Prosthetic Sockets Market, Global Outlook and Forecast 2022-2028

March 2022 | 70 pages | ID: P90BFD00564BEN
Market Monitor Global

Abstracts

The socket is the most critical component of prosthesis.

This report contains market size and forecasts of Prosthetic Sockets in global, including the following market information:

Global Prosthetic Sockets Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions)

Global Prosthetic Sockets Market Sales, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, (K Units)

Global top five Prosthetic Sockets companies in 2021 (%)

The global Prosthetic Sockets market was valued at million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2028, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2021, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million by 2028.

Transfemoral Segment to Reach $ Million by 2028, with a % CAGR in next six years.

The global key manufacturers of Prosthetic Sockets include Ottobock, Orthomerica, Proteor, Willow Wood, Orfit Industries and Roadrunnerfoot, etc. In 2021, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.

MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the Prosthetic Sockets manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.

Total Market by Segment:

Global Prosthetic Sockets Market, by Type, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Prosthetic Sockets Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2021 (%)

• Transfemoral
• Leg

Global Prosthetic Sockets Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Prosthetic Sockets Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2021 (%)

• Hospital
• Clinic

Global Prosthetic Sockets Market, By Region and Country, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Prosthetic Sockets Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2021 (%)

• North America
• US
• Canada
• Mexico
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• U.K.
• Italy
• Russia
• Nordic Countries
• Benelux
• Rest of Europe
• Asia
• China
• Japan
• South Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Rest of Asia
• South America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Rest of South America
• Middle East & Africa
• Turkey
• Israel
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE
• Rest of Middle East & Africa

Competitor Analysis

The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:

Key companies Prosthetic Sockets revenues in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), ($ millions)

Key companies Prosthetic Sockets revenues share in global market, 2021 (%)

Key companies Prosthetic Sockets sales in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), (K Units)

Key companies Prosthetic Sockets sales share in global market, 2021 (%)

Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:

• Ottobock
• Orthomerica
• Proteor
• Willow Wood
• Orfit Industries
• Roadrunnerfoot

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORTS

1.1 Prosthetic Sockets Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
  1.2.1 Market by Type
  1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Prosthetic Sockets Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.5.1 Research Methodology
  1.5.2 Research Process
  1.5.3 Base Year
  1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 GLOBAL PROSTHETIC SOCKETS OVERALL MARKET SIZE

2.1 Global Prosthetic Sockets Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global Prosthetic Sockets Sales: 2017-2028

3 COMPANY LANDSCAPE

3.1 Top Prosthetic Sockets Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Prosthetic Sockets Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Prosthetic Sockets Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Prosthetic Sockets Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Prosthetic Sockets Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Prosthetic Sockets Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers Prosthetic Sockets Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Prosthetic Sockets Players in Global Market
  3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Prosthetic Sockets Companies
  3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Prosthetic Sockets Companies

4 SIGHTS BY PRODUCT

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 By Type - Global Prosthetic Sockets Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
  4.1.2 Transfemoral
  4.1.3 Leg
4.2 By Type - Global Prosthetic Sockets Revenue & Forecasts
  4.2.1 By Type - Global Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, 2017-2022
  4.2.2 By Type - Global Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, 2023-2028
  4.2.3 By Type - Global Prosthetic Sockets Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global Prosthetic Sockets Sales & Forecasts
  4.3.1 By Type - Global Prosthetic Sockets Sales, 2017-2022
  4.3.2 By Type - Global Prosthetic Sockets Sales, 2023-2028
  4.3.3 By Type - Global Prosthetic Sockets Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global Prosthetic Sockets Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

5 SIGHTS BY APPLICATION

5.1 Overview
  5.1.1 By Application - Global Prosthetic Sockets Market Size, 2021 & 2028
  5.1.2 Hospital
  5.1.3 Clinic
5.2 By Application - Global Prosthetic Sockets Revenue & Forecasts
  5.2.1 By Application - Global Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, 2017-2022
  5.2.2 By Application - Global Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, 2023-2028
  5.2.3 By Application - Global Prosthetic Sockets Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global Prosthetic Sockets Sales & Forecasts
  5.3.1 By Application - Global Prosthetic Sockets Sales, 2017-2022
  5.3.2 By Application - Global Prosthetic Sockets Sales, 2023-2028
  5.3.3 By Application - Global Prosthetic Sockets Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global Prosthetic Sockets Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

6 SIGHTS BY REGION

6.1 By Region - Global Prosthetic Sockets Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global Prosthetic Sockets Revenue & Forecasts
  6.2.1 By Region - Global Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, 2017-2022
  6.2.2 By Region - Global Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, 2023-2028
  6.2.3 By Region - Global Prosthetic Sockets Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global Prosthetic Sockets Sales & Forecasts
  6.3.1 By Region - Global Prosthetic Sockets Sales, 2017-2022
  6.3.2 By Region - Global Prosthetic Sockets Sales, 2023-2028
  6.3.3 By Region - Global Prosthetic Sockets Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
  6.4.1 By Country - North America Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.4.2 By Country - North America Prosthetic Sockets Sales, 2017-2028
  6.4.3 US Prosthetic Sockets Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.4 Canada Prosthetic Sockets Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.5 Mexico Prosthetic Sockets Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
  6.5.1 By Country - Europe Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.5.2 By Country - Europe Prosthetic Sockets Sales, 2017-2028
  6.5.3 Germany Prosthetic Sockets Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.4 France Prosthetic Sockets Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.5 U.K. Prosthetic Sockets Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.6 Italy Prosthetic Sockets Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.7 Russia Prosthetic Sockets Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.8 Nordic Countries Prosthetic Sockets Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.9 Benelux Prosthetic Sockets Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
  6.6.1 By Region - Asia Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.6.2 By Region - Asia Prosthetic Sockets Sales, 2017-2028
  6.6.3 China Prosthetic Sockets Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.4 Japan Prosthetic Sockets Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.5 South Korea Prosthetic Sockets Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.6 Southeast Asia Prosthetic Sockets Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.7 India Prosthetic Sockets Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
  6.7.1 By Country - South America Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.7.2 By Country - South America Prosthetic Sockets Sales, 2017-2028
  6.7.3 Brazil Prosthetic Sockets Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.7.4 Argentina Prosthetic Sockets Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
  6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Prosthetic Sockets Sales, 2017-2028
  6.8.3 Turkey Prosthetic Sockets Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.4 Israel Prosthetic Sockets Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Prosthetic Sockets Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.6 UAE Prosthetic Sockets Market Size, 2017-2028

7 MANUFACTURERS & BRANDS PROFILES

7.1 Ottobock
  7.1.1 Ottobock Corporate Summary
  7.1.2 Ottobock Business Overview
  7.1.3 Ottobock Prosthetic Sockets Major Product Offerings
  7.1.4 Ottobock Prosthetic Sockets Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.1.5 Ottobock Key News
7.2 Orthomerica
  7.2.1 Orthomerica Corporate Summary
  7.2.2 Orthomerica Business Overview
  7.2.3 Orthomerica Prosthetic Sockets Major Product Offerings
  7.2.4 Orthomerica Prosthetic Sockets Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.2.5 Orthomerica Key News
7.3 Proteor
  7.3.1 Proteor Corporate Summary
  7.3.2 Proteor Business Overview
  7.3.3 Proteor Prosthetic Sockets Major Product Offerings
  7.3.4 Proteor Prosthetic Sockets Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.3.5 Proteor Key News
7.4 Willow Wood
  7.4.1 Willow Wood Corporate Summary
  7.4.2 Willow Wood Business Overview
  7.4.3 Willow Wood Prosthetic Sockets Major Product Offerings
  7.4.4 Willow Wood Prosthetic Sockets Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.4.5 Willow Wood Key News
7.5 Orfit Industries
  7.5.1 Orfit Industries Corporate Summary
  7.5.2 Orfit Industries Business Overview
  7.5.3 Orfit Industries Prosthetic Sockets Major Product Offerings
  7.5.4 Orfit Industries Prosthetic Sockets Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.5.5 Orfit Industries Key News
7.6 Roadrunnerfoot
  7.6.1 Roadrunnerfoot Corporate Summary
  7.6.2 Roadrunnerfoot Business Overview
  7.6.3 Roadrunnerfoot Prosthetic Sockets Major Product Offerings
  7.6.4 Roadrunnerfoot Prosthetic Sockets Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.6.5 Roadrunnerfoot Key News

8 GLOBAL PROSTHETIC SOCKETS PRODUCTION CAPACITY, ANALYSIS

8.1 Global Prosthetic Sockets Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 Prosthetic Sockets Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Prosthetic Sockets Production by Region

9 KEY MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITY, DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints

10 PROSTHETIC SOCKETS SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

10.1 Prosthetic Sockets Industry Value Chain
10.2 Prosthetic Sockets Upstream Market
10.3 Prosthetic Sockets Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
  10.4.1 Marketing Channels
  10.4.2 Prosthetic Sockets Distributors and Sales Agents in Global

11 CONCLUSION

12 APPENDIX

12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Key Players of Prosthetic Sockets in Global Market
Table 2. Top Prosthetic Sockets Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global Prosthetic Sockets Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global Prosthetic Sockets Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global Prosthetic Sockets Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global Prosthetic Sockets Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Prosthetic Sockets Price (2017-2022) & (USD/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Prosthetic Sockets Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Prosthetic Sockets Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Prosthetic Sockets Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global Prosthetic Sockets Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global Prosthetic Sockets Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global Prosthetic Sockets Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global Prosthetic Sockets Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application – Global Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global Prosthetic Sockets Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global Prosthetic Sockets Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global Prosthetic Sockets Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global Prosthetic Sockets Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region – Global Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global Prosthetic Sockets Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global Prosthetic Sockets Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global Prosthetic Sockets Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global Prosthetic Sockets Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America Prosthetic Sockets Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America Prosthetic Sockets Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe Prosthetic Sockets Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe Prosthetic Sockets Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia Prosthetic Sockets Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia Prosthetic Sockets Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America Prosthetic Sockets Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America Prosthetic Sockets Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Prosthetic Sockets Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Prosthetic Sockets Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 46. Ottobock Corporate Summary
Table 47. Ottobock Prosthetic Sockets Product Offerings
Table 48. Ottobock Prosthetic Sockets Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 49. Orthomerica Corporate Summary
Table 50. Orthomerica Prosthetic Sockets Product Offerings
Table 51. Orthomerica Prosthetic Sockets Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 52. Proteor Corporate Summary
Table 53. Proteor Prosthetic Sockets Product Offerings
Table 54. Proteor Prosthetic Sockets Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 55. Willow Wood Corporate Summary
Table 56. Willow Wood Prosthetic Sockets Product Offerings
Table 57. Willow Wood Prosthetic Sockets Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 58. Orfit Industries Corporate Summary
Table 59. Orfit Industries Prosthetic Sockets Product Offerings
Table 60. Orfit Industries Prosthetic Sockets Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 61. Roadrunnerfoot Corporate Summary
Table 62. Roadrunnerfoot Prosthetic Sockets Product Offerings
Table 63. Roadrunnerfoot Prosthetic Sockets Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 64. Prosthetic Sockets Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (K Units)
Table 65. Global Prosthetic Sockets Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 66. Global Prosthetic Sockets Production by Region, 2017-2022 (K Units)
Table 67. Global Prosthetic Sockets Production by Region, 2023-2028 (K Units)
Table 68. Prosthetic Sockets Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 69. Prosthetic Sockets Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 70. Prosthetic Sockets Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 71. Prosthetic Sockets Raw Materials
Table 72. Prosthetic Sockets Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 73. Typical Prosthetic Sockets Downstream
Table 74. Prosthetic Sockets Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 75. Prosthetic Sockets Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Prosthetic Sockets Segment by Type
Figure 2. Prosthetic Sockets Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Prosthetic Sockets Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Prosthetic Sockets Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Prosthetic Sockets Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Prosthetic Sockets Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global Prosthetic Sockets Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global Prosthetic Sockets Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global Prosthetic Sockets Price (USD/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global Prosthetic Sockets Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global Prosthetic Sockets Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global Prosthetic Sockets Price (USD/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global Prosthetic Sockets Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global Prosthetic Sockets Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America Prosthetic Sockets Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America Prosthetic Sockets Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Prosthetic Sockets Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Prosthetic Sockets Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Prosthetic Sockets Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Prosthetic Sockets Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America Prosthetic Sockets Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America Prosthetic Sockets Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Prosthetic Sockets Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Prosthetic Sockets Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE Prosthetic Sockets Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global Prosthetic Sockets Production Capacity (K Units), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Prosthetic Sockets by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. Prosthetic Sockets Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels