United States Vinorelbine Market Report 2017

December 2017 | 106 pages | ID: U5CDD3BAB09EN
QYResearch

Abstracts

In this report, the United States Vinorelbine market is valued at USD XX million in 2016 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2022, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2016 and 2022.

Geographically, this report splits the United States market into seven regions:

• The West
• Southwest
• The Middle Atlantic
• New England
• The South
• The Midwest
• with sales (volume), revenue (value), market share and growth rate of Vinorelbine in these regions, from 2012 to 2022 (forecast).

United States Vinorelbine market competition by top manufacturers/players, with Vinorelbine sales volume, price, revenue (Million USD) and market share for each manufacturer/player; the top players including

• Pierre Fabre Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
• TEVA Pharms
• Hospira, Inc.
• West-Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp.
• Fresenius Kabi
• EBEWE Pharma (Sandoz A Novartis Division)
• Jiangsu Hansoh Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd.
• Mylan
• Dr. Reddy's Laboratories
• Hangzhou Minsheng Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd.
• Nanjing Cuccess Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
• Qilu Pharmaceutical (Hainan) Co., Ltd.
• Sinopharm A-Think Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
• Beijing SL Pharm
• Shenzhen Main Luck Pharmaceuticals Inc.
• Shanxi Powerdone Pharmaceutics Co., Ltd.
• Luoxin Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd.

On the basis of product, this report displays the production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into

• Oral
• Injection

On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate for each application, including

• Breast Cancer
• Lymphoma
• Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
• Others

If you have any special requirements, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want.

Contents

United States Vinorelbine Market Report 2017

1 VINORELBINE OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Vinorelbine
1.2 Classification of Vinorelbine by Product Category
  1.2.1 United States Vinorelbine Market Size (Sales Volume) Comparison by Type (2012-2022)
  1.2.2 United States Vinorelbine Market Size (Sales Volume) Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016
  1.2.3 Oral
  1.2.4 Injection
1.3 United States Vinorelbine Market by Application/End Users
  1.3.1 United States Vinorelbine Market Size (Consumption) and Market Share Comparison by Application (2012-2022)
  1.3.2 Breast Cancer
  1.3.3 Lymphoma
  1.3.4 Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
  1.3.5 Others
1.4 United States Vinorelbine Market by Region
  1.4.1 United States Vinorelbine Market Size (Value) Comparison by Region (2012-2022)
  1.4.2 The West Vinorelbine Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.3 Southwest Vinorelbine Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.4 The Middle Atlantic Vinorelbine Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.5 New England Vinorelbine Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.6 The South Vinorelbine Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.7 The Midwest Vinorelbine Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
1.5 United States Market Size (Value and Volume) of Vinorelbine (2012-2022)
  1.5.1 United States Vinorelbine Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
  1.5.2 United States Vinorelbine Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2022)

2 UNITED STATES VINORELBINE MARKET COMPETITION BY PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS

2.1 United States Vinorelbine Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.2 United States Vinorelbine Revenue and Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.3 United States Vinorelbine Average Price by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
2.4 United States Vinorelbine Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  2.4.1 United States Vinorelbine Market Concentration Rate
  2.4.2 United States Vinorelbine Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Suppliers
  2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in United States Market
2.5 United States Players/Suppliers Vinorelbine Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type

3 UNITED STATES VINORELBINE SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY REGION (2012-2017)

3.1 United States Vinorelbine Sales and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.2 United States Vinorelbine Revenue and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.3 United States Vinorelbine Price by Region (2012-2017)

4 UNITED STATES VINORELBINE SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY TYPE (PRODUCT CATEGORY) (2012-2017)

4.1 United States Vinorelbine Sales and Market Share by Type (Product Category) (2012-2017)
4.2 United States Vinorelbine Revenue and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
4.3 United States Vinorelbine Price by Type (2012-2017)
4.4 United States Vinorelbine Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)

5 UNITED STATES VINORELBINE SALES (VOLUME) BY APPLICATION (2012-2017)

5.1 United States Vinorelbine Sales and Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
5.2 United States Vinorelbine Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 UNITED STATES VINORELBINE PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS PROFILES AND SALES DATA

6.1 Pierre Fabre Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
  6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.1.2 Vinorelbine Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.1.2.1 Product A
    6.1.2.2 Product B
  6.1.3 Pierre Fabre Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Vinorelbine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.2 TEVA Pharms
  6.2.2 Vinorelbine Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.2.2.1 Product A
    6.2.2.2 Product B
  6.2.3 TEVA Pharms Vinorelbine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.3 Hospira, Inc.
  6.3.2 Vinorelbine Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.3.2.1 Product A
    6.3.2.2 Product B
  6.3.3 Hospira, Inc. Vinorelbine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.4 West-Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp.
  6.4.2 Vinorelbine Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.4.2.1 Product A
    6.4.2.2 Product B
  6.4.3 West-Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp. Vinorelbine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.5 Fresenius Kabi
  6.5.2 Vinorelbine Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.5.2.1 Product A
    6.5.2.2 Product B
  6.5.3 Fresenius Kabi Vinorelbine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.6 EBEWE Pharma (Sandoz A Novartis Division)
  6.6.2 Vinorelbine Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.6.2.1 Product A
    6.6.2.2 Product B
  6.6.3 EBEWE Pharma (Sandoz A Novartis Division) Vinorelbine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.7 Jiangsu Hansoh Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd.
  6.7.2 Vinorelbine Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.7.2.1 Product A
    6.7.2.2 Product B
  6.7.3 Jiangsu Hansoh Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. Vinorelbine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.8 Mylan
  6.8.2 Vinorelbine Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.8.2.1 Product A
    6.8.2.2 Product B
  6.8.3 Mylan Vinorelbine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.9 Dr. Reddy's Laboratories
  6.9.2 Vinorelbine Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.9.2.1 Product A
    6.9.2.2 Product B
  6.9.3 Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Vinorelbine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.10 Hangzhou Minsheng Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd.
  6.10.2 Vinorelbine Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.10.2.1 Product A
    6.10.2.2 Product B
  6.10.3 Hangzhou Minsheng Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. Vinorelbine Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  6.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.11 Nanjing Cuccess Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
6.12 Qilu Pharmaceutical (Hainan) Co., Ltd.
6.13 Sinopharm A-Think Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
6.14 Beijing SL Pharm
6.15 Shenzhen Main Luck Pharmaceuticals Inc.
6.16 Shanxi Powerdone Pharmaceutics Co., Ltd.
6.17 Luoxin Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd.

7 VINORELBINE MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

7.1 Vinorelbine Key Raw Materials Analysis
  7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  7.2.1 Raw Materials
  7.2.2 Labor Cost
  7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Vinorelbine

8 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

8.1 Vinorelbine Industrial Chain Analysis
8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Vinorelbine Major Manufacturers in 2016
8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

9.1 Marketing Channel
  9.1.1 Direct Marketing
  9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
9.2 Market Positioning
  9.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  9.2.2 Brand Strategy
  9.2.3 Target Client
9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  10.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 UNITED STATES VINORELBINE MARKET SIZE (VALUE AND VOLUME) FORECAST (2017-2022)

11.1 United States Vinorelbine Sales Volume, Revenue Forecast (2017-2022)
11.2 United States Vinorelbine Sales Volume Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
11.3 United States Vinorelbine Sales Volume Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
11.4 United States Vinorelbine Sales Volume Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

12 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

13 APPENDIX

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
  13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
  13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
  13.2.1 Secondary Sources
  13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer


The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Product Picture of Vinorelbine
Figure United States Vinorelbine Market Size (MT) by Type (2012-2022)
Figure United States Vinorelbine Sales Volume Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016
Figure Oral Product Picture
Figure Injection Product Picture
Figure United States Vinorelbine Market Size (MT) by Application (2012-2022)
Figure United States Sales Market Share of Vinorelbine by Application in 2016
Figure Breast Cancer Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Breast Cancer
Figure Lymphoma Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Lymphoma
Figure Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Figure Others Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Others
Figure United States Vinorelbine Market Size (Million USD) by Region (2012-2022)
Figure The West Vinorelbine Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Southwest Vinorelbine Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The Middle Atlantic Vinorelbine Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure New England Vinorelbine Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The South of US Vinorelbine Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure The Midwest Vinorelbine Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Vinorelbine Sales (MT) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Vinorelbine Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure United States Vinorelbine Market Major Players Product Sales Volume (MT) (2012-2017)
Table United States Vinorelbine Sales (MT) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Table United States Vinorelbine Sales Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 United States Vinorelbine Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Vinorelbine Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Vinorelbine Market Major Players Product Revenue (Million USD) (2012-2017)
Table United States Vinorelbine Revenue (Million USD) by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Table United States Vinorelbine Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 United States Vinorelbine Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Vinorelbine Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Table United States Market Vinorelbine Average Price (USD/Kg) of Key Players/Suppliers (2012-2017)
Figure United States Market Vinorelbine Average Price (USD/Kg) of Key Players/Suppliers in 2016
Figure United States Vinorelbine Market Share of Top 3 Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Vinorelbine Market Share of Top 5 Players/Suppliers
Table United States Players/Suppliers Vinorelbine Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table United States Players/Suppliers Vinorelbine Product Category
Table United States Vinorelbine Sales (MT) by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Vinorelbine Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Vinorelbine Sales Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Vinorelbine Sales Market Share by Region in 2016
Table United States Vinorelbine Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Vinorelbine Revenue Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Vinorelbine Revenue Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
Figure United States Vinorelbine Revenue Market Share by Region in 2016
Table United States Vinorelbine Price (USD/Kg) by Region (2012-2017)
Table United States Vinorelbine Sales (MT) by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Vinorelbine Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure United States Vinorelbine Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure United States Vinorelbine Sales Market Share by Type in 2016
Table United States Vinorelbine Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Vinorelbine Revenue Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Vinorelbine by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Vinorelbine by Type in 2016
Table United States Vinorelbine Price (USD/Kg) by Types (2012-2017)
Figure United States Vinorelbine Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)
Table United States Vinorelbine Sales (MT) by Application (2012-2017)
Table United States Vinorelbine Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Vinorelbine Sales Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Vinorelbine Sales Market Share by Application in 2016
Table United States Vinorelbine Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
Figure United States Vinorelbine Sales Growth Rate by Application (2012-2017)
Table Pierre Fabre Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Basic Information List
Table Pierre Fabre Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Vinorelbine Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Pierre Fabre Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Vinorelbine Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Pierre Fabre Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Vinorelbine Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Pierre Fabre Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Vinorelbine Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table TEVA Pharms Basic Information List
Table TEVA Pharms Vinorelbine Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure TEVA Pharms Vinorelbine Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure TEVA Pharms Vinorelbine Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure TEVA Pharms Vinorelbine Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Hospira, Inc. Basic Information List
Table Hospira, Inc. Vinorelbine Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Hospira, Inc. Vinorelbine Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Hospira, Inc. Vinorelbine Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Hospira, Inc. Vinorelbine Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table West-Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp. Basic Information List
Table West-Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp. Vinorelbine Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure West-Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp. Vinorelbine Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure West-Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp. Vinorelbine Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure West-Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp. Vinorelbine Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Fresenius Kabi Basic Information List
Table Fresenius Kabi Vinorelbine Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Fresenius Kabi Vinorelbine Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Fresenius Kabi Vinorelbine Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Fresenius Kabi Vinorelbine Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table EBEWE Pharma (Sandoz A Novartis Division) Basic Information List
Table EBEWE Pharma (Sandoz A Novartis Division) Vinorelbine Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure EBEWE Pharma (Sandoz A Novartis Division) Vinorelbine Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure EBEWE Pharma (Sandoz A Novartis Division) Vinorelbine Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure EBEWE Pharma (Sandoz A Novartis Division) Vinorelbine Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Jiangsu Hansoh Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. Basic Information List
Table Jiangsu Hansoh Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. Vinorelbine Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Jiangsu Hansoh Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. Vinorelbine Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Jiangsu Hansoh Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. Vinorelbine Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Jiangsu Hansoh Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. Vinorelbine Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Mylan Basic Information List
Table Mylan Vinorelbine Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Mylan Vinorelbine Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Mylan Vinorelbine Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Mylan Vinorelbine Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Basic Information List
Table Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Vinorelbine Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Vinorelbine Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Vinorelbine Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Vinorelbine Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Hangzhou Minsheng Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. Basic Information List
Table Hangzhou Minsheng Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. Vinorelbine Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Hangzhou Minsheng Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. Vinorelbine Sales Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Hangzhou Minsheng Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. Vinorelbine Sales Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Figure Hangzhou Minsheng Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. Vinorelbine Revenue Market Share in United States (2012-2017)
Table Nanjing Cuccess Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd Basic Information List
Table Qilu Pharmaceutical (Hainan) Co., Ltd. Basic Information List
Table Sinopharm A-Think Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Basic Information List
Table Beijing SL Pharm Basic Information List
Table Shenzhen Main Luck Pharmaceuticals Inc. Basic Information List
Table Shanxi Powerdone Pharmaceutics Co., Ltd. Basic Information List
Table Luoxin Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. Basic Information List
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Vinorelbine
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Vinorelbine
Figure Vinorelbine Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Vinorelbine Major Players/Suppliers in 2016
Table Major Buyers of Vinorelbine
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure United States Vinorelbine Sales Volume (MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure United States Vinorelbine Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure United States Vinorelbine Price (USD/Kg) Trend Forecast (2017-2022)
Table United States Vinorelbine Sales Volume (MT) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure United States Vinorelbine Sales Volume (MT) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure United States Vinorelbine Sales Volume (MT) Forecast by Type in 2022
Table United States Vinorelbine Sales Volume (MT) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure United States Vinorelbine Sales Volume (MT) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure United States Vinorelbine Sales Volume (MT) Forecast by Application in 2022
Table United States Vinorelbine Sales Volume (MT) Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Table United States Vinorelbine Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Figure United States Vinorelbine Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2017-2022)
Figure United States Vinorelbine Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region in 2022
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources