Implantable Loop Monitor Market, Global Outlook and Forecast 2022-2028

April 2022 | 76 pages | ID: IC180FD006EFEN
Market Monitor Global

Abstracts

An implantable loop monitor is a device that can be implanted just underneath the skin, left of the breastbone. This device can serve as a literal continuous ECG-recording machine, recording a patient’s heart rhythm for up to 3 years. The biggest advantage of this system is for patients who have symptoms that are not that frequent—that is, patients who may present with syncope once every several months or even yearly, in which case short-term external monitors have limited utility.In addition, the issue of patient compliance in tolerating bulky external monitors is eliminated. These small devices are contained in a metal alloy casing with an internal battery and microchips for recording and storage of the tracings of your heart rhythm.

This report contains market size and forecasts of Implantable Loop Monitor in global, including the following market information:

Global Implantable Loop Monitor Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions)

Global Implantable Loop Monitor Market Sales, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, (K Units)

Global top five Implantable Loop Monitor companies in 2021 (%)

The global Implantable Loop Monitor market was valued at million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2028, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period 2022-2028.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2021, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million by 2028.

Smartphone Compatible Segment to Reach $ Million by 2028, with a % CAGR in next six years.

The global key manufacturers of Implantable Loop Monitor include Medtronic, Abbott, Biotronik and Angel Medical Systems, Inc., etc. In 2021, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.

MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the Implantable Loop Monitor manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.

Total Market by Segment:

Global Implantable Loop Monitor Market, by Type, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Implantable Loop Monitor Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2021 (%)

• Smartphone Compatible
• Smartphone Incompatible

Global Implantable Loop Monitor Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Implantable Loop Monitor Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2021 (%)

• Hospitals
• Ambulatory Surgical Centers (ASCs)
• Other

Global Implantable Loop Monitor Market, By Region and Country, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Implantable Loop Monitor Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2021 (%)

• North America
• US
• Canada
• Mexico
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• U.K.
• Italy
• Russia
• Nordic Countries
• Benelux
• Rest of Europe
• Asia
• China
• Japan
• South Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Rest of Asia
• South America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Rest of South America
• Middle East & Africa
• Turkey
• Israel
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE
• Rest of Middle East & Africa

Competitor Analysis

The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:

Key companies Implantable Loop Monitor revenues in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), ($ millions)

Key companies Implantable Loop Monitor revenues share in global market, 2021 (%)

Key companies Implantable Loop Monitor sales in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), (K Units)

Key companies Implantable Loop Monitor sales share in global market, 2021 (%)

Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:

• Medtronic
• Abbott
• Biotronik
• Angel Medical Systems, Inc.

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORTS

1.1 Implantable Loop Monitor Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
  1.2.1 Market by Type
  1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Implantable Loop Monitor Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.5.1 Research Methodology
  1.5.2 Research Process
  1.5.3 Base Year
  1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 GLOBAL IMPLANTABLE LOOP MONITOR OVERALL MARKET SIZE

2.1 Global Implantable Loop Monitor Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global Implantable Loop Monitor Sales: 2017-2028

3 COMPANY LANDSCAPE

3.1 Top Implantable Loop Monitor Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Implantable Loop Monitor Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Implantable Loop Monitor Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Implantable Loop Monitor Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Implantable Loop Monitor Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers Implantable Loop Monitor Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Implantable Loop Monitor Players in Global Market
  3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Implantable Loop Monitor Companies
  3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Implantable Loop Monitor Companies

4 SIGHTS BY PRODUCT

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 By Type - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
  4.1.2 Smartphone Compatible
  4.1.3 Smartphone Incompatible
4.2 By Type - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue & Forecasts
  4.2.1 By Type - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, 2017-2022
  4.2.2 By Type - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, 2023-2028
  4.2.3 By Type - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Sales & Forecasts
  4.3.1 By Type - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Sales, 2017-2022
  4.3.2 By Type - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Sales, 2023-2028
  4.3.3 By Type - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

5 SIGHTS BY APPLICATION

5.1 Overview
  5.1.1 By Application - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Market Size, 2021 & 2028
  5.1.2 Hospitals
  5.1.3 Ambulatory Surgical Centers (ASCs)
  5.1.4 Other
5.2 By Application - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue & Forecasts
  5.2.1 By Application - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, 2017-2022
  5.2.2 By Application - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, 2023-2028
  5.2.3 By Application - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Sales & Forecasts
  5.3.1 By Application - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Sales, 2017-2022
  5.3.2 By Application - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Sales, 2023-2028
  5.3.3 By Application - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

6 SIGHTS BY REGION

6.1 By Region - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue & Forecasts
  6.2.1 By Region - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, 2017-2022
  6.2.2 By Region - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, 2023-2028
  6.2.3 By Region - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Sales & Forecasts
  6.3.1 By Region - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Sales, 2017-2022
  6.3.2 By Region - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Sales, 2023-2028
  6.3.3 By Region - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
  6.4.1 By Country - North America Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.4.2 By Country - North America Implantable Loop Monitor Sales, 2017-2028
  6.4.3 US Implantable Loop Monitor Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.4 Canada Implantable Loop Monitor Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.5 Mexico Implantable Loop Monitor Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
  6.5.1 By Country - Europe Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.5.2 By Country - Europe Implantable Loop Monitor Sales, 2017-2028
  6.5.3 Germany Implantable Loop Monitor Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.4 France Implantable Loop Monitor Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.5 U.K. Implantable Loop Monitor Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.6 Italy Implantable Loop Monitor Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.7 Russia Implantable Loop Monitor Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.8 Nordic Countries Implantable Loop Monitor Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.9 Benelux Implantable Loop Monitor Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
  6.6.1 By Region - Asia Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.6.2 By Region - Asia Implantable Loop Monitor Sales, 2017-2028
  6.6.3 China Implantable Loop Monitor Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.4 Japan Implantable Loop Monitor Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.5 South Korea Implantable Loop Monitor Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.6 Southeast Asia Implantable Loop Monitor Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.7 India Implantable Loop Monitor Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
  6.7.1 By Country - South America Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.7.2 By Country - South America Implantable Loop Monitor Sales, 2017-2028
  6.7.3 Brazil Implantable Loop Monitor Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.7.4 Argentina Implantable Loop Monitor Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
  6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Implantable Loop Monitor Sales, 2017-2028
  6.8.3 Turkey Implantable Loop Monitor Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.4 Israel Implantable Loop Monitor Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Implantable Loop Monitor Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.6 UAE Implantable Loop Monitor Market Size, 2017-2028

7 MANUFACTURERS & BRANDS PROFILES

7.1 Medtronic
  7.1.1 Medtronic Corporate Summary
  7.1.2 Medtronic Business Overview
  7.1.3 Medtronic Implantable Loop Monitor Major Product Offerings
  7.1.4 Medtronic Implantable Loop Monitor Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.1.5 Medtronic Key News
7.2 Abbott
  7.2.1 Abbott Corporate Summary
  7.2.2 Abbott Business Overview
  7.2.3 Abbott Implantable Loop Monitor Major Product Offerings
  7.2.4 Abbott Implantable Loop Monitor Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.2.5 Abbott Key News
7.3 Biotronik
  7.3.1 Biotronik Corporate Summary
  7.3.2 Biotronik Business Overview
  7.3.3 Biotronik Implantable Loop Monitor Major Product Offerings
  7.3.4 Biotronik Implantable Loop Monitor Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.3.5 Biotronik Key News
7.4 Angel Medical Systems, Inc.
  7.4.1 Angel Medical Systems, Inc. Corporate Summary
  7.4.2 Angel Medical Systems, Inc. Business Overview
  7.4.3 Angel Medical Systems, Inc. Implantable Loop Monitor Major Product Offerings
  7.4.4 Angel Medical Systems, Inc. Implantable Loop Monitor Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.4.5 Angel Medical Systems, Inc. Key News

8 GLOBAL IMPLANTABLE LOOP MONITOR PRODUCTION CAPACITY, ANALYSIS

8.1 Global Implantable Loop Monitor Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 Implantable Loop Monitor Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Implantable Loop Monitor Production by Region

9 KEY MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITY, DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints

10 IMPLANTABLE LOOP MONITOR SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

10.1 Implantable Loop Monitor Industry Value Chain
10.2 Implantable Loop Monitor Upstream Market
10.3 Implantable Loop Monitor Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
  10.4.1 Marketing Channels
  10.4.2 Implantable Loop Monitor Distributors and Sales Agents in Global

11 CONCLUSION

12 APPENDIX

12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Key Players of Implantable Loop Monitor in Global Market
Table 2. Top Implantable Loop Monitor Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global Implantable Loop Monitor Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global Implantable Loop Monitor Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Implantable Loop Monitor Price (2017-2022) & (US$/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Implantable Loop Monitor Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Implantable Loop Monitor Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Implantable Loop Monitor Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application – Global Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region – Global Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America Implantable Loop Monitor Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America Implantable Loop Monitor Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe Implantable Loop Monitor Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe Implantable Loop Monitor Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia Implantable Loop Monitor Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia Implantable Loop Monitor Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America Implantable Loop Monitor Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America Implantable Loop Monitor Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Implantable Loop Monitor Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Implantable Loop Monitor Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 46. Medtronic Corporate Summary
Table 47. Medtronic Implantable Loop Monitor Product Offerings
Table 48. Medtronic Implantable Loop Monitor Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 49. Abbott Corporate Summary
Table 50. Abbott Implantable Loop Monitor Product Offerings
Table 51. Abbott Implantable Loop Monitor Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 52. Biotronik Corporate Summary
Table 53. Biotronik Implantable Loop Monitor Product Offerings
Table 54. Biotronik Implantable Loop Monitor Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 55. Angel Medical Systems, Inc. Corporate Summary
Table 56. Angel Medical Systems, Inc. Implantable Loop Monitor Product Offerings
Table 57. Angel Medical Systems, Inc. Implantable Loop Monitor Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 58. Implantable Loop Monitor Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (K Units)
Table 59. Global Implantable Loop Monitor Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 60. Global Implantable Loop Monitor Production by Region, 2017-2022 (K Units)
Table 61. Global Implantable Loop Monitor Production by Region, 2023-2028 (K Units)
Table 62. Implantable Loop Monitor Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 63. Implantable Loop Monitor Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 64. Implantable Loop Monitor Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 65. Implantable Loop Monitor Raw Materials
Table 66. Implantable Loop Monitor Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 67. Typical Implantable Loop Monitor Downstream
Table 68. Implantable Loop Monitor Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 69. Implantable Loop Monitor Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Implantable Loop Monitor Segment by Type
Figure 2. Implantable Loop Monitor Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Implantable Loop Monitor Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Implantable Loop Monitor Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Implantable Loop Monitor Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Price (US$/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Price (US$/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America Implantable Loop Monitor Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Implantable Loop Monitor Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Implantable Loop Monitor Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America Implantable Loop Monitor Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Implantable Loop Monitor Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE Implantable Loop Monitor Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global Implantable Loop Monitor Production Capacity (K Units), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Implantable Loop Monitor by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. Implantable Loop Monitor Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels