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Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market - Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity, and Forecast, Segmented By Drug Class (Azoles, Echinocandins, Polyenes, Allylamines, Others), By Indication (Dermatophytosis, Aspergillosis, Candidiasis, Others), By Dosage Form (Oral Drugs, Ointments, Powders, Others), By Distribution Channel (Hospital Pharmacies, Retails Pharmacies, Others), By Region and Competition, 2019-2029F

May 2024 | 181 pages | ID: FE5D7BFDC7ACEN
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Global Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market was valued at USD 932.26 million in 2023 and is expected t%li%grow with a CAGR of 7.21% through 2029. Global Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market is witnessing significant growth as it addresses the medical challenges posed by fungal infections affecting the cornea. Fungal keratitis, a serious ocular condition caused by fungal pathogens, can lead t%li%vision impairment if not promptly and effectively treated. The market's expansion is driven by several factors, including an increasing incidence of fungal keratitis globally, particularly in regions with tropical climates. The prevalence of risk factors such as trauma, contact lens wear, and agricultural activities contributes t%li%the higher susceptibility of individuals t%li%fungal corneal infections. The demand for advanced and effective treatments propels the growth of the Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market.

Antifungal medications, including topical and systemic agents, play a pivotal role in managing and eradicating fungal infections in the cornea. The development of novel antifungal drugs and therapeutic approaches, coupled with advancements in diagnostic techniques, further enhances the market's outlook. Ongoing research and development activities focus on optimizing treatment regimens and exploring innovative solutions, such as combination therapies and targeted drug delivery systems. These efforts aim t%li%improve treatment outcomes, reduce the duration of therapy, and minimize the risk of adverse effects associated with antifungal medications.

Key Market Drivers

Increasing Incidence of Fungal Keratitis

Several factors contribute t%li%the growing incidence of fungal keratitis including environmental factors, trauma, agricultural activities, and the use of contact lenses. Individuals engaged in outdoor occupations, such as farmers, are at higher risk due t%li%exposure t%li%soil and plant material carrying fungal pathogens. The contact lens wearers, especially in suboptimal hygiene conditions, face an elevated risk. The prevalence of these risk factors amplifies susceptibility, leading t%li%a higher number of reported fungal keratitis cases globally. This surge in cases has become a primary driver for the Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market, prompting increased research and development efforts t%li%enhance treatment options. Antifungal medications, both topical and systemic, play a crucial role in addressing these infections. The urgency t%li%develop effective and timely treatments aligns with the healthcare industry's focus on providing solutions t%li%manage the rising burden of fungal keratitis. The increasing incidence underscores the critical need for accessible and efficient fungal keratitis treatments, propelling the market forward in its quest t%li%address the growing public health concern.

This rising incidence of fungal keratitis is encouraging pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies and various academic and research institutions across the globe t%li%develop new treatments for the disease. For instance, in September 2023, researchers at University of Edinburg and JAMA Ophthalmology developed point-of-care diagnosticssimilar t%li%at-home-COVID-19 testing kits t%li%detect keratitis caused due t%li%Aspergillus Fungus.

Global Awareness Initiatives

Global awareness initiatives are playing a pivotal role in shaping the landscape of the Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market. Recognizing the severity of fungal keratitis and its potential t%li%cause vision impairment, concerted efforts have been made t%li%increase awareness among healthcare professionals, patients, and the general public. Educational campaigns, workshops, and outreach programs have been initiated globally t%li%highlight the risk factors associated with fungal keratitis, such as trauma, contact lens use, and environmental exposure. These initiatives focus on promoting early recognition of symptoms, emphasizing the importance of prompt medical intervention, and encouraging preventive measures t%li%reduce the incidence of fungal keratitis.

By enhancing awareness, individuals become more attuned t%li%the potential risks and seek timely medical attention, contributing t%li%early diagnosis and effective treatment. These awareness campaigns address misconceptions and stigmas surrounding fungal keratitis, fostering a better understanding of the condition. This not only aids in reducing the burden of the disease but als%li%facilitates a more proactive approach t%li%ocular health. Collaborations between healthcare organizations, non-profit entities, and governmental bodies amplify the impact of awareness initiatives. The dissemination of accurate information regarding preventive measures, available treatments, and the significance of regular eye check-ups serves as a catalyst for improved patient outcomes. As a result of these global awareness initiatives, there is a heightened emphasis on the importance of ocular health and the need for accessible and effective fungal keratitis treatments. This, in turn, positively influences the Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market by creating a more informed and proactive healthcare landscape globally.

Key Market Challenges

Late Diagnosis and Treatment

Late diagnosis and treatment represent a significant challenge in the Global Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market, impacting the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions and patient outcomes. Fungal keratitis is often characterized by subtle initial symptoms, leading t%li%delayed recognition and diagnosis. Patients may not seek medical attention promptly, attributing mild discomfort or blurred vision t%li%other causes. The healthcare providers may not immediately consider fungal keratitis, especially in regions where bacterial infections are more prevalent. The delayed diagnosis results in the progression of the infection, allowing the fungal pathogens t%li%establish a foothold in the cornea. By the time treatment is initiated, the infection may have advanced t%li%a more severe stage, increasing the complexity of management. Late-stage fungal keratitis can lead t%li%complications such as corneal scarring, perforation, and vision loss. Addressing the challenge of late diagnosis requires heightened awareness among both healthcare professionals and the general public.

Limited Therapeutic Options

Limited therapeutic options pose a significant challenge in the Global Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market, influencing the management of this sight-threatening condition. Fungal keratitis is primarily treated with antifungal medications, yet the available treatment options are relatively restricted compared t%li%bacterial keratitis. A constrained selection of antifungal drugs often means that certain fungal strains may not be effectively targeted, leading t%li%challenges in achieving optimal treatment outcomes. The limited therapeutic options are further complicated by the emergence of antifungal resistance, a phenomenon where fungal pathogens develop the ability t%li%withstand the effects of certain medications. This narrows the already finite range of effective drugs, making it challenging t%li%combat fungal keratitis successfully.

Key Market Trends

Combination Therapies

Combination therapies are emerging as a promising trend in the Global Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market, reflecting a shift towards more comprehensive and effective approaches t%li%manage this complex ocular condition. Fungal keratitis poses challenges due t%li%the diversity of fungal pathogens and the potential for antifungal resistance. In response, researchers and clinicians are exploring the benefits of combining multiple antifungal agents t%li%address a broader spectrum of fungal strains and enhance treatment outcomes. The rationale behind combination therapies lies in the synergistic effects of different antifungal medications, which can act on multiple stages of the fungal life cycle, reducing the likelihood of resistance development.

The combining drugs with complementary mechanisms of action may improve the overall efficacy against diverse fungal species. This trend is encouraging the development of innovative treatment regimens, where clinicians strategically administer different antifungal agents t%li%tailor the therapy t%li%the specific characteristics of the fungal infection. By leveraging the strengths of individual medications, combination therapies aim t%li%achieve optimal results in terms of both efficacy and safety. However, the design and optimization of combination therapies require careful consideration of factors such as drug interactions, potential side effects, and patient-specific variables. Ongoing research and clinical trials are essential t%li%identify the most effective combinations and establish evidence-based guidelines for their use.

Personalized Treatment Approaches

Personalized treatment approaches are gaining prominence in the Global Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market, marking a significant shift towards individualized strategies tailored t%li%the unique characteristics of patients and their specific fungal infections. Fungal keratitis is a complex condition with diverse causative agents and varying degrees of severity, necessitating a more nuanced and patient-centric approach t%li%treatment. Genetic variations in the host response and the virulence of the fungal pathogen contribute t%li%the heterogeneity of cases, prompting a need for precision medicine in the field. Advancements in diagnostic technologies, including molecular techniques and genetic testing, enable healthcare professionals t%li%identify the specific fungal species responsible for the infection. This information is crucial for tailoring antifungal therapy t%li%maximize effectiveness.

The understanding of patient's overall health status and potential risk factors allows for the customization of treatment plans that address individual vulnerabilities. By adopting personalized treatment approaches, clinicians aim t%li%optimize therapeutic outcomes, minimize adverse effects, and reduce the risk of antifungal resistance. This trend aligns with the broader paradigm shift towards precision medicine in healthcare, emphasizing the importance of treating patients as unique individuals with distinct biological and clinical profiles. As research continues t%li%unravel the complexities of fungal keratitis and the factors influencing treatment response, the Global Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market is witnessing a transition towards more sophisticated and patient-centric therapeutic interventions. This personalized approach reflects a commitment t%li%improving overall treatment efficacy and patient outcomes in the management of this challenging ocular condition.

Segmental Insights

Dosage Form Insights

Based on dosage form, oral drugs emerged with a rapid growth in the Global Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market in 2023. This is ascribed due t%li%the convenience, patient compliance, and systemic effectiveness associated. Oral drugs offer a non-invasive and easily administered treatment option for fungal keratitis, enhancing patient adherence t%li%the prescribed regimen. Systemic antifungal medications delivered orally can effectively reach the cornea, the site of infection. This mode of administration ensures widespread distribution of the drug throughout the body, addressing both local and potential systemic manifestations of the infection. The ease of use and broader therapeutic reach contribute t%li%the dominance of the oral drugs segment in treating fungal keratitis globally.

Distribution Channel Insights

Based on distribution channel, hospital pharmacies segment dominated the Global Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market in 2023. The hospital pharmacies serve as a centralized and specialized point of purchase for the sale and distribution of fungal treatment medications. Hospitals play a pivotal role, in managing fungal keratitis and hospital facilities ensure that their patients have access t%li%necessary pharmaceutical, thereby supporting the segmental growth.

Regional Insights

In 2023, North America region dominated in the global Fungal Keratitis Treatment market. The region benefits from advanced healthcare infrastructure, ensuring efficient diagnosis and treatment accessibility. North America houses leading pharmaceutical companies and research facilities, fostering innovation in fungal keratitis treatments. The prevalence of fungal keratitis cases in the region als%li%drives the demand for effective therapeutic solutions. Stringent regulatory frameworks and well-established healthcare systems contribute t%li%the successful development and commercialization of treatment options. The combination of these factors positions North America at the forefront of addressing fungal keratitis, leading t%li%its domination in the global market for such treatments.

Key Market Players
  • Novartis AG
  • Pfizer, Inc.
  • Bayer AG
  • Sanofi S.A,
  • Merck & Co., Inc.
  • GSK plc.
  • Abbott Laboratories, Inc.
  • Asteallas Pharma, Inc.
  • Scynexis Inc.
  • Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited
Report Scope:

In this report, the Global Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market has been segmented int%li%the following categories, in addition t%li%the industry trends which have als%li%been detailed below:
  • Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market, By Drug Class:
  • Azoles
  • Echinocandins
  • Polyenes
  • Allylamines
  • Others
  • Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market, By Indication:
  • Dermatophytosis
  • Aspergillosis
  • Candidiasis
  • Others
  • Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market, By Dosage Form:
  • Oral Drugs
  • Ointments
  • Powders
  • Others
  • Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market, By Distribution Channel:
  • Hospital Pharmacies
  • Retails Pharmacies
  • Others
  • Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market, By Region:
  • North America
  • United States
  • Canada
  • Mexico
  • Europe
  • France
  • United Kingdom
  • Italy
  • Germany
  • Spain
  • Asia-Pacific
  • China
  • India
  • Japan
  • Australia
  • South Korea
  • South America
  • Brazil
  • Argentina
  • Colombia
  • Middle East & Africa
  • South Africa
  • Saudi Arabia
  • UAE
  • Egypt
Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies presents in the Global Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market.

Available Customizations:

Global Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market report with the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according t%li%a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information
    • Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up t%li%five).
1. PRODUCT OVERVIEW

1.1. Market Definition
1.2. Scope of the Market
  1.2.1. Markets Covered
  1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
  1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2.1. Objective of the Study
2.2. Baseline Methodology
2.3. Key Industry Partners
2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
2.5. Forecasting Methodology
2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

3.1. Overview of the Market
3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends

4. VOICE OF CUSTOMER


5. GLOBAL FUNGAL KERATITIS TREATMENT MARKET OUTLOOK

5.1. Market Size & Forecast
  5.1.1. By Value
5.2. Market Share & Forecast
  5.2.1. By Drug Class (Azoles, Echinocandins, Polyenes, Allylamines, Others)
  5.2.2. By Indication (Dermatophytosis, Aspergillosis, Candidiasis, Others)
  5.2.3. By Dosage Form (Oral Drugs, Ointments, Powders, Others)
  5.2.4. By Distribution Channel (Hospital Pharmacies, Retails Pharmacies, Others)
  5.2.5. By Region
  5.2.6. By Company (2023)
5.3. Market Map
  5.3.1. By Drug Class
  5.3.2. By Indication
  5.3.3. By Dosage Form
  5.3.4. By Distribution Channel
  5.3.5. By Region

6. ASIA PACIFIC FUNGAL KERATITIS TREATMENT MARKET OUTLOOK

6.1. Market Size & Forecast
  6.1.1. By Value
6.2. Market Share & Forecast
  6.2.1. By Drug Class
  6.2.2. By Indication
  6.2.3. By Dosage Form
  6.2.4. By Distribution Channel
  6.2.5. By Country
6.3. Asia Pacific: Country Analysis
  6.3.1. China Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market Outlook
    6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      6.3.1.1.1. By Value
    6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      6.3.1.2.1. By Drug Class
      6.3.1.2.2. By Indication
      6.3.1.2.3. By Dosage Form
      6.3.1.2.4. By Distribution Channel
  6.3.2. India Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market Outlook
    6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      6.3.2.1.1. By Value
    6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      6.3.2.2.1. By Drug Class
      6.3.2.2.2. By Indication
      6.3.2.2.3. By Dosage Form
      6.3.2.2.4. By Distribution Channel
  6.3.3. Australia Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market Outlook
    6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      6.3.3.1.1. By Value
    6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      6.3.3.2.1. By Drug Class
      6.3.3.2.2. By Indication
      6.3.3.2.3. By Dosage Form
      6.3.3.2.4. By Distribution Channel
  6.3.4. Japan Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market Outlook
    6.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
      6.3.4.1.1. By Value
    6.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
      6.3.4.2.1. By Drug Class
      6.3.4.2.2. By Indication
      6.3.4.2.3. By Dosage Form
      6.3.4.2.4. By Distribution Channel
  6.3.5. South Korea Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market Outlook
    6.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
      6.3.5.1.1. By Value
    6.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
      6.3.5.2.1. By Drug Class
      6.3.5.2.2. By Indication
      6.3.5.2.3. By Dosage Form
      6.3.5.2.4. By Distribution Channel

7. EUROPE FUNGAL KERATITIS TREATMENT MARKET OUTLOOK

7.1. Market Size & Forecast
  7.1.1. By Value
7.2. Market Share & Forecast
  7.2.1. By Drug Class
  7.2.2. By Indication
  7.2.3. By Dosage Form
  7.2.4. By Distribution Channel
  7.2.5. By Country
7.3. Europe: Country Analysis
  7.3.1. France Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market Outlook
    7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      7.3.1.1.1. By Value
    7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      7.3.1.2.1. By Drug Class
      7.3.1.2.2. By Indication
      7.3.1.2.3. By Dosage Form
      7.3.1.2.4. By Distribution Channel
  7.3.2. Germany Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market Outlook
    7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      7.3.2.1.1. By Value
    7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      7.3.2.2.1. By Drug Class
      7.3.2.2.2. By Indication
      7.3.2.2.3. By Dosage Form
      7.3.2.2.4. By Distribution Channel
  7.3.3. Spain Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market Outlook
    7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      7.3.3.1.1. By Value
    7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      7.3.3.2.1. By Drug Class
      7.3.3.2.2. By Indication
      7.3.3.2.3. By Dosage Form
      7.3.3.2.4. By Distribution Channel
  7.3.4. Italy Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market Outlook
    7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
      7.3.4.1.1. By Value
    7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
      7.3.4.2.1. By Drug Class
      7.3.4.2.2. By Indication
      7.3.4.2.3. By Dosage Form
      7.3.4.2.4. By Distribution Channel
  7.3.5. United Kingdom Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market Outlook
    7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
      7.3.5.1.1. By Value
    7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
      7.3.5.2.1. By Drug Class
      7.3.5.2.2. By Indication
      7.3.5.2.3. By Dosage Form
      7.3.5.2.4. By Distribution Channel

8. NORTH AMERICA FUNGAL KERATITIS TREATMENT MARKET OUTLOOK

8.1. Market Size & Forecast
  8.1.1. By Value
8.2. Market Share & Forecast
  8.2.1. By Drug Class
  8.2.2. By Indication
  8.2.3. By Dosage Form
  8.2.4. By Distribution Channel
  8.2.5. By Country
8.3. North America: Country Analysis
  8.3.1. United States Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market Outlook
    8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      8.3.1.1.1. By Value
    8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      8.3.1.2.1. By Drug Class
      8.3.1.2.2. By Indication
      8.3.1.2.3. By Dosage Form
      8.3.1.2.4. By Distribution Channel
  8.3.2. Mexico Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market Outlook
    8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      8.3.2.1.1. By Value
    8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      8.3.2.2.1. By Drug Class
      8.3.2.2.2. By Indication
      8.3.2.2.3. By Dosage Form
      8.3.2.2.4. By Distribution Channel
  8.3.3. Canada Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market Outlook
    8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      8.3.3.1.1. By Value
    8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      8.3.3.2.1. By Drug Class
      8.3.3.2.2. By Indication
      8.3.3.2.3. By Dosage Form
      8.3.3.2.4. By Distribution Channel

9. SOUTH AMERICA FUNGAL KERATITIS TREATMENT MARKET OUTLOOK

9.1. Market Size & Forecast
  9.1.1. By Value
9.2. Market Share & Forecast
  9.2.1. By Drug Class
  9.2.2. By Indication
  9.2.3. By Dosage Form
  9.2.4. By Distribution Channel
  9.2.5. By Country
9.3. South America: Country Analysis
  9.3.1. Brazil Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market Outlook
    9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      9.3.1.1.1. By Value
    9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      9.3.1.2.1. By Drug Class
      9.3.1.2.2. By Indication
      9.3.1.2.3. By Dosage Form
      9.3.1.2.4. By Distribution Channel
  9.3.2. Argentina Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market Outlook
    9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      9.3.2.1.1. By Value
    9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      9.3.2.2.1. By Drug Class
      9.3.2.2.2. By Indication
      9.3.2.2.3. By Dosage Form
      9.3.2.2.4. By Distribution Channel
  9.3.3. Colombia Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market Outlook
    9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      9.3.3.1.1. By Value
    9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      9.3.3.2.1. By Drug Class
      9.3.3.2.2. By Indication
      9.3.3.2.3. By Dosage Form
      9.3.3.2.4. By Distribution Channel

10. MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA FUNGAL KERATITIS TREATMENT MARKET OUTLOOK

10.1. Market Size & Forecast
  10.1.1. By Value
10.2. Market Share & Forecast
  10.2.1. By Drug Class
  10.2.2. By Indication
  10.2.3. By Dosage Form
  10.2.4. By Distribution Channel
  10.2.5. By Country
10.3. MEA: Country Analysis
  10.3.1. South Africa Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market Outlook
    10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
      10.3.1.1.1. By Value
    10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
      10.3.1.2.1. By Drug Class
      10.3.1.2.2. By Indication
      10.3.1.2.3. By Dosage Form
      10.3.1.2.4. By Distribution Channel
  10.3.2. Saudi Arabia Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market Outlook
    10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
      10.3.2.1.1. By Value
    10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
      10.3.2.2.1. By Drug Class
      10.3.2.2.2. By Indication
      10.3.2.2.3. By Dosage Form
      10.3.2.2.4. By Distribution Channel
  10.3.3. UAE Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market Outlook
    10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
      10.3.3.1.1. By Value
    10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
      10.3.3.2.1. By Drug Class
      10.3.3.2.2. By Indication
      10.3.3.2.3. By Dosage Form
      10.3.3.2.4. By Distribution Channel
  10.3.4. Egypt Fungal Keratitis Treatment Market Outlook
    10.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
      10.3.4.1.1. By Value
    10.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
      10.3.4.2.1. By Drug Class
      10.3.4.2.2. By Indication
      10.3.4.2.3. By Dosage Form
      10.3.4.2.4. By Distribution Channel

11. MARKET DYNAMICS

11.1. Drivers
11.2. Challenges

12. MARKET TRENDS & DEVELOPMENTS

12.1. Recent Developments
12.2. Product Launches
12.3. Mergers & Acquisitions

13. GLOBAL FUNGAL KERATITIS TREATMENT MARKET: SWOT ANALYSIS


14. PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS

14.1. Competition in the Industry
14.2. Potential of New Entrants
14.3. Power of Suppliers
14.4. Power of Customers
14.5. Threat of Substitute Product

15. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE

15.1. Novartis AG
  15.1.1. Business Overview
  15.1.2. Company Snapshot
  15.1.3. Products & Services
  15.1.4. Financials (In case of listed)
  15.1.5. Recent Developments
  15.1.6. SWOT Analysis
15.2. Pfizer, Inc.
15.3. Bayer AG
15.4. Sanofi S.A,
15.5. Merck & Co., Inc.
15.6. GSK plc.
15.7. Abbott Laboratories, Inc.
15.8. Astellas Pharma, Inc.
15.9. Scynexis Inc.
15.10. Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited

16. STRATEGIC RECOMMENDATIONS


17. ABOUT US & DISCLAIMER



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