Global Nifuratel Market Growth (Status and Outlook) 2025-2031

September 2025 | 99 pages | ID: G485FD43CACDEN
LP Information

Abstracts

According to this study, the global Nifuratel market size will reach US$ million by 2031.

The global pharmaceutical market is 1475 billion USD in 2022, growing at a CAGR of 5% during the next six years. The pharmaceutical market includes chemical drugs and biological drugs. For biologics is expected to 381 billion USD in 2022. In comparison, the chemical drug market is estimated to increase from 1005 billion in 2018 to 1094 billion U.S. dollars in 2022. The pharmaceutical market factors such as increasing demand for healthcare, technological advancements, and the rising prevalence of chronic diseases, increase in funding from private & government organizations for development of pharmaceutical manufacturing segments and rise in R&D activities for drugs. However, the industry also faces challenges such as stringent regulations, high costs of research and development, and patent expirations. Companies need to continuously innovate and adapt to these challenges to stay competitive in the market and ensure their products reach patients in need. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of vaccine development and supply chain management, further emphasizing the need for pharmaceutical companies to be agile and responsive to emerging public health needs.

LPI (LP Information)' newest research report, the “Nifuratel Industry Forecast” looks at past sales and reviews total world Nifuratel sales in 2024, providing a comprehensive analysis by region and market sector of projected Nifuratel sales for 2025 through 2031. With Nifuratel sales broken down by region, market sector and sub-sector, this report provides a detailed analysis in US$ millions of the world Nifuratel industry.

This Insight Report provides a comprehensive analysis of the global Nifuratel landscape and highlights key trends related to product segmentation, company formation, revenue, and market share, latest development, and M&A activity. This report also analyses the strategies of leading global companies with a focus on Nifuratel portfolios and capabilities, market entry strategies, market positions, and geographic footprints, to better understand these firms’ unique position in an accelerating global Nifuratel market.

This Insight Report evaluates the key market trends, drivers, and affecting factors shaping the global outlook for Nifuratel and breaks down the forecast by Type, by Application, geography, and market size to highlight emerging pockets of opportunity. With a transparent methodology based on hundreds of bottom-up qualitative and quantitative market inputs, this study forecast offers a highly nuanced view of the current state and future trajectory in the global Nifuratel.

This report presents a comprehensive overview, market shares, and growth opportunities of Nifuratel market by product type, application, key players and key regions and countries.

Segmentation by Type:

• Tablets
• Soft Capsule
• Ointment

Segmentation by Application:

• Medical
• Experiment

This report also splits the market by region:

• Americas
• United States
• Canada
• Mexico
• Brazil
• APAC
• China
• Japan
• Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Australia
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• UK
• Italy
• Russia
• Middle East & Africa
• Egypt
• South Africa
• Israel
• Turkey
• GCC Countries

The below companies that are profiled have been selected based on inputs gathered from primary experts and analyzing the company's coverage, product portfolio, its market penetration.

• Monsanto
• Polichem
• Nanjing Housheng Pharmaceutical
• Yantai Luyin Pharmaceutical
• Beijing Langyi Pharmaceutical
• Sinopharm Group
• Sunstone Tangshan Pharmaceutical

Contents

1 SCOPE OF THE REPORT

1.1 Market Introduction
1.2 Years Considered
1.3 Research Objectives
1.4 Market Research Methodology
1.5 Research Process and Data Source
1.6 Economic Indicators
1.7 Currency Considered
1.8 Market Estimation Caveats

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

2.1 World Market Overview
  2.1.1 Global Nifuratel Market Size (2020-2031)
  2.1.2 Nifuratel Market Size CAGR by Region (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
  2.1.3 World Current & Future Analysis for Nifuratel by Country/Region (2020, 2024 & 2031)
2.2 Nifuratel Segment by Type
  2.2.1 Tablets
  2.2.2 Soft Capsule
  2.2.3 Ointment
2.3 Nifuratel Market Size by Type
  2.3.1 Nifuratel Market Size CAGR by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
  2.3.2 Global Nifuratel Market Size Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
2.4 Nifuratel Segment by Application
  2.4.1 Medical
  2.4.2 Experiment
2.5 Nifuratel Market Size by Application
  2.5.1 Nifuratel Market Size CAGR by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
  2.5.2 Global Nifuratel Market Size Market Share by Application (2020-2025)

3 NIFURATEL MARKET SIZE BY PLAYER

3.1 Nifuratel Market Size Market Share by Player
  3.1.1 Global Nifuratel Revenue by Player (2020-2025)
  3.1.2 Global Nifuratel Revenue Market Share by Player (2020-2025)
3.2 Global Nifuratel Key Players Head office and Products Offered
3.3 Market Concentration Rate Analysis
  3.3.1 Competition Landscape Analysis
  3.3.2 Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) & (2023-2025)
3.4 New Products and Potential Entrants
3.5 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

4 NIFURATEL BY REGION

4.1 Nifuratel Market Size by Region (2020-2025)
4.2 Global Nifuratel Annual Revenue by Country/Region (2020-2025)
4.3 Americas Nifuratel Market Size Growth (2020-2025)
4.4 APAC Nifuratel Market Size Growth (2020-2025)
4.5 Europe Nifuratel Market Size Growth (2020-2025)
4.6 Middle East & Africa Nifuratel Market Size Growth (2020-2025)

5 AMERICAS

5.1 Americas Nifuratel Market Size by Country (2020-2025)
5.2 Americas Nifuratel Market Size by Type (2020-2025)
5.3 Americas Nifuratel Market Size by Application (2020-2025)
5.4 United States
5.5 Canada
5.6 Mexico
5.7 Brazil

6 APAC

6.1 APAC Nifuratel Market Size by Region (2020-2025)
6.2 APAC Nifuratel Market Size by Type (2020-2025)
6.3 APAC Nifuratel Market Size by Application (2020-2025)
6.4 China
6.5 Japan
6.6 South Korea
6.7 Southeast Asia
6.8 India
6.9 Australia

7 EUROPE

7.1 Europe Nifuratel Market Size by Country (2020-2025)
7.2 Europe Nifuratel Market Size by Type (2020-2025)
7.3 Europe Nifuratel Market Size by Application (2020-2025)
7.4 Germany
7.5 France
7.6 UK
7.7 Italy
7.8 Russia

8 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA

8.1 Middle East & Africa Nifuratel by Region (2020-2025)
8.2 Middle East & Africa Nifuratel Market Size by Type (2020-2025)
8.3 Middle East & Africa Nifuratel Market Size by Application (2020-2025)
8.4 Egypt
8.5 South Africa
8.6 Israel
8.7 Turkey
8.8 GCC Countries

9 MARKET DRIVERS, CHALLENGES AND TRENDS

9.1 Market Drivers & Growth Opportunities
9.2 Market Challenges & Risks
9.3 Industry Trends

10 GLOBAL NIFURATEL MARKET FORECAST

10.1 Global Nifuratel Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
  10.1.1 Global Nifuratel Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
  10.1.2 Americas Nifuratel Forecast
  10.1.3 APAC Nifuratel Forecast
  10.1.4 Europe Nifuratel Forecast
  10.1.5 Middle East & Africa Nifuratel Forecast
10.2 Americas Nifuratel Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
  10.2.1 United States Market Nifuratel Forecast
  10.2.2 Canada Market Nifuratel Forecast
  10.2.3 Mexico Market Nifuratel Forecast
  10.2.4 Brazil Market Nifuratel Forecast
10.3 APAC Nifuratel Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
  10.3.1 China Nifuratel Market Forecast
  10.3.2 Japan Market Nifuratel Forecast
  10.3.3 Korea Market Nifuratel Forecast
  10.3.4 Southeast Asia Market Nifuratel Forecast
  10.3.5 India Market Nifuratel Forecast
  10.3.6 Australia Market Nifuratel Forecast
10.4 Europe Nifuratel Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
  10.4.1 Germany Market Nifuratel Forecast
  10.4.2 France Market Nifuratel Forecast
  10.4.3 UK Market Nifuratel Forecast
  10.4.4 Italy Market Nifuratel Forecast
  10.4.5 Russia Market Nifuratel Forecast
10.5 Middle East & Africa Nifuratel Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
  10.5.1 Egypt Market Nifuratel Forecast
  10.5.2 South Africa Market Nifuratel Forecast
  10.5.3 Israel Market Nifuratel Forecast
  10.5.4 Turkey Market Nifuratel Forecast
10.6 Global Nifuratel Forecast by Type (2026-2031)
10.7 Global Nifuratel Forecast by Application (2026-2031)
  10.7.1 GCC Countries Market Nifuratel Forecast

11 KEY PLAYERS ANALYSIS

11.1 Monsanto
  11.1.1 Monsanto Company Information
  11.1.2 Monsanto Nifuratel Product Offered
  11.1.3 Monsanto Nifuratel Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
  11.1.4 Monsanto Main Business Overview
  11.1.5 Monsanto Latest Developments
11.2 Polichem
  11.2.1 Polichem Company Information
  11.2.2 Polichem Nifuratel Product Offered
  11.2.3 Polichem Nifuratel Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
  11.2.4 Polichem Main Business Overview
  11.2.5 Polichem Latest Developments
11.3 Nanjing Housheng Pharmaceutical
  11.3.1 Nanjing Housheng Pharmaceutical Company Information
  11.3.2 Nanjing Housheng Pharmaceutical Nifuratel Product Offered
  11.3.3 Nanjing Housheng Pharmaceutical Nifuratel Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
  11.3.4 Nanjing Housheng Pharmaceutical Main Business Overview
  11.3.5 Nanjing Housheng Pharmaceutical Latest Developments
11.4 Yantai Luyin Pharmaceutical
  11.4.1 Yantai Luyin Pharmaceutical Company Information
  11.4.2 Yantai Luyin Pharmaceutical Nifuratel Product Offered
  11.4.3 Yantai Luyin Pharmaceutical Nifuratel Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
  11.4.4 Yantai Luyin Pharmaceutical Main Business Overview
  11.4.5 Yantai Luyin Pharmaceutical Latest Developments
11.5 Beijing Langyi Pharmaceutical
  11.5.1 Beijing Langyi Pharmaceutical Company Information
  11.5.2 Beijing Langyi Pharmaceutical Nifuratel Product Offered
  11.5.3 Beijing Langyi Pharmaceutical Nifuratel Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
  11.5.4 Beijing Langyi Pharmaceutical Main Business Overview
  11.5.5 Beijing Langyi Pharmaceutical Latest Developments
11.6 Sinopharm Group
  11.6.1 Sinopharm Group Company Information
  11.6.2 Sinopharm Group Nifuratel Product Offered
  11.6.3 Sinopharm Group Nifuratel Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
  11.6.4 Sinopharm Group Main Business Overview
  11.6.5 Sinopharm Group Latest Developments
11.7 Sunstone Tangshan Pharmaceutical
  11.7.1 Sunstone Tangshan Pharmaceutical Company Information
  11.7.2 Sunstone Tangshan Pharmaceutical Nifuratel Product Offered
  11.7.3 Sunstone Tangshan Pharmaceutical Nifuratel Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
  11.7.4 Sunstone Tangshan Pharmaceutical Main Business Overview
  11.7.5 Sunstone Tangshan Pharmaceutical Latest Developments

12 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Nifuratel Market Size CAGR by Region (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) & ($ millions)
Table 2. Nifuratel Annual Sales CAGR by Country/Region (2020, 2024 & 2031) & ($ millions)
Table 3. Major Players ofTablets
Table 4. Major Players of Soft Capsule
Table 5. Major Players of Ointment
Table 6. Nifuratel Market Size CAGR by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) & ($ millions)
Table 7. Global Nifuratel Market Size by Type (2020-2025) & ($ millions)
Table 8. Global Nifuratel Market Size Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 9. Nifuratel Market Size CAGR by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031) & ($ millions)
Table 10. Global Nifuratel Market Size by Application (2020-2025) & ($ millions)
Table 11. Global Nifuratel Market Size Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 12. Global Nifuratel Revenue by Player (2020-2025) & ($ millions)
Table 13. Global Nifuratel Revenue Market Share by Player (2020-2025)
Table 14. Nifuratel Key Players Head office and Products Offered
Table 15. Nifuratel Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) & (2023-2025)
Table 16. New Products and Potential Entrants
Table 17. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
Table 18. Global Nifuratel Market Size by Region (2020-2025) & ($ millions)
Table 19. Global Nifuratel Market Size Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 20. Global Nifuratel Revenue by Country/Region (2020-2025) & ($ millions)
Table 21. Global Nifuratel Revenue Market Share by Country/Region (2020-2025)
Table 22. Americas Nifuratel Market Size by Country (2020-2025) & ($ millions)
Table 23. Americas Nifuratel Market Size Market Share by Country (2020-2025)
Table 24. Americas Nifuratel Market Size by Type (2020-2025) & ($ millions)
Table 25. Americas Nifuratel Market Size Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 26. Americas Nifuratel Market Size by Application (2020-2025) & ($ millions)
Table 27. Americas Nifuratel Market Size Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 28. APAC Nifuratel Market Size by Region (2020-2025) & ($ millions)
Table 29. APAC Nifuratel Market Size Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 30. APAC Nifuratel Market Size by Type (2020-2025) & ($ millions)
Table 31. APAC Nifuratel Market Size by Application (2020-2025) & ($ millions)
Table 32. Europe Nifuratel Market Size by Country (2020-2025) & ($ millions)
Table 33. Europe Nifuratel Market Size Market Share by Country (2020-2025)
Table 34. Europe Nifuratel Market Size by Type (2020-2025) & ($ millions)
Table 35. Europe Nifuratel Market Size by Application (2020-2025) & ($ millions)
Table 36. Middle East & Africa Nifuratel Market Size by Region (2020-2025) & ($ millions)
Table 37. Middle East & Africa Nifuratel Market Size by Type (2020-2025) & ($ millions)
Table 38. Middle East & Africa Nifuratel Market Size by Application (2020-2025) & ($ millions)
Table 39. Key Market Drivers & Growth Opportunities of Nifuratel
Table 40. Key Market Challenges & Risks of Nifuratel
Table 41. Key Industry Trends of Nifuratel
Table 42. Global Nifuratel Market Size Forecast by Region (2026-2031) & ($ millions)
Table 43. Global Nifuratel Market Size Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2031)
Table 44. Global Nifuratel Market Size Forecast by Type (2026-2031) & ($ millions)
Table 45. Global Nifuratel Market Size Forecast by Application (2026-2031) & ($ millions)
Table 46. Monsanto Details, Company Type, Nifuratel Area Served and Its Competitors
Table 47. Monsanto Nifuratel Product Offered
Table 48. Monsanto Nifuratel Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
Table 49. Monsanto Main Business
Table 50. Monsanto Latest Developments
Table 51. Polichem Details, Company Type, Nifuratel Area Served and Its Competitors
Table 52. Polichem Nifuratel Product Offered
Table 53. Polichem Nifuratel Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
Table 54. Polichem Main Business
Table 55. Polichem Latest Developments
Table 56. Nanjing Housheng Pharmaceutical Details, Company Type, Nifuratel Area Served and Its Competitors
Table 57. Nanjing Housheng Pharmaceutical Nifuratel Product Offered
Table 58. Nanjing Housheng Pharmaceutical Nifuratel Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
Table 59. Nanjing Housheng Pharmaceutical Main Business
Table 60. Nanjing Housheng Pharmaceutical Latest Developments
Table 61. Yantai Luyin Pharmaceutical Details, Company Type, Nifuratel Area Served and Its Competitors
Table 62. Yantai Luyin Pharmaceutical Nifuratel Product Offered
Table 63. Yantai Luyin Pharmaceutical Nifuratel Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
Table 64. Yantai Luyin Pharmaceutical Main Business
Table 65. Yantai Luyin Pharmaceutical Latest Developments
Table 66. Beijing Langyi Pharmaceutical Details, Company Type, Nifuratel Area Served and Its Competitors
Table 67. Beijing Langyi Pharmaceutical Nifuratel Product Offered
Table 68. Beijing Langyi Pharmaceutical Nifuratel Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
Table 69. Beijing Langyi Pharmaceutical Main Business
Table 70. Beijing Langyi Pharmaceutical Latest Developments
Table 71. Sinopharm Group Details, Company Type, Nifuratel Area Served and Its Competitors
Table 72. Sinopharm Group Nifuratel Product Offered
Table 73. Sinopharm Group Nifuratel Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
Table 74. Sinopharm Group Main Business
Table 75. Sinopharm Group Latest Developments
Table 76. Sunstone Tangshan Pharmaceutical Details, Company Type, Nifuratel Area Served and Its Competitors
Table 77. Sunstone Tangshan Pharmaceutical Nifuratel Product Offered
Table 78. Sunstone Tangshan Pharmaceutical Nifuratel Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025)
Table 79. Sunstone Tangshan Pharmaceutical Main Business
Table 80. Sunstone Tangshan Pharmaceutical Latest Developments

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Nifuratel Report Years Considered
Figure 2. Research Objectives
Figure 3. Research Methodology
Figure 4. Research Process and Data Source
Figure 5. Global Nifuratel Market Size Growth Rate (2020-2031) ($ millions)
Figure 6. Nifuratel Sales by Geographic Region (2020, 2024 & 2031) & ($ millions)
Figure 7. Nifuratel Sales Market Share by Country/Region (2024)
Figure 8. Nifuratel Sales Market Share by Country/Region (2020, 2024 & 2031)
Figure 9. Global Nifuratel Market Size Market Share by Type in 2024
Figure 10. Nifuratel in Medical
Figure 11. Global Nifuratel Market: Medical (2020-2025) & ($ millions)
Figure 12. Nifuratel in Experiment
Figure 13. Global Nifuratel Market: Experiment (2020-2025) & ($ millions)
Figure 14. Global Nifuratel Market Size Market Share by Application in 2024
Figure 15. Global Nifuratel Revenue Market Share by Player in 2024
Figure 16. Global Nifuratel Market Size Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Figure 17. Americas Nifuratel Market Size 2020-2025 ($ millions)
Figure 18. APAC Nifuratel Market Size 2020-2025 ($ millions)
Figure 19. Europe Nifuratel Market Size 2020-2025 ($ millions)
Figure 20. Middle East & Africa Nifuratel Market Size 2020-2025 ($ millions)
Figure 21. Americas Nifuratel Value Market Share by Country in 2024
Figure 22. United States Nifuratel Market Size Growth 2020-2025 ($ millions)
Figure 23. Canada Nifuratel Market Size Growth 2020-2025 ($ millions)
Figure 24. Mexico Nifuratel Market Size Growth 2020-2025 ($ millions)
Figure 25. Brazil Nifuratel Market Size Growth 2020-2025 ($ millions)
Figure 26. APAC Nifuratel Market Size Market Share by Region in 2024
Figure 27. APAC Nifuratel Market Size Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Figure 28. APAC Nifuratel Market Size Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Figure 29. China Nifuratel Market Size Growth 2020-2025 ($ millions)
Figure 30. Japan Nifuratel Market Size Growth 2020-2025 ($ millions)
Figure 31. South Korea Nifuratel Market Size Growth 2020-2025 ($ millions)
Figure 32. Southeast Asia Nifuratel Market Size Growth 2020-2025 ($ millions)
Figure 33. India Nifuratel Market Size Growth 2020-2025 ($ millions)
Figure 34. Australia Nifuratel Market Size Growth 2020-2025 ($ millions)
Figure 35. Europe Nifuratel Market Size Market Share by Country in 2024
Figure 36. Europe Nifuratel Market Size Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Figure 37. Europe Nifuratel Market Size Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Figure 38. Germany Nifuratel Market Size Growth 2020-2025 ($ millions)
Figure 39. France Nifuratel Market Size Growth 2020-2025 ($ millions)
Figure 40. UK Nifuratel Market Size Growth 2020-2025 ($ millions)
Figure 41. Italy Nifuratel Market Size Growth 2020-2025 ($ millions)
Figure 42. Russia Nifuratel Market Size Growth 2020-2025 ($ millions)
Figure 43. Middle East & Africa Nifuratel Market Size Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Figure 44. Middle East & Africa Nifuratel Market Size Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Figure 45. Middle East & Africa Nifuratel Market Size Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Figure 46. Egypt Nifuratel Market Size Growth 2020-2025 ($ millions)
Figure 47. South Africa Nifuratel Market Size Growth 2020-2025 ($ millions)
Figure 48. Israel Nifuratel Market Size Growth 2020-2025 ($ millions)
Figure 49. Turkey Nifuratel Market Size Growth 2020-2025 ($ millions)
Figure 50. GCC Countries Nifuratel Market Size Growth 2020-2025 ($ millions)
Figure 51. Americas Nifuratel Market Size 2026-2031 ($ millions)
Figure 52. APAC Nifuratel Market Size 2026-2031 ($ millions)
Figure 53. Europe Nifuratel Market Size 2026-2031 ($ millions)
Figure 54. Middle East & Africa Nifuratel Market Size 2026-2031 ($ millions)
Figure 55. United States Nifuratel Market Size 2026-2031 ($ millions)
Figure 56. Canada Nifuratel Market Size 2026-2031 ($ millions)
Figure 57. Mexico Nifuratel Market Size 2026-2031 ($ millions)
Figure 58. Brazil Nifuratel Market Size 2026-2031 ($ millions)
Figure 59. China Nifuratel Market Size 2026-2031 ($ millions)
Figure 60. Japan Nifuratel Market Size 2026-2031 ($ millions)
Figure 61. Korea Nifuratel Market Size 2026-2031 ($ millions)
Figure 62. Southeast Asia Nifuratel Market Size 2026-2031 ($ millions)
Figure 63. India Nifuratel Market Size 2026-2031 ($ millions)
Figure 64. Australia Nifuratel Market Size 2026-2031 ($ millions)
Figure 65. Germany Nifuratel Market Size 2026-2031 ($ millions)
Figure 66. France Nifuratel Market Size 2026-2031 ($ millions)
Figure 67. UK Nifuratel Market Size 2026-2031 ($ millions)
Figure 68. Italy Nifuratel Market Size 2026-2031 ($ millions)
Figure 69. Russia Nifuratel Market Size 2026-2031 ($ millions)
Figure 70. Egypt Nifuratel Market Size 2026-2031 ($ millions)
Figure 71. South Africa Nifuratel Market Size 2026-2031 ($ millions)
Figure 72. Israel Nifuratel Market Size 2026-2031 ($ millions)
Figure 73. Turkey Nifuratel Market Size 2026-2031 ($ millions)
Figure 74. Global Nifuratel Market Size Market Share Forecast by Type (2026-2031)
Figure 75. Global Nifuratel Market Size Market Share Forecast by Application (2026-2031)
Figure 76. GCC Countries Nifuratel Market Size 2026-2031 ($ millions)