United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Market Report 2018

January 2018 | 106 pages | ID: UF8025FF7C4EN
QYResearch

Abstracts

In this report, the United States Blow-Fill-Seal System market is valued at USD XX million in 2017 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2017 and 2025.

Geographically, this report splits the United States market into seven regions:

• The West
• Southwest
• The Middle Atlantic
• New England
• The South
• The Midwest
• with sales (volume), revenue (value), market share and growth rate of Blow-Fill-Seal System in these regions, from 2013 to 2025 (forecast).

United States Blow-Fill-Seal System market competition by top manufacturers/players, with Blow-Fill-Seal System sales volume, price, revenue (Million USD) and market share for each manufacturer/player; the top players including

• Unither Pharmaceuticals
• Nephron Pharmaceuticals
• Takeda Pharmaceuticals
• Recipharm
• TRC
• SIFI
• Catalent
• Horizon Pharmaceuticals
• Unicep Packaging
• Amanta Healthcare
• CR Double-Crane
• SALVAT
• Unipharma
• Asept Pak
• Pharmapack
• Curida

On the basis of product, this report displays the production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into

• PE
• PP
• Other

On the basis on the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate for each application, including

• Pharmaceuticals
• Food & Beverage
• Cosmetics and Personal Care
• Others

If you have any special requirements, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want.

Contents

United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Market Report 2018

1 BLOW-FILL-SEAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Blow-Fill-Seal System
1.2 Classification of Blow-Fill-Seal System by Product Category
  1.2.1 United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Market Size (Sales Volume) Comparison by Type (2013-2025)
  1.2.2 United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Market Size (Sales Volume) Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2017
  1.2.3 PE
  1.2.4 PP
  1.2.5 Other
1.3 United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Market by Application/End Users
  1.3.1 United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Market Size (Consumption) and Market Share Comparison by Application (2013-2025)
  1.3.2 Pharmaceuticals
  1.3.3 Food & Beverage
  1.3.4 Cosmetics and Personal Care
  1.3.5 Others
1.4 United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Market by Region
  1.4.1 United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Market Size (Value) Comparison by Region (2013-2025)
  1.4.2 The West Blow-Fill-Seal System Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.3 Southwest Blow-Fill-Seal System Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.4 The Middle Atlantic Blow-Fill-Seal System Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.5 New England Blow-Fill-Seal System Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.6 The South Blow-Fill-Seal System Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
  1.4.7 The Midwest Blow-Fill-Seal System Status and Prospect (2013-2025)
1.5 United States Market Size (Value and Volume) of Blow-Fill-Seal System (2013-2025)
  1.5.1 United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
  1.5.2 United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Revenue and Growth Rate (2013-2025)

2 UNITED STATES BLOW-FILL-SEAL SYSTEM MARKET COMPETITION BY PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS

2.1 United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
2.2 United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Revenue and Share by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
2.3 United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Average Price by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
2.4 United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  2.4.1 United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Market Concentration Rate
  2.4.2 United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Suppliers
  2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in United States Market
2.5 United States Players/Suppliers Blow-Fill-Seal System Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type

3 UNITED STATES BLOW-FILL-SEAL SYSTEM SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY REGION (2013-2018)

3.1 United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
3.2 United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Revenue and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
3.3 United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Price by Region (2013-2018)

4 UNITED STATES BLOW-FILL-SEAL SYSTEM SALES (VOLUME) AND REVENUE (VALUE) BY TYPE (PRODUCT CATEGORY) (2013-2018)

4.1 United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales and Market Share by Type (Product Category) (2013-2018)
4.2 United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
4.3 United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Price by Type (2013-2018)
4.4 United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Growth Rate by Type (2013-2018)

5 UNITED STATES BLOW-FILL-SEAL SYSTEM SALES (VOLUME) BY APPLICATION (2013-2018)

5.1 United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales and Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
5.2 United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)
5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 UNITED STATES BLOW-FILL-SEAL SYSTEM PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS PROFILES AND SALES DATA

