Chinese Yam Market, Global Outlook and Forecast 2022-2028

March 2022 | 76 pages | ID: C1E0A2798245EN
Market Monitor Global

Abstracts

Chinese Yam is a species of flowering plant in the yam family, which grows throughout East Asia yet native to China.

This report contains market size and forecasts of Chinese Yam in global, including the following market information:

Global Chinese Yam Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions)

Global Chinese Yam Market Sales, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, (M MT)

Global top five Chinese Yam companies in 2021 (%)

The global Chinese Yam market was valued at million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2028, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2021, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million by 2028.

Dried Chinese Yam Segment to Reach $ Million by 2028, with a % CAGR in next six years.

The global key manufacturers of Chinese Yam include Trustworthy Herbs, Posharp Inc, USTCM, Grand Gift, Nature Joy, Anhui San Yi Tang Prepared Slices Of Chinese Crude Drugs and Shandong Artisan Agricultural Products, etc. In 2021, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.

MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the Chinese Yam manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.

Total Market by Segment:

Global Chinese Yam Market, by Type, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (M MT)

Global Chinese Yam Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2021 (%)

• Dried Chinese Yam
• Raw Chinese Yam

Global Chinese Yam Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (M MT)

Global Chinese Yam Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2021 (%)

• Catering
• Pharmacy
• Retail

Global Chinese Yam Market, By Region and Country, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (M MT)

Global Chinese Yam Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2021 (%)

• North America
• US
• Canada
• Mexico
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• U.K.
• Italy
• Russia
• Nordic Countries
• Benelux
• Rest of Europe
• Asia
• China
• Japan
• South Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Rest of Asia
• South America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Rest of South America
• Middle East & Africa
• Turkey
• Israel
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE
• Rest of Middle East & Africa

Competitor Analysis

The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:

Key companies Chinese Yam revenues in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), ($ millions)

Key companies Chinese Yam revenues share in global market, 2021 (%)

Key companies Chinese Yam sales in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), (M MT)

Key companies Chinese Yam sales share in global market, 2021 (%)

Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:

• Trustworthy Herbs
• Posharp Inc
• USTCM
• Grand Gift
• Nature Joy
• Anhui San Yi Tang Prepared Slices Of Chinese Crude Drugs
• Shandong Artisan Agricultural Products

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORTS

1.1 Chinese Yam Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
  1.2.1 Market by Type
  1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Chinese Yam Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.5.1 Research Methodology
  1.5.2 Research Process
  1.5.3 Base Year
  1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 GLOBAL CHINESE YAM OVERALL MARKET SIZE

2.1 Global Chinese Yam Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global Chinese Yam Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global Chinese Yam Sales: 2017-2028

3 COMPANY LANDSCAPE

3.1 Top Chinese Yam Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Chinese Yam Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Chinese Yam Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Chinese Yam Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Chinese Yam Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Chinese Yam Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers Chinese Yam Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Chinese Yam Players in Global Market
  3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Chinese Yam Companies
  3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Chinese Yam Companies

4 SIGHTS BY PRODUCT

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 By Type - Global Chinese Yam Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
  4.1.2 Dried Chinese Yam
  4.1.3 Raw Chinese Yam
4.2 By Type - Global Chinese Yam Revenue & Forecasts
  4.2.1 By Type - Global Chinese Yam Revenue, 2017-2022
  4.2.2 By Type - Global Chinese Yam Revenue, 2023-2028
  4.2.3 By Type - Global Chinese Yam Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global Chinese Yam Sales & Forecasts
  4.3.1 By Type - Global Chinese Yam Sales, 2017-2022
  4.3.2 By Type - Global Chinese Yam Sales, 2023-2028
  4.3.3 By Type - Global Chinese Yam Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global Chinese Yam Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

5 SIGHTS BY APPLICATION

5.1 Overview
  5.1.1 By Application - Global Chinese Yam Market Size, 2021 & 2028
  5.1.2 Catering
  5.1.3 Pharmacy
  5.1.4 Retail
5.2 By Application - Global Chinese Yam Revenue & Forecasts
  5.2.1 By Application - Global Chinese Yam Revenue, 2017-2022
  5.2.2 By Application - Global Chinese Yam Revenue, 2023-2028
  5.2.3 By Application - Global Chinese Yam Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global Chinese Yam Sales & Forecasts
  5.3.1 By Application - Global Chinese Yam Sales, 2017-2022
  5.3.2 By Application - Global Chinese Yam Sales, 2023-2028
  5.3.3 By Application - Global Chinese Yam Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global Chinese Yam Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

6 SIGHTS BY REGION

6.1 By Region - Global Chinese Yam Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global Chinese Yam Revenue & Forecasts
  6.2.1 By Region - Global Chinese Yam Revenue, 2017-2022
  6.2.2 By Region - Global Chinese Yam Revenue, 2023-2028
  6.2.3 By Region - Global Chinese Yam Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global Chinese Yam Sales & Forecasts
  6.3.1 By Region - Global Chinese Yam Sales, 2017-2022
  6.3.2 By Region - Global Chinese Yam Sales, 2023-2028
  6.3.3 By Region - Global Chinese Yam Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
  6.4.1 By Country - North America Chinese Yam Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.4.2 By Country - North America Chinese Yam Sales, 2017-2028
  6.4.3 US Chinese Yam Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.4 Canada Chinese Yam Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.5 Mexico Chinese Yam Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
  6.5.1 By Country - Europe Chinese Yam Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.5.2 By Country - Europe Chinese Yam Sales, 2017-2028
  6.5.3 Germany Chinese Yam Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.4 France Chinese Yam Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.5 U.K. Chinese Yam Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.6 Italy Chinese Yam Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.7 Russia Chinese Yam Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.8 Nordic Countries Chinese Yam Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.9 Benelux Chinese Yam Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
  6.6.1 By Region - Asia Chinese Yam Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.6.2 By Region - Asia Chinese Yam Sales, 2017-2028
  6.6.3 China Chinese Yam Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.4 Japan Chinese Yam Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.5 South Korea Chinese Yam Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.6 Southeast Asia Chinese Yam Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.7 India Chinese Yam Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
  6.7.1 By Country - South America Chinese Yam Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.7.2 By Country - South America Chinese Yam Sales, 2017-2028
  6.7.3 Brazil Chinese Yam Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.7.4 Argentina Chinese Yam Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
  6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Chinese Yam Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Chinese Yam Sales, 2017-2028
  6.8.3 Turkey Chinese Yam Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.4 Israel Chinese Yam Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Chinese Yam Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.6 UAE Chinese Yam Market Size, 2017-2028

7 MANUFACTURERS & BRANDS PROFILES

7.1 Trustworthy Herbs
  7.1.1 Trustworthy Herbs Corporate Summary
  7.1.2 Trustworthy Herbs Business Overview
  7.1.3 Trustworthy Herbs Chinese Yam Major Product Offerings
  7.1.4 Trustworthy Herbs Chinese Yam Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.1.5 Trustworthy Herbs Key News
7.2 Posharp Inc
  7.2.1 Posharp Inc Corporate Summary
  7.2.2 Posharp Inc Business Overview
  7.2.3 Posharp Inc Chinese Yam Major Product Offerings
  7.2.4 Posharp Inc Chinese Yam Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.2.5 Posharp Inc Key News
7.3 USTCM
  7.3.1 USTCM Corporate Summary
  7.3.2 USTCM Business Overview
  7.3.3 USTCM Chinese Yam Major Product Offerings
  7.3.4 USTCM Chinese Yam Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.3.5 USTCM Key News
7.4 Grand Gift
  7.4.1 Grand Gift Corporate Summary
  7.4.2 Grand Gift Business Overview
  7.4.3 Grand Gift Chinese Yam Major Product Offerings
  7.4.4 Grand Gift Chinese Yam Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.4.5 Grand Gift Key News
7.5 Nature Joy
  7.5.1 Nature Joy Corporate Summary
  7.5.2 Nature Joy Business Overview
  7.5.3 Nature Joy Chinese Yam Major Product Offerings
  7.5.4 Nature Joy Chinese Yam Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.5.5 Nature Joy Key News
7.6 Anhui San Yi Tang Prepared Slices Of Chinese Crude Drugs
  7.6.1 Anhui San Yi Tang Prepared Slices Of Chinese Crude Drugs Corporate Summary
  7.6.2 Anhui San Yi Tang Prepared Slices Of Chinese Crude Drugs Business Overview
  7.6.3 Anhui San Yi Tang Prepared Slices Of Chinese Crude Drugs Chinese Yam Major Product Offerings
  7.6.4 Anhui San Yi Tang Prepared Slices Of Chinese Crude Drugs Chinese Yam Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.6.5 Anhui San Yi Tang Prepared Slices Of Chinese Crude Drugs Key News
7.7 Shandong Artisan Agricultural Products
  7.7.1 Shandong Artisan Agricultural Products Corporate Summary
  7.7.2 Shandong Artisan Agricultural Products Business Overview
  7.7.3 Shandong Artisan Agricultural Products Chinese Yam Major Product Offerings
  7.7.4 Shandong Artisan Agricultural Products Chinese Yam Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.7.5 Shandong Artisan Agricultural Products Key News

8 GLOBAL CHINESE YAM PRODUCTION CAPACITY, ANALYSIS

8.1 Global Chinese Yam Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 Chinese Yam Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Chinese Yam Production by Region

9 KEY MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITY, DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints

10 CHINESE YAM SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

10.1 Chinese Yam Industry Value Chain
10.2 Chinese Yam Upstream Market
10.3 Chinese Yam Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
  10.4.1 Marketing Channels
  10.4.2 Chinese Yam Distributors and Sales Agents in Global

11 CONCLUSION

12 APPENDIX

12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Key Players of Chinese Yam in Global Market
Table 2. Top Chinese Yam Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global Chinese Yam Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global Chinese Yam Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global Chinese Yam Sales by Companies, (M MT), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global Chinese Yam Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Chinese Yam Price (2017-2022) & (M USD/M MT)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Chinese Yam Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Chinese Yam Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Chinese Yam Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global Chinese Yam Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global Chinese Yam Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global Chinese Yam Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global Chinese Yam Sales (M MT), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global Chinese Yam Sales (M MT), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application – Global Chinese Yam Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global Chinese Yam Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global Chinese Yam Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global Chinese Yam Sales (M MT), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global Chinese Yam Sales (M MT), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region – Global Chinese Yam Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global Chinese Yam Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global Chinese Yam Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global Chinese Yam Sales (M MT), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global Chinese Yam Sales (M MT), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America Chinese Yam Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America Chinese Yam Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America Chinese Yam Sales, (M MT), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America Chinese Yam Sales, (M MT), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe Chinese Yam Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe Chinese Yam Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe Chinese Yam Sales, (M MT), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe Chinese Yam Sales, (M MT), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia Chinese Yam Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia Chinese Yam Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia Chinese Yam Sales, (M MT), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia Chinese Yam Sales, (M MT), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America Chinese Yam Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America Chinese Yam Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America Chinese Yam Sales, (M MT), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America Chinese Yam Sales, (M MT), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Chinese Yam Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Chinese Yam Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Chinese Yam Sales, (M MT), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Chinese Yam Sales, (M MT), 2023-2028
Table 46. Trustworthy Herbs Corporate Summary
Table 47. Trustworthy Herbs Chinese Yam Product Offerings
Table 48. Trustworthy Herbs Chinese Yam Sales (M MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (M USD/M MT) (2017-2022)
Table 49. Posharp Inc Corporate Summary
Table 50. Posharp Inc Chinese Yam Product Offerings
Table 51. Posharp Inc Chinese Yam Sales (M MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (M USD/M MT) (2017-2022)
Table 52. USTCM Corporate Summary
Table 53. USTCM Chinese Yam Product Offerings
Table 54. USTCM Chinese Yam Sales (M MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (M USD/M MT) (2017-2022)
Table 55. Grand Gift Corporate Summary
Table 56. Grand Gift Chinese Yam Product Offerings
Table 57. Grand Gift Chinese Yam Sales (M MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (M USD/M MT) (2017-2022)
Table 58. Nature Joy Corporate Summary
Table 59. Nature Joy Chinese Yam Product Offerings
Table 60. Nature Joy Chinese Yam Sales (M MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (M USD/M MT) (2017-2022)
Table 61. Anhui San Yi Tang Prepared Slices Of Chinese Crude Drugs Corporate Summary
Table 62. Anhui San Yi Tang Prepared Slices Of Chinese Crude Drugs Chinese Yam Product Offerings
Table 63. Anhui San Yi Tang Prepared Slices Of Chinese Crude Drugs Chinese Yam Sales (M MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (M USD/M MT) (2017-2022)
Table 64. Shandong Artisan Agricultural Products Corporate Summary
Table 65. Shandong Artisan Agricultural Products Chinese Yam Product Offerings
Table 66. Shandong Artisan Agricultural Products Chinese Yam Sales (M MT), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (M USD/M MT) (2017-2022)
Table 67. Chinese Yam Production Capacity (M MT) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (M MT)
Table 68. Global Chinese Yam Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 69. Global Chinese Yam Production by Region, 2017-2022 (M MT)
Table 70. Global Chinese Yam Production by Region, 2023-2028 (M MT)
Table 71. Chinese Yam Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 72. Chinese Yam Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 73. Chinese Yam Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 74. Chinese Yam Raw Materials
Table 75. Chinese Yam Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 76. Typical Chinese Yam Downstream
Table 77. Chinese Yam Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 78. Chinese Yam Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Chinese Yam Segment by Type
Figure 2. Chinese Yam Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Chinese Yam Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Chinese Yam Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Chinese Yam Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Chinese Yam Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (M MT)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Chinese Yam Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global Chinese Yam Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global Chinese Yam Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global Chinese Yam Price (M USD/M MT), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global Chinese Yam Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global Chinese Yam Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global Chinese Yam Price (M USD/M MT), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global Chinese Yam Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global Chinese Yam Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America Chinese Yam Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America Chinese Yam Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US Chinese Yam Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada Chinese Yam Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico Chinese Yam Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Chinese Yam Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Chinese Yam Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany Chinese Yam Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France Chinese Yam Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. Chinese Yam Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy Chinese Yam Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia Chinese Yam Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Chinese Yam Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux Chinese Yam Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Chinese Yam Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Chinese Yam Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China Chinese Yam Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan Chinese Yam Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea Chinese Yam Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Chinese Yam Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India Chinese Yam Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America Chinese Yam Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America Chinese Yam Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil Chinese Yam Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina Chinese Yam Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Chinese Yam Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Chinese Yam Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey Chinese Yam Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel Chinese Yam Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Chinese Yam Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE Chinese Yam Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global Chinese Yam Production Capacity (M MT), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Chinese Yam by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. Chinese Yam Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels