Europe Implantable Ports Market Research Report Forecast 2017-2021

March 2017 | 113 pages | ID: ECE1C41D78FEN
S&P Consulting

Abstracts

The Europe Implantable Ports Market Research Report Forecast 2017-2021 is a valuable source of insightful data for business strategists. It provides the Implantable Ports industry overview with growth analysis and historical & futuristic cost, revenue, demand and supply data (as applicable). The research analysts provide an elaborate description of the value chain and its distributor analysis. This Implantable Ports market study provides comprehensive data which enhances the understanding, scope and application of this report.

This report provides comprehensive analysis of

• Key market segments and sub-segments
• Evolving market trends and dynamics
• Changing supply and demand scenarios
• Quantifying market opportunities through market sizing and market forecasting
• Tracking current trends/opportunities/challenges
• Competitive insights
• Opportunity mapping in terms of technological breakthroughs

Europe Implantable Ports Market Analysis by Countries:
Germany
France
UK
Russia
Italy
Spain
Benelux

The Major players reported in the market include:

Boston Scientific Corporation
LivaNova PLC Company
Imricor Medical SystemsInc
MicroPort Scientific Corporation
Mayo Clinic US
Medtronic Plc
MRI Interventions
St Jude Medical
company 9

Europe Implantable Ports Market Analysis by Product:
Use for Ventricular Tachycardia Subcutaneous Implantable Defibrillators
Use for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Subcutaneous Implantable Defibrillators
Use for Ventricular Dysplasia Subcutaneous Implantable Defibrillators

Europe Implantable Ports Market Analysis by Application:
Hospitals
Specialty Clinics
Ambulatory Surgical Centers

Reasons for Buying this Report

• This report provides pin-point analysis for changing competitive dynamics
• It provides a forward looking perspective on different factors driving or restraining market growth
• It provides a six-year forecast assessed on the basis of how the market is predicted to grow
• It helps in understanding the key product segments and their future
• It provides pin point analysis of changing competition dynamics and keeps you ahead of competitors
• It helps in making informed business decisions by having complete insights of market and by making in-depth analysis of market segments

Contents

Europe Implantable Ports Sales Market Report Forecast 2017-2021

1 IMPLANTABLE PORTS MARKET OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Implantable Ports
1.2 Classification of Implantable Ports
  1.2.1 Use for Ventricular Tachycardia Subcutaneous Implantable Defibrillators
  1.2.2 Use for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Subcutaneous Implantable Defibrillators
  1.2.3 Use for Ventricular Dysplasia Subcutaneous Implantable Defibrillators
1.3 Application of Implantable Ports
  1.3.2 Hospitals
  1.3.3 Specialty Clinics
  1.3.4 Ambulatory Surgical Centers
1.4 Implantable Ports Market States Status and Prospect (2012-2021) by Countries
  1.4.1 Germany
  1.4.2 France
  1.4.3 UK
  1.4.4 Russia
  1.4.5 Italy
  1.4.6 Spain
  1.4.7 Benelux
1.5 Europe Market Size (Value and Volume) of Implantable Ports (2012-2021)
  1.5.1 Europe Implantable Ports Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2021)
  1.5.2 Europe Implantable Ports Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2021)

2 EUROPE ECONOMIC IMPACT ON IMPLANTABLE PORTS INDUSTRY

2.1 Europe Macroeconomic Analysis
2.2 Europe Macroeconomic Environment Development Trend

3 IMPLANTABLE PORTS MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

3.1 Implantable Ports Key Raw Materials Analysis
  3.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  3.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  3.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  3.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
3.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  3.2.1 Raw Materials
  3.2.2 Labor Cost
  3.2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Implantable Ports

4 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

4.1 Implantable Ports Industrial Chain Analysis
4.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
4.3 Raw Materials Sources of Implantable Ports Major Manufacturers in 2015
4.4 Downstream Buyers

5 EUROPE IMPLANTABLE PORTS MARKET ANALYSIS BY MANUFACTURERS, TYPE AND APPLICATION

5.1 Europe Implantable Ports Market Competition by Manufacturers
  5.1.1 Europe Implantable Ports Sales and Market Share of Key Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
  5.1.2 Europe Implantable Ports Revenue and Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
5.2 Europe Implantable Ports (Volume and Value) by Type
  5.2.1 Europe Implantable Ports Sales and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
  5.2.2 Europe Implantable Ports Revenue and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
5.3 Europe Implantable Ports (Volume and Value) by Countries
  5.3.1 Europe Implantable Ports Sales and Market Share by Countries (2012-2017)
  5.3.2 Europe Implantable Ports Revenue and Market Share by Countries (2012-2017)
5.4 Europe Implantable Ports (Volume) by Application

6 GERMANY IMPLANTABLE PORTS (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

6.1 Germany Implantable Ports Sales and Value (2012-2017)
  6.1.1 Germany Implantable Ports Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
  6.1.2 Germany Implantable Ports Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
  6.1.3 Germany Implantable Ports Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)
6.2 Germany Implantable Ports Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
6.3 Germany Implantable Ports Sales and Market Share by Type
6.4 Germany Implantable Ports Sales and Market Share by Application

7 FRANCE IMPLANTABLE PORTS (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

7.1 France Implantable Ports Sales and Value (2012-2017)
  7.1.1 France Implantable Ports Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
  7.1.2 France Implantable Ports Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
  7.1.3 France Implantable Ports Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)
7.2 France Implantable Ports Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
7.3 France Implantable Ports Sales and Market Share by Type
7.4 France Implantable Ports Sales and Market Share by Application

8 UK IMPLANTABLE PORTS (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

8.1 UK Implantable Ports Sales and Value (2012-2017)
  8.1.1 UK Implantable Ports Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
  8.1.2 UK Implantable Ports Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
  8.1.3 UK Implantable Ports Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)
8.2 UK Implantable Ports Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
8.3 UK Implantable Ports Sales and Market Share by Type
8.4 UK Implantable Ports Sales and Market Share by Application

9 RUSSIA IMPLANTABLE PORTS (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

9.1 Russia Implantable Ports Sales and Value (2012-2017)
  9.1.1 Russia Implantable Ports Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
  9.1.2 Russia Implantable Ports Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
  9.1.3 Russia Implantable Ports Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)
9.2 Russia Implantable Ports Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
9.3 Russia Implantable Ports Sales and Market Share by Type
9.4 Russia Implantable Ports Sales and Market Share by Application

10 ITALY IMPLANTABLE PORTS (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

10.1 Italy Implantable Ports Sales and Value (2012-2017)
  10.1.1 Italy Implantable Ports Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
  10.1.2 Italy Implantable Ports Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
  10.1.3 Italy Implantable Ports Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)
10.2 Italy Implantable Ports Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
10.3 Italy Implantable Ports Sales and Market Share by Type
10.4 Italy Implantable Ports Sales and Market Share by Application

11 SPAIN IMPLANTABLE PORTS (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

11.1 Spain Implantable Ports Sales and Value (2012-2017)
  11.1.1 Spain Implantable Ports Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
  11.1.2 Spain Implantable Ports Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
  11.1.3 Spain Implantable Ports Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)
11.2 Spain Implantable Ports Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
11.3 Spain Implantable Ports Sales and Market Share by Type
11.4 Spain Implantable Ports Sales and Market Share by Application

12 BENELUX IMPLANTABLE PORTS (VOLUME, VALUE AND SALES PRICE)

12.1 Benelux Implantable Ports Sales and Value (2012-2017)
  12.1.1 Benelux Implantable Ports Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
  12.1.2 Benelux Implantable Ports Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
  12.1.3 Benelux Implantable Ports Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)
12.2 Benelux Implantable Ports Sales and Market Share by Manufacturers
12.3 Benelux Implantable Ports Sales and Market Share by Type
12.4 Benelux Implantable Ports Sales and Market Share by Application

13 EUROPE IMPLANTABLE PORTS MANUFACTURERS ANALYSIS

13.1 Boston Scientific Corporation
  13.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  13.1.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  13.1.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  13.1.4 Business Overview
13.2 LivaNova PLC Company
  13.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  13.2.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  13.2.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  13.2.4 Business Overview
13.3 Imricor Medical SystemsInc
  13.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  13.3.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  13.3.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  13.3.4 Business Overview
13.4 MicroPort Scientific Corporation
  13.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  13.4.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  13.4.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  13.4.4 Business Overview
13.5 Mayo Clinic US
  13.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  13.5.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  13.5.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  13.5.4 Business Overview
13.6 Medtronic Plc
  13.6.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  13.6.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  13.6.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  13.6.4 Business Overview
13.7 MRI Interventions
  13.7.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  13.7.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  13.7.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  13.7.4 Business Overview
13.8 St Jude Medical
  13.8.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  13.8.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  13.8.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  13.8.4 Business Overview
13.9 company
  13.9.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  13.9.2 Product Type, Application and Specification
  13.9.3 Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
  13.9.4 Business Overview

13 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

13.1 Marketing Channel
  13.1.1 Direct Marketing
  13.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  13.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
13.2 Market Positioning
  13.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  13.2.2 Brand Strategy
  13.2.3 Target Client
13.3 Distributors/Traders List

14 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

14.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  14.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  14.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
14.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
14.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

15 EUROPE IMPLANTABLE PORTS MARKET FORECAST (2017-2021)

15.1 Germany Market Forecast (2017-2021)
15.2 France Market Forecast (2017-2021)
15.3 UK Market Forecast (2017-2021)
15.4 Russia Market Forecast (2017-2021)
15.5 Italy Market Forecast (2017-2021)
15.6 Spain Market Forecast (2017-2021)
15.7 Benelux Market Forecast (2017-2021)
15.8 Europe Implantable Ports Market Forecast by Type (2017-2021)
15.9 Europe Implantable Ports Market Forecast by Application (2017-2021)

16 APPENDIX

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Picture of Implantable Ports
Table Classification of Implantable Ports
Figure Europe Sales Market Share of Implantable Ports by Type in 2015
Table Application of Implantable Ports
Figure Europe Sales Market Share of Implantable Ports by Application in 2015
Figure Germany Implantable Ports Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2021)
Figure France Implantable Ports Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2021)
Figure UK Implantable Ports Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2021)
Figure Russia Implantable Ports Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2021)
Figure Italy Implantable Ports Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2021)
Figure Spain Implantable Ports Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2021)
Figure Benelux Implantable Ports Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2021)
Figure Europe Implantable Ports Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2021)
Figure Europe Implantable Ports Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2021)
Table Europe Implantable Ports Sales of Key Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Europe Implantable Ports Sales Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Figure 2015 Implantable Ports Sales Share by Manufacturers
Figure 2016 Implantable Ports Sales Share by Manufacturers
Table Europe Implantable Ports Revenue by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Europe Implantable Ports Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table 2015 Europe Implantable Ports Revenue Share by Manufacturers
Table 2016 Europe Implantable Ports Revenue Share by Manufacturers
Table Europe Implantable Ports Sales and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
Table Europe Implantable Ports Sales Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Sales Market Share of Implantable Ports by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Europe Implantable Ports Sales Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)
Table Europe Implantable Ports Revenue and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
Table Europe Implantable Ports Revenue Share by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Implantable Ports by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Europe Implantable Ports Revenue Growth Rate by Type (2012-2017)
Table Europe Implantable Ports Sales and Market Share by Countries (2012-2017)
Table Europe Implantable Ports Sales Share by Countries (2012-2017)
Figure Sales Market Share of Implantable Ports by Countries (2012-2017)
Table Europe Implantable Ports Revenue and Market Share by Countries (2012-2017)
Table Europe Implantable Ports Revenue Share by Countries (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Implantable Ports by Countries (2012-2017)
Table Europe Implantable Ports Sales and Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
Table Europe Implantable Ports Sales Share by Application (2012-2017)
Figure Sales Market Share of Implantable Ports by Application (2012-2017)
Figure Germany Implantable Ports Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Germany Implantable Ports Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Germany Implantable Ports Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)
Table Germany Implantable Ports Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Germany Implantable Ports Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Germany Implantable Ports Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Germany Implantable Ports Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Germany Implantable Ports Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table Germany Implantable Ports Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Figure France Implantable Ports Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure France Implantable Ports Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure France Implantable Ports Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)
Table France Implantable Ports Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table France Implantable Ports Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table France Implantable Ports Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table France Implantable Ports Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table France Implantable Ports Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table France Implantable Ports Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Figure UK Implantable Ports Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure UK Implantable Ports Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure UK Implantable Ports Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)
Table UK Implantable Ports Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table UK Implantable Ports Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table UK Implantable Ports Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table UK Implantable Ports Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table UK Implantable Ports Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table UK Implantable Ports Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Figure Russia Implantable Ports Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Russia Implantable Ports Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Russia Implantable Ports Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)
Table Russia Implantable Ports Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Russia Implantable Ports Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Russia Implantable Ports Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Russia Implantable Ports Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Russia Implantable Ports Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table Russia Implantable Ports Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Figure Italy Implantable Ports Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Italy Implantable Ports Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Italy Implantable Ports Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)
Table Italy Implantable Ports Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Italy Implantable Ports Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Italy Implantable Ports Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Italy Implantable Ports Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Italy Implantable Ports Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table Italy Implantable Ports Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Figure Spain Implantable Ports Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Spain Implantable Ports Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Spain Implantable Ports Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)
Table Spain Implantable Ports Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Spain Implantable Ports Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Spain Implantable Ports Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Spain Implantable Ports Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Spain Implantable Ports Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table Spain Implantable Ports Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Figure Benelux Implantable Ports Sales and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Benelux Implantable Ports Revenue and Growth Rate (2012-2017)
Figure Benelux Implantable Ports Sales Price Trend (2012-2017)
Table Benelux Implantable Ports Sales by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Benelux Implantable Ports Market Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)
Table Benelux Implantable Ports Sales by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Benelux Implantable Ports Market Share by Type (2015 and 2016)
Table Benelux Implantable Ports Sales by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table Benelux Implantable Ports Market Share by Application (2015 and 2016)
Table Boston Scientific Corporation Basic Information List
Table Boston Scientific Corporation Implantable Ports Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Boston Scientific Corporation Implantable Ports Sales Market Share (2012-2017)
Table LivaNova PLC Company Basic Information List
Table LivaNova PLC Company Implantable Ports Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Table LivaNova PLC Company Implantable Ports Sales Market Share (2012-2017)
Table Imricor Medical SystemsInc Basic Information List
Table Imricor Medical SystemsInc Implantable Ports Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Imricor Medical SystemsInc Implantable Ports Sales Market Share (2012-2017)
Table MicroPort Scientific Corporation Basic Information List
Table MicroPort Scientific Corporation Implantable Ports Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Table MicroPort Scientific Corporation Implantable Ports Sales Market Share (2012-2017)
Table Mayo Clinic US Basic Information List
Table Mayo Clinic US Implantable Ports Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure Mayo Clinic US Implantable Ports Sales Market Share (2012-2017)
Table Medtronic Plc Basic Information List
Table Medtronic Plc Implantable Ports Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Table Medtronic Plc Implantable Ports Sales Market Share (2012-2017)
Table MRI Interventions Basic Information List
Table MRI Interventions Implantable Ports Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure MRI Interventions Implantable Ports Sales Market Share (2012-2017)
Table St Jude Medical Basic Information List
Table St Jude Medical Implantable Ports Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Table St Jude Medical Implantable Ports Sales Market Share (2012-2017)
Table company 9 Basic Information List
Table company 9 Implantable Ports Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)
Figure company 9 Implantable Ports Sales Market Share (2012-2017).
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Implantable Ports
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Implantable Ports
Figure Implantable Ports Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Implantable Ports Major Manufacturers in 2015
Table Major Buyers of Implantable Ports
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure Germany Implantable Ports Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2021)
Figure Germany Implantable Ports Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2021)
Figure France Implantable Ports Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2021)
Figure France Implantable Ports Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2021)
Figure UK Implantable Ports Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2021)
Figure UK Implantable Ports Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2021)
Figure Russia Implantable Ports Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2021)
Figure Russia Implantable Ports Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2021)
Figure Italy Implantable Ports Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2021)
Figure Italy Implantable Ports Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2021)
Figure Spain Implantable Ports Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2021)
Figure Spain Implantable Ports Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2021)
Figure Benelux Implantable Ports Sales and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2021)
Figure Benelux Implantable Ports Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2021)
Table Europe Implantable Ports Sales Forecast by Type (2017-2021)
Table Europe Implantable Ports Sales Forecast by Application (2017-2021)

COMPANIES MENTIONED

Boston Scientific Corporation, LivaNova PLC Company, Imricor Medical SystemsInc, MicroPort Scientific Corporation, Mayo Clinic US, Medtronic Plc, MRI Interventions, St Jude Medical