6.1 Unither Pharmaceuticals
  6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.1.2 Blow-Fill-Seal System Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.1.2.1 Product A
    6.1.2.2 Product B
  6.1.3 Unither Pharmaceuticals Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.2 Nephron Pharmaceuticals
  6.2.2 Blow-Fill-Seal System Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.2.2.1 Product A
    6.2.2.2 Product B
  6.2.3 Nephron Pharmaceuticals Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.3 Takeda Pharmaceuticals
  6.3.2 Blow-Fill-Seal System Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.3.2.1 Product A
    6.3.2.2 Product B
  6.3.3 Takeda Pharmaceuticals Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.4 Recipharm
  6.4.2 Blow-Fill-Seal System Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.4.2.1 Product A
    6.4.2.2 Product B
  6.4.3 Recipharm Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.5 TRC
  6.5.2 Blow-Fill-Seal System Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.5.2.1 Product A
    6.5.2.2 Product B
  6.5.3 TRC Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.6 SIFI
  6.6.2 Blow-Fill-Seal System Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.6.2.1 Product A
    6.6.2.2 Product B
  6.6.3 SIFI Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.7 Catalent
  6.7.2 Blow-Fill-Seal System Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.7.2.1 Product A
    6.7.2.2 Product B
  6.7.3 Catalent Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.8 Horizon Pharmaceuticals
  6.8.2 Blow-Fill-Seal System Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.8.2.1 Product A
    6.8.2.2 Product B
  6.8.3 Horizon Pharmaceuticals Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.9 Unicep Packaging
  6.9.2 Blow-Fill-Seal System Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.9.2.1 Product A
    6.9.2.2 Product B
  6.9.3 Unicep Packaging Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.10 Amanta Healthcare
  6.10.2 Blow-Fill-Seal System Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.10.2.1 Product A
    6.10.2.2 Product B
  6.10.3 Amanta Healthcare Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
  6.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.11 CR Double-Crane
6.12 SALVAT
6.13 Unipharma
6.14 Asept Pak
6.15 Pharmapack
6.16 Curida

7 BLOW-FILL-SEAL SYSTEM MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

7.1 Blow-Fill-Seal System Key Raw Materials Analysis
  7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  7.2.1 Raw Materials
  7.2.2 Labor Cost
  7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Blow-Fill-Seal System

8 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

8.1 Blow-Fill-Seal System Industrial Chain Analysis
8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Blow-Fill-Seal System Major Manufacturers in 2017
8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

9.1 Marketing Channel
  9.1.1 Direct Marketing
  9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
9.2 Market Positioning
  9.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  9.2.2 Brand Strategy
  9.2.3 Target Client
9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  10.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 UNITED STATES BLOW-FILL-SEAL SYSTEM MARKET SIZE (VALUE AND VOLUME) FORECAST (2018-2025)

11.1 United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Volume, Revenue Forecast (2018-2025)
11.2 United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Volume Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
11.3 United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Volume Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
11.4 United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Volume Forecast by Region (2018-2025)

12 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

13 APPENDIX

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
  13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
  13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
  13.2.1 Secondary Sources
  13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer

The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Product Picture of Blow-Fill-Seal System
Figure United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Market Size (K Units) by Type (2013-2025)
Figure United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Volume Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2017
Figure PE Product Picture
Figure PP Product Picture
Figure Other Product Picture
Figure United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Market Size (K Units) by Application (2013-2025)
Figure United States Sales Market Share of Blow-Fill-Seal System by Application in 2017
Figure Pharmaceuticals Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Pharmaceuticals
Figure Food & Beverage Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Food & Beverage
Figure Cosmetics and Personal Care Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Cosmetics and Personal Care
Figure Others Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Others
Figure United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Market Size (Million USD) by Region (2013-2025)
Figure The West Blow-Fill-Seal System Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure Southwest Blow-Fill-Seal System Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure The Middle Atlantic Blow-Fill-Seal System Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure New England Blow-Fill-Seal System Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure The South of US Blow-Fill-Seal System Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure The Midwest Blow-Fill-Seal System Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)
Figure United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Market Major Players Product Sales Volume (K Units) (2013-2018)
Table United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales (K Units) of Key Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Table United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Share by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Figure 2017 United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Market Major Players Product Revenue (Million USD) (2013-2018)
Table United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Revenue (Million USD) by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Table United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Figure 2017 United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Figure 2017 United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Revenue Share by Players/Suppliers
Table United States Market Blow-Fill-Seal System Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers (2013-2018)
Figure United States Market Blow-Fill-Seal System Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Players/Suppliers in 2017
Figure United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Market Share of Top 3 Players/Suppliers
Figure United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Market Share of Top 5 Players/Suppliers
Table United States Players/Suppliers Blow-Fill-Seal System Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table United States Players/Suppliers Blow-Fill-Seal System Product Category
Table United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales (K Units) by Region (2013-2018)
Table United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Market Share by Region in 2017
Table United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
Table United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Revenue Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Revenue Market Share by Region (2013-2018)
Figure United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Revenue Market Share by Region in 2017
Table United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Price (USD/Unit) by Region (2013-2018)
Table United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales (K Units) by Type (2013-2018)
Table United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Share by Type (2013-2018)
Figure United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Share by Type (2013-2018)
Figure United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Market Share by Type in 2017
Table United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)
Table United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Revenue Share by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Blow-Fill-Seal System by Type (2013-2018)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Blow-Fill-Seal System by Type in 2017
Table United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Price (USD/Unit) by Types (2013-2018)
Figure United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Growth Rate by Type (2013-2018)
Table United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales (K Units) by Application (2013-2018)
Table United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
Figure United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Market Share by Application (2013-2018)
Figure United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Market Share by Application in 2017
Table United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)
Figure United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)
Table Unither Pharmaceuticals Basic Information List
Table Unither Pharmaceuticals Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Unither Pharmaceuticals Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Unither Pharmaceuticals Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Unither Pharmaceuticals Blow-Fill-Seal System Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Nephron Pharmaceuticals Basic Information List
Table Nephron Pharmaceuticals Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Nephron Pharmaceuticals Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Nephron Pharmaceuticals Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Nephron Pharmaceuticals Blow-Fill-Seal System Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Takeda Pharmaceuticals Basic Information List
Table Takeda Pharmaceuticals Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Takeda Pharmaceuticals Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Takeda Pharmaceuticals Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Takeda Pharmaceuticals Blow-Fill-Seal System Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Recipharm Basic Information List
Table Recipharm Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Recipharm Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Recipharm Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Recipharm Blow-Fill-Seal System Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table TRC Basic Information List
Table TRC Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure TRC Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure TRC Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure TRC Blow-Fill-Seal System Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table SIFI Basic Information List
Table SIFI Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure SIFI Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure SIFI Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure SIFI Blow-Fill-Seal System Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Catalent Basic Information List
Table Catalent Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Catalent Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Catalent Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Catalent Blow-Fill-Seal System Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Horizon Pharmaceuticals Basic Information List
Table Horizon Pharmaceuticals Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Horizon Pharmaceuticals Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Horizon Pharmaceuticals Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Horizon Pharmaceuticals Blow-Fill-Seal System Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Unicep Packaging Basic Information List
Table Unicep Packaging Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Unicep Packaging Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Unicep Packaging Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Unicep Packaging Blow-Fill-Seal System Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table Amanta Healthcare Basic Information List
Table Amanta Healthcare Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)
Figure Amanta Healthcare Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Growth Rate (2013-2018)
Figure Amanta Healthcare Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Figure Amanta Healthcare Blow-Fill-Seal System Revenue Market Share in United States (2013-2018)
Table CR Double-Crane Basic Information List
Table SALVAT Basic Information List
Table Unipharma Basic Information List
Table Asept Pak Basic Information List
Table Pharmapack Basic Information List
Table Curida Basic Information List
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Blow-Fill-Seal System
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Blow-Fill-Seal System
Figure Blow-Fill-Seal System Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Blow-Fill-Seal System Major Players/Suppliers in 2017
Table Major Buyers of Blow-Fill-Seal System
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Volume (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)
Figure United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Price (USD/Unit) Trend Forecast (2018-2025)
Table United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
Figure United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)
Figure United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Type in 2025
Table United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
Figure United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application (2018-2025)
Figure United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Application in 2025
Table United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Volume (K Units) Forecast by Region (2018-2025)
Table United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2018-2025)
Figure United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region (2018-2025)
Figure United States Blow-Fill-Seal System Sales Volume Share Forecast by Region in 2025
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources