.1.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
7.3.1.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
7.3.1.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
7.3.2. India Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
7.3.2.1.1. By Volume
7.3.2.1.2. By Value
7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
7.3.2.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
7.3.2.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
7.3.2.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
7.3.2.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
7.3.3. Japan Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
7.3.3.1.1. By Volume
7.3.3.1.2. By Value
7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
7.3.3.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
7.3.3.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
7.3.3.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
7.3.3.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
7.3.4. South Korea Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
7.3.4.1.1. By Volume
7.3.4.1.2. By Value
7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
7.3.4.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
7.3.4.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
7.3.4.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
7.3.4.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
7.3.5. Malaysia Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
7.3.5.1.1. By Volume
7.3.5.1.2. By Value
7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
7.3.5.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
7.3.5.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
7.3.5.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
7.3.5.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
7.3.6. Indonesia Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
7.3.6.1. Market Size & Forecast
7.3.6.1.1. By Volume
7.3.6.1.2. By Value
7.3.6.2. Market Share & Forecast
7.3.6.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
7.3.6.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
7.3.6.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
7.3.6.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
7.3.7. Thailand Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
7.3.7.1. Market Size & Forecast
7.3.7.1.1. By Volume
7.3.7.1.2. By Value
7.3.7.2. Market Share & Forecast
7.3.7.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
7.3.7.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
7.3.7.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
7.3.7.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
8. EUROPE & CIS ELECTRIC VEHICLE FLUID MARKET OUTLOOK
8.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.1.1. By Volume
8.1.2. By Value
8.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
8.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
8.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
8.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
8.2.5. By Country Market Share Analysis
8.3. Europe & CIS: Country Analysis
8.3.1. United Kingdom Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.3.1.1.1. By Volume
8.3.1.1.2. By Value
8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.3.1.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.1.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.1.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
8.3.1.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
8.3.2. France Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.3.2.1.1. By Volume
8.3.2.1.2. By Value
8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.3.2.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.2.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.2.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
8.3.2.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
8.3.3. Germany Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.3.3.1.1. By Volume
8.3.3.1.2. By Value
8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.3.3.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.3.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.3.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
8.3.3.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
8.3.4. Russia Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.3.4.1.1. By Volume
8.3.4.1.2. By Value
8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.3.4.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.4.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.4.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
8.3.4.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
8.3.5. Spain Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.3.5.1.1. By Volume
8.3.5.1.2. By Value
8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.3.5.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.5.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.5.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
8.3.5.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
8.3.6. Italy Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
8.3.6.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.3.6.1.1. By Volume
8.3.6.1.2. By Value
8.3.6.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.3.6.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.6.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.6.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
8.3.6.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
8.3.7. Poland Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
8.3.7.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.3.7.1.1. By Volume
8.3.7.1.2. By Value
8.3.7.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.3.7.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.7.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.7.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
8.3.7.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
8.3.8. Netherlands Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
8.3.8.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.3.8.1.1. By Volume
8.3.8.1.2. By Value
8.3.8.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.3.8.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.8.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.8.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
8.3.8.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
8.3.9. Norway Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
8.3.9.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.3.9.1.1. By Volume
8.3.9.1.2. By Value
8.3.9.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.3.9.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.9.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
8.3.9.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
8.3.9.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
9. NORTH AMERICA ELECTRIC VEHICLE FLUID MARKET OUTLOOK
9.1. Market Size & Forecast
9.1.1. By Volume
9.1.2. By Value
9.2. Market Share & Forecast
9.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
9.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
9.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
9.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
9.2.5. By Country Market Share Analysis
9.3. North America: Country Analysis
9.3.1. United States Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
9.3.1.1.1. By Volume
9.3.1.1.2. By Value
9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
9.3.1.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
9.3.1.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
9.3.1.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
9.3.1.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
9.3.2. Canada Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
9.3.2.1.1. By Volume
9.3.2.1.2. By Value
9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
9.3.2.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
9.3.2.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
9.3.2.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
9.3.2.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
9.3.3. Mexico Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
9.3.3.1.1. By Volume
9.3.3.1.2. By Value
9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
9.3.3.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
9.3.3.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
9.3.3.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
9.3.3.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
10. SOUTH AMERICA ELECTRIC VEHICLE FLUID MARKET OUTLOOK
10.1. Market Size & Forecast
10.1.1. By Volume
10.1.2. By Value
10.2. Market Share & Forecast
10.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
10.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
10.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
10.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
10.2.5. By Country Market Share Analysis
10.3. South America: Country Analysis
10.3.1. Argentina Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
10.3.1.1.1. By Volume
10.3.1.1.2. By Value
10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
10.3.1.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
10.3.1.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
10.3.1.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
10.3.1.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
10.3.2. Brazil Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
10.3.2.1.1. By Volume
10.3.2.1.2. By Value
10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
10.3.2.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
10.3.2.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
10.3.2.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
10.3.2.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
10.3.3. Colombia Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
10.3.3.1.1. By Volume
10.3.3.1.2. By Value
10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
10.3.3.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
10.3.3.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
10.3.3.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
10.3.3.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
11. MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA ELECTRIC VEHICLE FLUID MARKET OUTLOOK
11.1. Market Size & Forecast
11.1.1. By Value
11.1.2. By Volume
11.2. Market Share & Forecast
11.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
11.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
11.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
11.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
11.2.5. By Country Market Share Analysis
11.3. Middle East and Africa: Country Analysis
11.3.1. South Africa Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
11.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
11.3.1.1.1. By Volume
11.3.1.1.2. By Value
11.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
11.3.1.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
11.3.1.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
11.3.1.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
11.3.1.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
11.3.2. Saudi Arabia Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
11.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
11.3.2.1.1. By Volume
11.3.2.1.2. By Value
11.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
11.3.2.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
11.3.2.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
11.3.2.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
11.3.2.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
11.3.3. United Arab Emirates Electric Vehicle Fluid Market Outlook
11.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
11.3.3.1.1. By Volume
11.3.3.1.2. By Value
11.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
11.3.3.2.1. By Propulsion Type Market Share Analysis
11.3.3.2.2. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
11.3.3.2.3. By Product Market Share Analysis
11.3.3.2.4. By Distribution Channel Market Share Analysis
12. MARKET DYNAMICS
12.1. Market Drivers
12.2. Market Challenges
13. MARKET TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS
14. PORTER’S FIVE FORCES MODEL
14.1. Competitive Rivalry
14.2. Bargaining Power of Buyers
14.3. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
14.4. Threat of New Entrants
14.5. Threat of Substitutes
15. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE (UP TO 10 LEADING COMPANIES)
15.1. Company Profiles
15.1.1. Afton Chemicals
15.1.1.1. Company Details
15.1.1.2. Products & Services
15.1.1.3. Financial (As Reported)
15.1.1.4. Recent Development
15.1.1.5. Key Management Personnel
15.1.2. Dober
15.1.2.1. Company Details
15.1.2.2. Products & Services
15.1.2.3. Financial (As Reported)
15.1.2.4. Recent Development
15.1.2.5. Key Management Personnel
15.1.3. Engineered Fluids Inc.
15.1.3.1. Company Details
15.1.3.2. Products & Services
15.1.3.3. Financial (As Reported)
15.1.3.4. Recent Development
15.1.3.5. Key Management Personnel
15.1.4. ExxonMobil Corporation
15.1.4.1. Company Details
15.1.4.2. Products & Services
15.1.4.3. Financial (As Reported)
15.1.4.4. Recent Development
15.1.4.5. Key Management Personnel
15.1.5. FUCHS Petrolub AG
15.1.5.1. Company Details
15.1.5.2. Products & Services
15.1.5.3. Financial (As Reported)
15.1.5.4. Recent Development
15.1.5.5. Key Management Personnel
15.1.6. Castrol Limited
15.1.6.1. Company Details
15.1.6.2. Products & Services
15.1.6.3. Financial (As Reported)
15.1.6.4. Recent Development
15.1.6.5. Key Management Personnel
15.1.7. Freudenberg Chemical Specialities SE & Co. KG
15.1.7.1. Company Details
15.1.7.2. Products & Services
15.1.7.3. Financial (As Reported)
15.1.7.4. Recent Development
15.1.7.5. Key Management Personnel
15.1.8. M&I Materials
15.1.8.1. Company Details
15.1.8.2. Products & Services
15.1.8.3. Financial (As Reported)
15.1.8.4. Recent Development
15.1.8.5. Key Management Personnel
15.1.9. Petronas
15.1.9.1. Company Details
15.1.9.2. Products & Services
15.1.9.3. Financial (As Reported)
15.1.9.4. Recent Development
15.1.9.5. Key Management Personnel
15.1.10. Shell plc
15.1.10.1. Company Details
15.1.10.2. Products & Services
15.1.10.3. Financial (As Reported)
15.1.10.4. Recent Development
15.1.10.5. Key Management Personnel
16. STRATEGIC RECOMMENDATIONS
16.1. Key Focus Areas
16.2. Target Regions & Countries
16.3. Target Propulsion Type
16.4. Target Vehicle Type
17. ABOUT US & DISCLAIMER
