GTPase KRas (KRas 2 or Ki Ras or c K Ras or KRAS or EC 3.6.5.2) - Pipeline Review, H1 2018
GTPase KRas (KRas 2 or Ki Ras or c K Ras or KRAS or EC 3.6.5.2) - Pipeline Review, H1 2018
SUMMARY
GTPase KRas (KRas 2 or Ki Ras or c K Ras or KRAS or EC 3.6.5.2) pipeline Target constitutes close to 31 molecules. Out of which approximately 26 molecules are developed by companies and remaining by the universities/institutes. The latest report GTPase KRas - Pipeline Review, H1 2018, outlays comprehensive information on the GTPase KRas (KRas 2 or Ki Ras or c K Ras or KRAS or EC 3.6.5.2) targeted therapeutics, complete with analysis by indications, stage of development, mechanism of action (MoA), route of administration (RoA) and molecule type.
GTPase KRas (KRas 2 or Ki Ras or c K Ras or KRAS or EC 3.6.5.2) - KRAS is a GTPase encoded by the KRAS gene. It plays an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation, promoting oncogenic events by inducing transcriptional silencing of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells in a ZNF304-dependent manner.
The molecules developed by companies in Phase II, IND/CTA Filed, Preclinical and Discovery stages are 1, 1, 14 and 10 respectively. Similarly, the universities portfolio in Preclinical and Discovery stages comprises 3 and 2 molecules, respectively. Report covers products from therapy areas Oncology, Dermatology, Metabolic Disorders and Ophthalmology which include indications Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Pancreatic Cancer, Colorectal Cancer, Breast Cancer, Lung Cancer, Solid Tumor, Actinic (Solar) Keratosis, Basal Cell Carcinoma (Basal Cell Epithelioma), Colon Cancer, Corneal Neovascularization, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), Macular Degeneration, Melanoma, Osteosarcoma, Prostate Cancer, Small-Cell Lung Cancer and Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
Furthermore, this report also reviews key players involved in GTPase KRas (KRas 2 or Ki Ras or c K Ras or KRAS or EC 3.6.5.2) targeted therapeutics development with respective active and dormant or discontinued projects. Driven by data and information sourced from proprietary databases, company/university websites, clinical trial registries, conferences, SEC filings, investor presentations and featured press releases from company/university sites and industry-specific third party sources.
Note: Certain content/sections in the pipeline guide may be removed or altered based on the availability and relevance of data.
SCOPE
SUMMARY
GTPase KRas (KRas 2 or Ki Ras or c K Ras or KRAS or EC 3.6.5.2) pipeline Target constitutes close to 31 molecules. Out of which approximately 26 molecules are developed by companies and remaining by the universities/institutes. The latest report GTPase KRas - Pipeline Review, H1 2018, outlays comprehensive information on the GTPase KRas (KRas 2 or Ki Ras or c K Ras or KRAS or EC 3.6.5.2) targeted therapeutics, complete with analysis by indications, stage of development, mechanism of action (MoA), route of administration (RoA) and molecule type.
GTPase KRas (KRas 2 or Ki Ras or c K Ras or KRAS or EC 3.6.5.2) - KRAS is a GTPase encoded by the KRAS gene. It plays an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation, promoting oncogenic events by inducing transcriptional silencing of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells in a ZNF304-dependent manner.
The molecules developed by companies in Phase II, IND/CTA Filed, Preclinical and Discovery stages are 1, 1, 14 and 10 respectively. Similarly, the universities portfolio in Preclinical and Discovery stages comprises 3 and 2 molecules, respectively. Report covers products from therapy areas Oncology, Dermatology, Metabolic Disorders and Ophthalmology which include indications Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Pancreatic Cancer, Colorectal Cancer, Breast Cancer, Lung Cancer, Solid Tumor, Actinic (Solar) Keratosis, Basal Cell Carcinoma (Basal Cell Epithelioma), Colon Cancer, Corneal Neovascularization, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), Macular Degeneration, Melanoma, Osteosarcoma, Prostate Cancer, Small-Cell Lung Cancer and Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
Furthermore, this report also reviews key players involved in GTPase KRas (KRas 2 or Ki Ras or c K Ras or KRAS or EC 3.6.5.2) targeted therapeutics development with respective active and dormant or discontinued projects. Driven by data and information sourced from proprietary databases, company/university websites, clinical trial registries, conferences, SEC filings, investor presentations and featured press releases from company/university sites and industry-specific third party sources.
Note: Certain content/sections in the pipeline guide may be removed or altered based on the availability and relevance of data.
SCOPE
- The report provides a snapshot of the global therapeutic landscape for GTPase KRas (KRas 2 or Ki Ras or c K Ras or KRAS or EC 3.6.5.2)
- The report reviews GTPase KRas (KRas 2 or Ki Ras or c K Ras or KRAS or EC 3.6.5.2) targeted therapeutics under development by companies and universities/research institutes based on information derived from company and industry-specific sources
- The report covers pipeline products based on various stages of development ranging from pre-registration till discovery and undisclosed stages
- The report features descriptive drug profiles for the pipeline products which includes, product description, descriptive MoA, R&D brief, licensing and collaboration details & other developmental activities
- The report reviews key players involved in GTPase KRas (KRas 2 or Ki Ras or c K Ras or KRAS or EC 3.6.5.2) targeted therapeutics and enlists all their major and minor projects
- The report assesses GTPase KRas (KRas 2 or Ki Ras or c K Ras or KRAS or EC 3.6.5.2) targeted therapeutics based on mechanism of action (MoA), route of administration (RoA) and molecule type
- The report summarizes all the dormant and discontinued pipeline projects
- The report reviews latest news and deals related to GTPase KRas (KRas 2 or Ki Ras or c K Ras or KRAS or EC 3.6.5.2) targeted therapeutics
- Gain strategically significant competitor information, analysis, and insights to formulate effective R&D strategies
- Identify emerging players with potentially strong product portfolio and create effective counter-strategies to gain competitive advantage
- Identify and understand the targeted therapy areas and indications for GTPase KRas (KRas 2 or Ki Ras or c K Ras or KRAS or EC 3.6.5.2)
- Identify the use of drugs for target identification and drug repurposing
- Identify potential new clients or partners in the target demographic
- Develop strategic initiatives by understanding the focus areas of leading companies
- Plan mergers and acquisitions effectively by identifying key players and it’s most promising pipeline therapeutics
- Devise corrective measures for pipeline projects by understanding GTPase KRas (KRas 2 or Ki Ras or c K Ras or KRAS or EC 3.6.5.2) development landscape
- Develop and design in-licensing and out-licensing strategies by identifying prospective partners with the most attractive projects to enhance and expand business potential and scope
Introduction
Global Markets Direct Report Coverage
GTPase KRas (KRas 2 or Ki Ras or c K Ras or KRAS or EC 3.6.5.2) - Overview
GTPase KRas (KRas 2 or Ki Ras or c K Ras or KRAS or EC 3.6.5.2) - Therapeutics Development
Products under Development by Stage of Development
Products under Development by Therapy Area
Products under Development by Indication
Products under Development by Companies
Products under Development by Universities/Institutes
GTPase KRas (KRas 2 or Ki Ras or c K Ras or KRAS or EC 3.6.5.2) - Therapeutics Assessment
Assessment by Mechanism of Action
Assessment by Route of Administration
Assessment by Molecule Type
GTPase KRas (KRas 2 or Ki Ras or c K Ras or KRAS or EC 3.6.5.2) - Companies Involved in Therapeutics Development
AstraZeneca Plc
Aurigene Discovery Technologies Ltd
Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH
Codiak BioSciences Inc
Cotinga Pharmaceuticals Inc
InteRNA Technologies BV
Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co Ltd
Mirati Therapeutics Inc
Moderna Therapeutics Inc
Nuevolution AB
PeptiDream Inc
Takeda Pharmaceutical Co Ltd
Tosk Inc
Warp Drive Bio Inc
GTPase KRas (KRas 2 or Ki Ras or c K Ras or KRAS or EC 3.6.5.2) - Drug Profiles
ARS-853 - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
AZD-4785 - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
COTI-219 - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
HD-001 - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
INT-1B3 - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
KHK-KRAS - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
Krasin-100 - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
KRpep-2d - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
MM-41 - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
Monoclonal Antibody to Inhibit KRAS for Pancreatic Cancer - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
mRNA-5671 - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
MRTX-849 - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
Oligonucleotide to Inhibit KRAS for Lung Cancer and Colon Cancer - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
Oligonucleotides to Inhibit KRAS for Pancreatic Cancer - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
SBT-100 - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
SBT-102 - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
SBT-200 - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
SBT-300 - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
Small Molecule to Inhibit K-RAS for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
Small Molecule to Inhibit KRAS for Oncology - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
Small Molecule to Inhibit KRAS for Oncology - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
Small Molecule to Inhibit KRAS for Oncology - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
Small Molecules 1 to Inhibit K-Ras for Oncology - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
Small Molecules 3 to Inhibit K-Ras for Oncology - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
Small Molecules to Inhibit K Ras for Oncology - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
Small Molecules to Inhibit K-Ras for Oncology - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
Small Molecules to Inhibit KRAS for Oncology - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
Small Molecules to Inhibit KRAS2B for Oncology - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
SML-8731 - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
Synthetic Peptides to Inhibit KRAS for Oncology - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
Vaccine to Target K-RAS for Lung Cancer - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
GTPase KRas (KRas 2 or Ki Ras or c K Ras or KRAS or EC 3.6.5.2) - Dormant Products
GTPase KRas (KRas 2 or Ki Ras or c K Ras or KRAS or EC 3.6.5.2) - Product Development Milestones
Featured News & Press Releases
May 03, 2018: Moderna and Merck Expand mRNA Cancer Vaccines Collaboration
Apr 18, 2018: InteRNA Demonstrates Preclinical Proof-of-Concept for Lead microRNA Candidate INT-1B3 in a Range of Cancer Models at 2018 AACR Annual Meeting
Nov 13, 2017: Mirati Therapeutics Announces Advancement Of First-In-Class Opportunities With Sitravatinib And KRAS Inhibitor Programs
Dec 16, 2016: Ionis Earns $28 Million from AstraZeneca for a New Drug to Treat Cancer
Oct 11, 2016: Critical Outcome Technologies Announces Next Clinical Candidate, COTI-219, Targeting KRAS
Aug 29, 2016: FDA Grants Orphan Drug Designation to SBT-100 for Pancreatic Cancer
Jul 29, 2014: Researchers Identify Irreversible Inhibitor for KRAS Gene Mutation
May 08, 2013: Sentinel Oncology Achieves Milestone In Horizon Discovery Agreement
Jan 03, 2013: Kyowa Hakko Kirin Selects Second DsiRNA Therapeutic Candidate For Development, Triggering $5m Milestone Payment To Dicerna Pharma
Appendix
Methodology
Coverage
Secondary Research
Primary Research
Expert Panel Validation
Contact Us
Disclaimer
Global Markets Direct Report Coverage
GTPase KRas (KRas 2 or Ki Ras or c K Ras or KRAS or EC 3.6.5.2) - Overview
GTPase KRas (KRas 2 or Ki Ras or c K Ras or KRAS or EC 3.6.5.2) - Therapeutics Development
Products under Development by Stage of Development
Products under Development by Therapy Area
Products under Development by Indication
Products under Development by Companies
Products under Development by Universities/Institutes
GTPase KRas (KRas 2 or Ki Ras or c K Ras or KRAS or EC 3.6.5.2) - Therapeutics Assessment
Assessment by Mechanism of Action
Assessment by Route of Administration
Assessment by Molecule Type
GTPase KRas (KRas 2 or Ki Ras or c K Ras or KRAS or EC 3.6.5.2) - Companies Involved in Therapeutics Development
AstraZeneca Plc
Aurigene Discovery Technologies Ltd
Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH
Codiak BioSciences Inc
Cotinga Pharmaceuticals Inc
InteRNA Technologies BV
Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co Ltd
Mirati Therapeutics Inc
Moderna Therapeutics Inc
Nuevolution AB
PeptiDream Inc
Takeda Pharmaceutical Co Ltd
Tosk Inc
Warp Drive Bio Inc
GTPase KRas (KRas 2 or Ki Ras or c K Ras or KRAS or EC 3.6.5.2) - Drug Profiles
ARS-853 - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
AZD-4785 - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
COTI-219 - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
HD-001 - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
INT-1B3 - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
KHK-KRAS - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
Krasin-100 - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
KRpep-2d - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
MM-41 - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
Monoclonal Antibody to Inhibit KRAS for Pancreatic Cancer - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
mRNA-5671 - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
MRTX-849 - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
Oligonucleotide to Inhibit KRAS for Lung Cancer and Colon Cancer - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
Oligonucleotides to Inhibit KRAS for Pancreatic Cancer - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
SBT-100 - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
SBT-102 - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
SBT-200 - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
SBT-300 - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
Small Molecule to Inhibit K-RAS for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
Small Molecule to Inhibit KRAS for Oncology - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
Small Molecule to Inhibit KRAS for Oncology - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
Small Molecule to Inhibit KRAS for Oncology - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
Small Molecules 1 to Inhibit K-Ras for Oncology - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
Small Molecules 3 to Inhibit K-Ras for Oncology - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
Small Molecules to Inhibit K Ras for Oncology - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
Small Molecules to Inhibit K-Ras for Oncology - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
Small Molecules to Inhibit KRAS for Oncology - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
Small Molecules to Inhibit KRAS2B for Oncology - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
SML-8731 - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
Synthetic Peptides to Inhibit KRAS for Oncology - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
Vaccine to Target K-RAS for Lung Cancer - Drug Profile
Product Description
Mechanism Of Action
R&D Progress
GTPase KRas (KRas 2 or Ki Ras or c K Ras or KRAS or EC 3.6.5.2) - Dormant Products
GTPase KRas (KRas 2 or Ki Ras or c K Ras or KRAS or EC 3.6.5.2) - Product Development Milestones
Featured News & Press Releases
May 03, 2018: Moderna and Merck Expand mRNA Cancer Vaccines Collaboration
Apr 18, 2018: InteRNA Demonstrates Preclinical Proof-of-Concept for Lead microRNA Candidate INT-1B3 in a Range of Cancer Models at 2018 AACR Annual Meeting
Nov 13, 2017: Mirati Therapeutics Announces Advancement Of First-In-Class Opportunities With Sitravatinib And KRAS Inhibitor Programs
Dec 16, 2016: Ionis Earns $28 Million from AstraZeneca for a New Drug to Treat Cancer
Oct 11, 2016: Critical Outcome Technologies Announces Next Clinical Candidate, COTI-219, Targeting KRAS
Aug 29, 2016: FDA Grants Orphan Drug Designation to SBT-100 for Pancreatic Cancer
Jul 29, 2014: Researchers Identify Irreversible Inhibitor for KRAS Gene Mutation
May 08, 2013: Sentinel Oncology Achieves Milestone In Horizon Discovery Agreement
Jan 03, 2013: Kyowa Hakko Kirin Selects Second DsiRNA Therapeutic Candidate For Development, Triggering $5m Milestone Payment To Dicerna Pharma
Appendix
Methodology
Coverage
Secondary Research
Primary Research
Expert Panel Validation
Contact Us
Disclaimer
LIST OF TABLES
Number of Products under Development by Stage of Development, H1 2018
Number of Products under Development by Therapy Areas, H1 2018
Number of Products under Development by Indication, H1 2018
Number of Products under Development by Companies, H1 2018
Products under Development by Companies, H1 2018
Products under Development by Companies, H1 2018 (Contd.1), H1 2018
Products under Development by Companies, H1 2018 (Contd.2), H1 2018
Number of Products under Investigation by Universities/Institutes, H1 2018
Products under Investigation by Universities/Institutes, H1 2018
Number of Products by Stage and Mechanism of Actions, H1 2018
Number of Products by Stage and Route of Administration, H1 2018
Number of Products by Stage and Molecule Type, H1 2018
Pipeline by AstraZeneca Plc, H1 2018
Pipeline by Aurigene Discovery Technologies Ltd, H1 2018
Pipeline by Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, H1 2018
Pipeline by Codiak BioSciences Inc, H1 2018
Pipeline by Cotinga Pharmaceuticals Inc, H1 2018
Pipeline by InteRNA Technologies BV, H1 2018
Pipeline by Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co Ltd, H1 2018
Pipeline by Mirati Therapeutics Inc, H1 2018
Pipeline by Moderna Therapeutics Inc, H1 2018
Pipeline by Nuevolution AB, H1 2018
Pipeline by PeptiDream Inc, H1 2018
Pipeline by Takeda Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, H1 2018
Pipeline by Tosk Inc, H1 2018
Pipeline by Warp Drive Bio Inc, H1 2018
Dormant Projects, H1 2018
Number of Products under Development by Stage of Development, H1 2018
Number of Products under Development by Therapy Areas, H1 2018
Number of Products under Development by Indication, H1 2018
Number of Products under Development by Companies, H1 2018
Products under Development by Companies, H1 2018
Products under Development by Companies, H1 2018 (Contd.1), H1 2018
Products under Development by Companies, H1 2018 (Contd.2), H1 2018
Number of Products under Investigation by Universities/Institutes, H1 2018
Products under Investigation by Universities/Institutes, H1 2018
Number of Products by Stage and Mechanism of Actions, H1 2018
Number of Products by Stage and Route of Administration, H1 2018
Number of Products by Stage and Molecule Type, H1 2018
Pipeline by AstraZeneca Plc, H1 2018
Pipeline by Aurigene Discovery Technologies Ltd, H1 2018
Pipeline by Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, H1 2018
Pipeline by Codiak BioSciences Inc, H1 2018
Pipeline by Cotinga Pharmaceuticals Inc, H1 2018
Pipeline by InteRNA Technologies BV, H1 2018
Pipeline by Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co Ltd, H1 2018
Pipeline by Mirati Therapeutics Inc, H1 2018
Pipeline by Moderna Therapeutics Inc, H1 2018
Pipeline by Nuevolution AB, H1 2018
Pipeline by PeptiDream Inc, H1 2018
Pipeline by Takeda Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, H1 2018
Pipeline by Tosk Inc, H1 2018
Pipeline by Warp Drive Bio Inc, H1 2018
Dormant Projects, H1 2018
LIST OF FIGURES
Number of Products under Development by Stage of Development, H1 2018
Number of Products under Development by Therapy Areas, H1 2018
Number of Products under Development by Top 10 Indications, H1 2018
Number of Products by Stage and Mechanism of Actions, H1 2018
Number of Products by Routes of Administration, H1 2018
Number of Products by Stage and Routes of Administration, H1 2018
Number of Products by Molecule Types, H1 2018
Number of Products by Stage and Molecule Types, H1 2018
COMPANIES MENTIONED
AstraZeneca Plc
Aurigene Discovery Technologies Ltd
Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH
Codiak BioSciences Inc
Cotinga Pharmaceuticals Inc
InteRNA Technologies BV
Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co Ltd
Mirati Therapeutics Inc
Moderna Therapeutics Inc
Nuevolution AB
PeptiDream Inc
Takeda Pharmaceutical Co Ltd
Tosk Inc
Warp Drive Bio Inc
Number of Products under Development by Stage of Development, H1 2018
Number of Products under Development by Therapy Areas, H1 2018
Number of Products under Development by Top 10 Indications, H1 2018
Number of Products by Stage and Mechanism of Actions, H1 2018
Number of Products by Routes of Administration, H1 2018
Number of Products by Stage and Routes of Administration, H1 2018
Number of Products by Molecule Types, H1 2018
Number of Products by Stage and Molecule Types, H1 2018
COMPANIES MENTIONED
AstraZeneca Plc
Aurigene Discovery Technologies Ltd
Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH
Codiak BioSciences Inc
Cotinga Pharmaceuticals Inc
InteRNA Technologies BV
Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co Ltd
Mirati Therapeutics Inc
Moderna Therapeutics Inc
Nuevolution AB
PeptiDream Inc
Takeda Pharmaceutical Co Ltd
Tosk Inc
Warp Drive Bio Inc
