Global Bullous Keratopathy Market Research Report 2023

October 2023 | 113 pages | ID: G8DAAFD50C29EN
QYResearch

Abstracts

This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Bullous Keratopathy, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Bullous Keratopathy.

The Bullous Keratopathy market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of and revenue ($ millions), considering 2022 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2018 to 2029. This report segments the global Bullous Keratopathy market comprehensively. Regional market sizes, concerning products by type, by application, and by players, are also provided.

For a more in-depth understanding of the market, the report provides profiles of the competitive landscape, key competitors, and their respective market ranks. The report also discusses technological trends and new product developments.

The report will help the Bullous Keratopathy companies, new entrants, and industry chain related companies in this market with information on the revenues for the overall market and the sub-segments across the different segments, by company, by type, by application, and by regions.

By Company

• Roche
• Regeneron Pharmaceuticals
• Pfizer
• Bayer
• Cellusion
• CRSTEurope
• Barraquer Eye Hospital
• Planchard Eye & Laser Center
• Medscape

Segment by Type

• Topical Hypertonic Agents
• Drugs To Lower Intraocular Pressure
• Corneal Transplantation
• Others

Segment by Application

• Hospitals
• Clinics
• Others

By Region

• North America
• United States
• Canada
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• UK
• Italy
• Russia
• Nordic Countries
• Rest of Europe
• Asia-Pacific
• China
• Japan
• South Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Australia
• Rest of Asia
• Latin America
• Mexico
• Brazil
• Rest of Latin America
• Middle East & Africa
• Turkey
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE
• Rest of MEA

Core Chapters

Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, executive summary of different market segments (by type, application, etc), including the market size of each market segment, future development potential, and so on. It offers a high-level view of the current state of the market and its likely evolution in the short to mid-term, and long term.

Chapter 2: Introduces executive summary of global market size, regional market size, this section also introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by companies in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.

Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Bullous Keratopathy companies’ competitive landscape, revenue market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.

Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.

Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.

Chapter 6, 7, 8, 9, 10: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa segment by country. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and capacity of each country in the world.

Chapter 11: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the key companies in the market in detail, including product revenue, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.

Chapter 12: The main points and conclusions of the report.

Contents

1 REPORT OVERVIEW

1.1 Study Scope
1.2 Market Analysis by Type
  1.2.1 Global Bullous Keratopathy Market Size Growth Rate by Type: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
  1.2.2 Topical Hypertonic Agents
  1.2.3 Drugs To Lower Intraocular Pressure
  1.2.4 Corneal Transplantation
  1.2.5 Others
1.3 Market by Application
  1.3.1 Global Bullous Keratopathy Market Growth by Application: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
  1.3.2 Hospitals
  1.3.3 Clinics
  1.3.4 Others
1.4 Study Objectives
1.5 Years Considered
1.6 Years Considered

2 GLOBAL GROWTH TRENDS

2.1 Global Bullous Keratopathy Market Perspective (2018-2029)
2.2 Bullous Keratopathy Growth Trends by Region
  2.2.1 Global Bullous Keratopathy Market Size by Region: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
  2.2.2 Bullous Keratopathy Historic Market Size by Region (2018-2023)
  2.2.3 Bullous Keratopathy Forecasted Market Size by Region (2024-2029)
2.3 Bullous Keratopathy Market Dynamics
  2.3.1 Bullous Keratopathy Industry Trends
  2.3.2 Bullous Keratopathy Market Drivers
  2.3.3 Bullous Keratopathy Market Challenges
  2.3.4 Bullous Keratopathy Market Restraints

3 COMPETITION LANDSCAPE BY KEY PLAYERS

3.1 Global Top Bullous Keratopathy Players by Revenue
  3.1.1 Global Top Bullous Keratopathy Players by Revenue (2018-2023)
  3.1.2 Global Bullous Keratopathy Revenue Market Share by Players (2018-2023)
3.2 Global Bullous Keratopathy Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
3.3 Players Covered: Ranking by Bullous Keratopathy Revenue
3.4 Global Bullous Keratopathy Market Concentration Ratio
  3.4.1 Global Bullous Keratopathy Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
  3.4.2 Global Top 10 and Top 5 Companies by Bullous Keratopathy Revenue in 2022
3.5 Bullous Keratopathy Key Players Head office and Area Served
3.6 Key Players Bullous Keratopathy Product Solution and Service
3.7 Date of Enter into Bullous Keratopathy Market
3.8 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans

4 BULLOUS KERATOPATHY BREAKDOWN DATA BY TYPE

4.1 Global Bullous Keratopathy Historic Market Size by Type (2018-2023)
4.2 Global Bullous Keratopathy Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2029)

5 BULLOUS KERATOPATHY BREAKDOWN DATA BY APPLICATION

5.1 Global Bullous Keratopathy Historic Market Size by Application (2018-2023)
5.2 Global Bullous Keratopathy Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2029)

6 NORTH AMERICA

6.1 North America Bullous Keratopathy Market Size (2018-2029)
6.2 North America Bullous Keratopathy Market Growth Rate by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
6.3 North America Bullous Keratopathy Market Size by Country (2018-2023)
6.4 North America Bullous Keratopathy Market Size by Country (2024-2029)
6.5 United States
6.6 Canada

7 EUROPE

7.1 Europe Bullous Keratopathy Market Size (2018-2029)
7.2 Europe Bullous Keratopathy Market Growth Rate by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
7.3 Europe Bullous Keratopathy Market Size by Country (2018-2023)
7.4 Europe Bullous Keratopathy Market Size by Country (2024-2029)
7.5 Germany
7.6 France
7.7 U.K.
7.8 Italy
7.9 Russia
7.10 Nordic Countries

8 ASIA-PACIFIC

8.1 Asia-Pacific Bullous Keratopathy Market Size (2018-2029)
8.2 Asia-Pacific Bullous Keratopathy Market Growth Rate by Region: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
8.3 Asia-Pacific Bullous Keratopathy Market Size by Region (2018-2023)
8.4 Asia-Pacific Bullous Keratopathy Market Size by Region (2024-2029)
8.5 China
8.6 Japan
8.7 South Korea
8.8 Southeast Asia
8.9 India
8.10 Australia

9 LATIN AMERICA

9.1 Latin America Bullous Keratopathy Market Size (2018-2029)
9.2 Latin America Bullous Keratopathy Market Growth Rate by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
9.3 Latin America Bullous Keratopathy Market Size by Country (2018-2023)
9.4 Latin America Bullous Keratopathy Market Size by Country (2024-2029)
9.5 Mexico
9.6 Brazil

10 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA

10.1 Middle East & Africa Bullous Keratopathy Market Size (2018-2029)
10.2 Middle East & Africa Bullous Keratopathy Market Growth Rate by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
10.3 Middle East & Africa Bullous Keratopathy Market Size by Country (2018-2023)
10.4 Middle East & Africa Bullous Keratopathy Market Size by Country (2024-2029)
10.5 Turkey
10.6 Saudi Arabia
10.7 UAE

11 KEY PLAYERS PROFILES

11.1 Roche
  11.1.1 Roche Company Detail
  11.1.2 Roche Business Overview
  11.1.3 Roche Bullous Keratopathy Introduction
  11.1.4 Roche Revenue in Bullous Keratopathy Business (2018-2023)
  11.1.5 Roche Recent Development
11.2 Regeneron Pharmaceuticals
  11.2.1 Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Company Detail
  11.2.2 Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Business Overview
  11.2.3 Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Bullous Keratopathy Introduction
  11.2.4 Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Revenue in Bullous Keratopathy Business (2018-2023)
  11.2.5 Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Recent Development
11.3 Pfizer
  11.3.1 Pfizer Company Detail
  11.3.2 Pfizer Business Overview
  11.3.3 Pfizer Bullous Keratopathy Introduction
  11.3.4 Pfizer Revenue in Bullous Keratopathy Business (2018-2023)
  11.3.5 Pfizer Recent Development
11.4 Bayer
  11.4.1 Bayer Company Detail
  11.4.2 Bayer Business Overview
  11.4.3 Bayer Bullous Keratopathy Introduction
  11.4.4 Bayer Revenue in Bullous Keratopathy Business (2018-2023)
  11.4.5 Bayer Recent Development
11.5 Cellusion
  11.5.1 Cellusion Company Detail
  11.5.2 Cellusion Business Overview
  11.5.3 Cellusion Bullous Keratopathy Introduction
  11.5.4 Cellusion Revenue in Bullous Keratopathy Business (2018-2023)
  11.5.5 Cellusion Recent Development
11.6 CRSTEurope
  11.6.1 CRSTEurope Company Detail
  11.6.2 CRSTEurope Business Overview
  11.6.3 CRSTEurope Bullous Keratopathy Introduction
  11.6.4 CRSTEurope Revenue in Bullous Keratopathy Business (2018-2023)
  11.6.5 CRSTEurope Recent Development
11.7 Barraquer Eye Hospital
  11.7.1 Barraquer Eye Hospital Company Detail
  11.7.2 Barraquer Eye Hospital Business Overview
  11.7.3 Barraquer Eye Hospital Bullous Keratopathy Introduction
  11.7.4 Barraquer Eye Hospital Revenue in Bullous Keratopathy Business (2018-2023)
  11.7.5 Barraquer Eye Hospital Recent Development
11.8 Planchard Eye & Laser Center
  11.8.1 Planchard Eye & Laser Center Company Detail
  11.8.2 Planchard Eye & Laser Center Business Overview
  11.8.3 Planchard Eye & Laser Center Bullous Keratopathy Introduction
  11.8.4 Planchard Eye & Laser Center Revenue in Bullous Keratopathy Business (2018-2023)
  11.8.5 Planchard Eye & Laser Center Recent Development
11.9 Medscape
  11.9.1 Medscape Company Detail
  11.9.2 Medscape Business Overview
  11.9.3 Medscape Bullous Keratopathy Introduction
  11.9.4 Medscape Revenue in Bullous Keratopathy Business (2018-2023)
  11.9.5 Medscape Recent Development

12 ANALYST'S VIEWPOINTS/CONCLUSIONS

13 APPENDIX

13.1 Research Methodology
  13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  13.1.2 Data Source
13.2 Disclaimer
13.3 Author Details

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Global Bullous Keratopathy Market Size Growth Rate by Type (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Table 2. Key Players of Topical Hypertonic Agents
Table 3. Key Players of Drugs To Lower Intraocular Pressure
Table 4. Key Players of Corneal Transplantation
Table 5. Key Players of Others
Table 6. Global Bullous Keratopathy Market Size Growth by Application (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Table 7. Global Bullous Keratopathy Market Size by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Table 8. Global Bullous Keratopathy Market Size by Region (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 9. Global Bullous Keratopathy Market Share by Region (2018-2023)
Table 10. Global Bullous Keratopathy Forecasted Market Size by Region (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 11. Global Bullous Keratopathy Market Share by Region (2024-2029)
Table 12. Bullous Keratopathy Market Trends
Table 13. Bullous Keratopathy Market Drivers
Table 14. Bullous Keratopathy Market Challenges
Table 15. Bullous Keratopathy Market Restraints
Table 16. Global Bullous Keratopathy Revenue by Players (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Bullous Keratopathy Market Share by Players (2018-2023)
Table 18. Global Top Bullous Keratopathy Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Bullous Keratopathy as of 2022)
Table 19. Ranking of Global Top Bullous Keratopathy Companies by Revenue (US$ Million) in 2022
Table 20. Global 5 Largest Players Market Share by Bullous Keratopathy Revenue (CR5 and HHI) & (2018-2023)
Table 21. Key Players Headquarters and Area Served
Table 22. Key Players Bullous Keratopathy Product Solution and Service
Table 23. Date of Enter into Bullous Keratopathy Market
Table 24. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 25. Global Bullous Keratopathy Market Size by Type (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 26. Global Bullous Keratopathy Revenue Market Share by Type (2018-2023)
Table 27. Global Bullous Keratopathy Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 28. Global Bullous Keratopathy Revenue Market Share by Type (2024-2029)
Table 29. Global Bullous Keratopathy Market Size by Application (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 30. Global Bullous Keratopathy Revenue Market Share by Application (2018-2023)
Table 31. Global Bullous Keratopathy Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 32. Global Bullous Keratopathy Revenue Market Share by Application (2024-2029)
Table 33. North America Bullous Keratopathy Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Table 34. North America Bullous Keratopathy Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. North America Bullous Keratopathy Market Size by Country (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 36. Europe Bullous Keratopathy Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Table 37. Europe Bullous Keratopathy Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 38. Europe Bullous Keratopathy Market Size by Country (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 39. Asia-Pacific Bullous Keratopathy Market Size Growth Rate by Region (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Table 40. Asia-Pacific Bullous Keratopathy Market Size by Region (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 41. Asia-Pacific Bullous Keratopathy Market Size by Region (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 42. Latin America Bullous Keratopathy Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Table 43. Latin America Bullous Keratopathy Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 44. Latin America Bullous Keratopathy Market Size by Country (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 45. Middle East & Africa Bullous Keratopathy Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Table 46. Middle East & Africa Bullous Keratopathy Market Size by Country (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 47. Middle East & Africa Bullous Keratopathy Market Size by Country (2024-2029) & (US$ Million)
Table 48. Roche Company Detail
Table 49. Roche Business Overview
Table 50. Roche Bullous Keratopathy Product
Table 51. Roche Revenue in Bullous Keratopathy Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 52. Roche Recent Development
Table 53. Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Company Detail
Table 54. Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Business Overview
Table 55. Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Bullous Keratopathy Product
Table 56. Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Revenue in Bullous Keratopathy Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 57. Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Recent Development
Table 58. Pfizer Company Detail
Table 59. Pfizer Business Overview
Table 60. Pfizer Bullous Keratopathy Product
Table 61. Pfizer Revenue in Bullous Keratopathy Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 62. Pfizer Recent Development
Table 63. Bayer Company Detail
Table 64. Bayer Business Overview
Table 65. Bayer Bullous Keratopathy Product
Table 66. Bayer Revenue in Bullous Keratopathy Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 67. Bayer Recent Development
Table 68. Cellusion Company Detail
Table 69. Cellusion Business Overview
Table 70. Cellusion Bullous Keratopathy Product
Table 71. Cellusion Revenue in Bullous Keratopathy Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 72. Cellusion Recent Development
Table 73. CRSTEurope Company Detail
Table 74. CRSTEurope Business Overview
Table 75. CRSTEurope Bullous Keratopathy Product
Table 76. CRSTEurope Revenue in Bullous Keratopathy Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 77. CRSTEurope Recent Development
Table 78. Barraquer Eye Hospital Company Detail
Table 79. Barraquer Eye Hospital Business Overview
Table 80. Barraquer Eye Hospital Bullous Keratopathy Product
Table 81. Barraquer Eye Hospital Revenue in Bullous Keratopathy Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 82. Barraquer Eye Hospital Recent Development
Table 83. Planchard Eye & Laser Center Company Detail
Table 84. Planchard Eye & Laser Center Business Overview
Table 85. Planchard Eye & Laser Center Bullous Keratopathy Product
Table 86. Planchard Eye & Laser Center Revenue in Bullous Keratopathy Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 87. Planchard Eye & Laser Center Recent Development
Table 88. Medscape Company Detail
Table 89. Medscape Business Overview
Table 90. Medscape Bullous Keratopathy Product
Table 91. Medscape Revenue in Bullous Keratopathy Business (2018-2023) & (US$ Million)
Table 92. Medscape Recent Development
Table 93. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 94. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 95. Key Data Information from Primary Sources

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Global Bullous Keratopathy Market Size Comparison by Type (2023-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 2. Global Bullous Keratopathy Market Share by Type: 2022 VS 2029
Figure 3. Topical Hypertonic Agents Features
Figure 4. Drugs To Lower Intraocular Pressure Features
Figure 5. Corneal Transplantation Features
Figure 6. Others Features
Figure 7. Global Bullous Keratopathy Market Size Comparison by Application (2023-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 8. Global Bullous Keratopathy Market Share by Application: 2022 VS 2029
Figure 9. Hospitals Case Studies
Figure 10. Clinics Case Studies
Figure 11. Others Case Studies
Figure 12. Bullous Keratopathy Report Years Considered
Figure 13. Global Bullous Keratopathy Market Size (US$ Million), Year-over-Year: 2018-2029
Figure 14. Global Bullous Keratopathy Market Size, (US$ Million), 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Figure 15. Global Bullous Keratopathy Market Share by Region: 2022 VS 2029
Figure 16. Global Bullous Keratopathy Market Share by Players in 2022
Figure 17. Global Top Bullous Keratopathy Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Bullous Keratopathy as of 2022)
Figure 18. The Top 10 and 5 Players Market Share by Bullous Keratopathy Revenue in 2022
Figure 19. North America Bullous Keratopathy Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 20. North America Bullous Keratopathy Market Share by Country (2018-2029)
Figure 21. United States Bullous Keratopathy Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 22. Canada Bullous Keratopathy Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 23. Europe Bullous Keratopathy Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 24. Europe Bullous Keratopathy Market Share by Country (2018-2029)
Figure 25. Germany Bullous Keratopathy Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 26. France Bullous Keratopathy Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 27. U.K. Bullous Keratopathy Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 28. Italy Bullous Keratopathy Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 29. Russia Bullous Keratopathy Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 30. Nordic Countries Bullous Keratopathy Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 31. Asia-Pacific Bullous Keratopathy Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 32. Asia-Pacific Bullous Keratopathy Market Share by Region (2018-2029)
Figure 33. China Bullous Keratopathy Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 34. Japan Bullous Keratopathy Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 35. South Korea Bullous Keratopathy Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Bullous Keratopathy Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 37. India Bullous Keratopathy Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 38. Australia Bullous Keratopathy Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 39. Latin America Bullous Keratopathy Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 40. Latin America Bullous Keratopathy Market Share by Country (2018-2029)
Figure 41. Mexico Bullous Keratopathy Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 42. Brazil Bullous Keratopathy Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 43. Middle East & Africa Bullous Keratopathy Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 44. Middle East & Africa Bullous Keratopathy Market Share by Country (2018-2029)
Figure 45. Turkey Bullous Keratopathy Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Bullous Keratopathy Market Size YoY Growth (2018-2029) & (US$ Million)
Figure 47. Roche Revenue Growth Rate in Bullous Keratopathy Business (2018-2023)
Figure 48. Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Revenue Growth Rate in Bullous Keratopathy Business (2018-2023)
Figure 49. Pfizer Revenue Growth Rate in Bullous Keratopathy Business (2018-2023)
Figure 50. Bayer Revenue Growth Rate in Bullous Keratopathy Business (2018-2023)
Figure 51. Cellusion Revenue Growth Rate in Bullous Keratopathy Business (2018-2023)
Figure 52. CRSTEurope Revenue Growth Rate in Bullous Keratopathy Business (2018-2023)
Figure 53. Barraquer Eye Hospital Revenue Growth Rate in Bullous Keratopathy Business (2018-2023)
Figure 54. Planchard Eye & Laser Center Revenue Growth Rate in Bullous Keratopathy Business (2018-2023)
Figure 55. Medscape Revenue Growth Rate in Bullous Keratopathy Business (2018-2023)
Figure 56. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 57. Data Triangulation
Figure 58. Key Executives Interviewed