China Medical Ceramics Market Research Report 2017

December 2017 | 113 pages | ID: CAED040394BEN
QYResearch

Abstracts

The global Medical Ceramics market is valued at XX million USD in 2016 and is expected to reach XX million USD by the end of 2022, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2016 and 2022.

China plays an important role in global market, with market size of xx million USD in 2016 and will be xx million USD in 2022, with a CAGR of xx%.

This report studies the Medical Ceramics development status and future trend in China, focuses on top players in China, also splits Medical Ceramics by type and by applications, to fully and deeply research and reveal the market general situation and future forecast.

The major players in China market include

• 3M
• DePuy Synthes (Johnson & Johnson)
• Kyocera
• Berkeley Advanced Biomaterials
• Temex-Ceramics
• Wright Medical Technology
• Kuraray
• Dentsply
• Stryker
• Zimmer Holdings
• BCE Special Ceramics
• Biomet 3i
• CeramTec
• CoorsTek
• Morgan Advanced Materials
• Nobel Biocare Services
• Straumann

Geographically, this report splits the China market into six regions,

• South China
• East China
• Southwest China
• Northeast China
• North China
• Central China
• Northwest China

On the basis of product, this report displays the sales volume (MT), revenue (Million USD), product price (USD/Kg), market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into

• Bioinert Ceramics
• Bioactive Ceramics
• Bioresorbable Ceramics

On the basis of the end users/application, this report covers

• Implantable Devices
• Diagnostic Instruments
• Other

If you have any special requirements, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want.

Contents

China Medical Ceramics Market Research Report 2017

1 MEDICAL CERAMICS OVERVIEW

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Medical Ceramics
1.2 Classification of Medical Ceramics by Product Category
  1.2.1 China Medical Ceramics Sales (MT) Comparison by Type (2012-2022)
  1.2.2 China Medical Ceramics Sales (MT) Market Share by Type in 2016
  1.2.3 Bioinert Ceramics
  1.2.4 Bioactive Ceramics
  1.2.5 Bioresorbable Ceramics
1.3 China Medical Ceramics Market by Application/End Users
  1.3.1 China Medical Ceramics Sales (MT) and Market Share Comparison by Applications (2012-2022)
  1.3.2 Implantable Devices
  1.3.3 Diagnostic Instruments
  1.3.4 Other
1.4 China Medical Ceramics Market by Region
  1.4.1 China Medical Ceramics Market Size (Million USD) Comparison by Region (2012-2022)
  1.4.2 South China Medical Ceramics Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.3 East China Medical Ceramics Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.4 Southwest China Medical Ceramics Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.5 Northeast China Medical Ceramics Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.6 North China Medical Ceramics Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
  1.4.7 Central China Medical Ceramics Status and Prospect (2012-2022)
1.5 China Market Size (Sales and Revenue) of Medical Ceramics (2012-2022)
  1.5.1 China Medical Ceramics Sales (MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2022)
  1.5.2 China Medical Ceramics Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2022)

2 CHINA MEDICAL CERAMICS MARKET COMPETITION BY PLAYERS/MANUFACTURERS

2.1 China Medical Ceramics Sales and Market Share of Key Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
2.2 China Medical Ceramics Revenue and Share by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
2.3 China Medical Ceramics Average Price (USD/Kg) by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
2.4 China Medical Ceramics Market Competitive Situation and Trends
  2.4.1 China Medical Ceramics Market Concentration Rate
  2.4.2 China Medical Ceramics Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Players/Manufacturers
  2.4.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion in China Market
2.5 China Players/Manufacturers Medical Ceramics Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Types

3 CHINA MEDICAL CERAMICS SALES AND REVENUE BY REGION (2012-2017)

3.1 China Medical Ceramics Sales (MT) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.2 China Medical Ceramics Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)
3.3 China Medical Ceramics Price (USD/Kg) by Regions (2012-2017)

4 CHINA '&B1&' SALES AND REVENUE BY TYPE/ PRODUCT CATEGORY (2012-2017)'

4.1 China Medical Ceramics Sales (MT) and Market Share by Type/ Product Category (2012-2017)
4.2 China Medical Ceramics Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
4.3 China Medical Ceramics Price (USD/Kg) by Type (2012-2017)
4.4 China Medical Ceramics Sales Growth Rate (%) by Type (2012-2017)

5 CHINA '&B1&' SALES BY APPLICATION (2012-2017)'

5.1 China Medical Ceramics Sales (MT) and Market Share by Application (2012-2017)
5.2 China Medical Ceramics Sales Growth Rate (%) by Application (2012-2017)
5.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6 CHINA MEDICAL CERAMICS PLAYERS/SUPPLIERS PROFILES AND SALES DATA

6.1 3M
  6.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.1.2 Medical Ceramics Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.1.2.1 Product A
    6.1.2.2 Product B
  6.1.3 3M Medical Ceramics Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.2 DePuy Synthes (Johnson & Johnson)
  6.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.2.2 Medical Ceramics Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.2.2.1 Product A
    6.2.2.2 Product B
  6.2.3 DePuy Synthes (Johnson & Johnson) Medical Ceramics Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.3 Kyocera
  6.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.3.2 Medical Ceramics Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.3.2.1 Product A
    6.3.2.2 Product B
  6.3.3 Kyocera Medical Ceramics Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.4 Berkeley Advanced Biomaterials
  6.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.4.2 Medical Ceramics Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.4.2.1 Product A
    6.4.2.2 Product B
  6.4.3 Berkeley Advanced Biomaterials Medical Ceramics Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.5 Temex-Ceramics
  6.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.5.2 Medical Ceramics Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.5.2.1 Product A
    6.5.2.2 Product B
  6.5.3 Temex-Ceramics Medical Ceramics Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.6 Wright Medical Technology
  6.6.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.6.2 Medical Ceramics Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.6.2.1 Product A
    6.6.2.2 Product B
  6.6.3 Wright Medical Technology Medical Ceramics Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.7 Kuraray
  6.7.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.7.2 Medical Ceramics Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.7.2.1 Product A
    6.7.2.2 Product B
  6.7.3 Kuraray Medical Ceramics Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.8 Dentsply
  6.8.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.8.2 Medical Ceramics Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.8.2.1 Product A
    6.8.2.2 Product B
  6.8.3 Dentsply Medical Ceramics Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.8.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.9 Stryker
  6.9.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.9.2 Medical Ceramics Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.9.2.1 Product A
    6.9.2.2 Product B
  6.9.3 Stryker Medical Ceramics Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.9.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.10 Zimmer Holdings
  6.10.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
  6.10.2 Medical Ceramics Product Category, Application and Specification
    6.10.2.1 Product A
    6.10.2.2 Product B
  6.10.3 Zimmer Holdings Medical Ceramics Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
  6.10.4 Main Business/Business Overview
6.11 BCE Special Ceramics
6.12 Biomet 3i
6.13 CeramTec
6.14 CoorsTek
6.15 Morgan Advanced Materials
6.16 Nobel Biocare Services
6.17 Straumann

7 MEDICAL CERAMICS MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS

7.1 Medical Ceramics Key Raw Materials Analysis
  7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
  7.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  7.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
  7.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
  7.2.1 Raw Materials
  7.2.2 Labor Cost
  7.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Medical Ceramics

8 INDUSTRIAL CHAIN, SOURCING STRATEGY AND DOWNSTREAM BUYERS

8.1 Medical Ceramics Industrial Chain Analysis
8.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing
8.3 Raw Materials Sources of Medical Ceramics Major Manufacturers in 2016
8.4 Downstream Buyers

9 MARKETING STRATEGY ANALYSIS, DISTRIBUTORS/TRADERS

9.1 Marketing Channel
  9.1.1 Direct Marketing
  9.1.2 Indirect Marketing
  9.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend
9.2 Market Positioning
  9.2.1 Pricing Strategy
  9.2.2 Brand Strategy
  9.2.3 Target Client
9.3 Distributors/Traders List

10 MARKET EFFECT FACTORS ANALYSIS

10.1 Technology Progress/Risk
  10.1.1 Substitutes Threat
  10.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry
10.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change
10.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

11 CHINA MEDICAL CERAMICS MARKET SIZE (SALES AND REVENUE) FORECAST (2017-2022)

11.1 China Medical Ceramics Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD) Forecast (2017-2022)
11.2 China Medical Ceramics Sales (MT) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
11.3 China Medical Ceramics Sales (MT) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
11.4 China Medical Ceramics Sales (MT) Forecast by Region (2017-2022)

12 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

13 METHODOLOGY AND DATA SOURCE

13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
  13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
  13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
  13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
  13.2.1 Secondary Sources
  13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer
13.4 Author List


The report requires updating with new data and is sent in 2-3 business days after order is placed.

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure Global and China Market Size (Million USD) Comparison (2012-2022)
Table Medical Ceramics Sales (MT) and Revenue (Million USD) Market Split by Product Type
Table Medical Ceramics Sales (MT) by Application (2016-2022)
Figure Product Picture of Medical Ceramics
Table China Medical Ceramics Sales (MT) and Growth Rate (%) Comparison by Types (Product Category) (2012-2022)
Figure China Medical Ceramics Sales Volume Market Share by Types in 2016
Figure Bioinert Ceramics Product Picture
Figure Bioactive Ceramics Product Picture
Figure Bioresorbable Ceramics Product Picture
Figure China Medical Ceramics Sales (MT) Comparison by Application (2012-2022)
Figure China Sales Market Share (%) of Medical Ceramics by Application in 2016
Figure Implantable Devices Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Implantable Devices
Figure Diagnostic Instruments Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Diagnostic Instruments
Figure Other Examples
Table Key Downstream Customer in Other
Figure South China Medical Ceramics Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure East China Medical Ceramics Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Southwest China Medical Ceramics Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Northeast China Medical Ceramics Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure North China Medical Ceramics Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure Central China Medical Ceramics Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022)
Figure China Medical Ceramics Sales (MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2022)
Figure China Medical Ceramics Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2022)
Table China Medical Ceramics Sales of Key Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
Table China Medical Ceramics Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 China Medical Ceramics Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Figure 2017 China Medical Ceramics Sales Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Table China Medical Ceramics Revenue by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
Table China Medical Ceramics Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
Figure 2016 China Medical Ceramics Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Figure 2017 China Medical Ceramics Revenue Market Share (%) by Players/Manufacturers
Table China Market Medical Ceramics Average Price of Key Players/Manufacturers (2012-2017)
Figure China Market Medical Ceramics Average Price of Key Players/Manufacturers in 2016
Figure China Medical Ceramics Market Share of Top 3 Players/Manufacturers
Figure China Medical Ceramics Market Share of Top 5 Players/Manufacturers
Table China Players/Manufacturers Medical Ceramics Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area
Table China Players/Manufacturers Medical Ceramics Product Category
Table China Medical Ceramics Sales (MT) by Regions (2012-2017)
Table China Medical Ceramics Sales Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017)
Figure China Medical Ceramics Sales Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017)
Figure China Medical Ceramics Sales Market Share (%) by Regions in 2016
Table China Medical Ceramics Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Regions (2012-2017)
Table China Medical Ceramics Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017)
Figure China Medical Ceramics Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017)
Figure China Medical Ceramics Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions in 2016
Table China Medical Ceramics Price (USD/Kg) by Regions (2012-2017)
Table China Medical Ceramics Sales (MT) by Type (2012-2017)
Table China Medical Ceramics Sales Share (%) by Type (2012-2017)
Figure China Medical Ceramics Sales Share (%) by Type (2012-2017)
Figure China Medical Ceramics Sales Market Share (%) by Type in 2016
Table China Medical Ceramics Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share by Type (2012-2017)
Table China Medical Ceramics Revenue Market Share (%) by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Medical Ceramics by Type (2012-2017)
Figure Revenue Market Share of Medical Ceramics by Type in 2016
Table China Medical Ceramics Price (USD/Kg) by Types (2012-2017)
Figure China Medical Ceramics Sales Growth Rate (%) by Type (2012-2017)
Table China Medical Ceramics Sales (MT) by Applications (2012-2017)
Table China Medical Ceramics Sales Market Share (%) by Applications (2012-2017)
Figure China Medical Ceramics Sales Market Share (%) by Application (2012-2017)
Figure China Medical Ceramics Sales Market Share (%) by Application in 2016
Table China Medical Ceramics Sales Growth Rate (%) by Application (2012-2017)
Figure China Medical Ceramics Sales Growth Rate (%) by Application (2012-2017)
Table 3M Medical Ceramics Basic Information List
Table 3M Medical Ceramics Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure 3M Medical Ceramics Sales (MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure 3M Medical Ceramics Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure 3M Medical Ceramics Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table DePuy Synthes (Johnson & Johnson) Medical Ceramics Basic Information List
Table DePuy Synthes (Johnson & Johnson) Medical Ceramics Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure DePuy Synthes (Johnson & Johnson) Medical Ceramics Sales (MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure DePuy Synthes (Johnson & Johnson) Medical Ceramics Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure DePuy Synthes (Johnson & Johnson) Medical Ceramics Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table Kyocera Medical Ceramics Basic Information List
Table Kyocera Medical Ceramics Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Kyocera Medical Ceramics Sales (MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Kyocera Medical Ceramics Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure Kyocera Medical Ceramics Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table Berkeley Advanced Biomaterials Medical Ceramics Basic Information List
Table Berkeley Advanced Biomaterials Medical Ceramics Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Berkeley Advanced Biomaterials Medical Ceramics Sales (MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Berkeley Advanced Biomaterials Medical Ceramics Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure Berkeley Advanced Biomaterials Medical Ceramics Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table Temex-Ceramics Medical Ceramics Basic Information List
Table Temex-Ceramics Medical Ceramics Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Temex-Ceramics Medical Ceramics Sales (MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Temex-Ceramics Medical Ceramics Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure Temex-Ceramics Medical Ceramics Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table Wright Medical Technology Medical Ceramics Basic Information List
Table Wright Medical Technology Medical Ceramics Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Wright Medical Technology Medical Ceramics Sales (MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Wright Medical Technology Medical Ceramics Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure Wright Medical Technology Medical Ceramics Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table Kuraray Medical Ceramics Basic Information List
Table Kuraray Medical Ceramics Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Kuraray Medical Ceramics Sales (MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Kuraray Medical Ceramics Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure Kuraray Medical Ceramics Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table Dentsply Medical Ceramics Basic Information List
Table Dentsply Medical Ceramics Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Dentsply Medical Ceramics Sales (MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Dentsply Medical Ceramics Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure Dentsply Medical Ceramics Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table Stryker Medical Ceramics Basic Information List
Table Stryker Medical Ceramics Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Stryker Medical Ceramics Sales (MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Stryker Medical Ceramics Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure Stryker Medical Ceramics Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table Zimmer Holdings Medical Ceramics Basic Information List
Table Zimmer Holdings Medical Ceramics Sales (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Zimmer Holdings Medical Ceramics Sales (MT) and Growth Rate (%)(2012-2017)
Figure Zimmer Holdings Medical Ceramics Sales Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Figure Zimmer Holdings Medical Ceramics Revenue Market Share (%) in China (2012-2017)
Table BCE Special Ceramics Medical Ceramics Basic Information List
Table Biomet 3i Medical Ceramics Basic Information List
Table CeramTec Medical Ceramics Basic Information List
Table CoorsTek Medical Ceramics Basic Information List
Table Morgan Advanced Materials Medical Ceramics Basic Information List
Table Nobel Biocare Services Medical Ceramics Basic Information List
Table Straumann Medical Ceramics Basic Information List
Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Medical Ceramics
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Medical Ceramics
Figure Medical Ceramics Industrial Chain Analysis
Table Raw Materials Sources of Medical Ceramics Major Players/Manufacturers in 2016
Table Major Buyers of Medical Ceramics
Table Distributors/Traders List
Figure China Medical Ceramics Sales (MT) and Growth Rate (%) Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure China Medical Ceramics Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022)
Figure China Medical Ceramics Price (USD/Kg) Trend Forecast (2017-2022)
Table China Medical Ceramics Sales (MT) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure China Medical Ceramics Sales (MT) Forecast by Type (2017-2022)
Figure China Medical Ceramics Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Type in 2022
Table China Medical Ceramics Sales (MT) Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure China Medical Ceramics Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Application (2017-2022)
Figure China Medical Ceramics Sales Volume Market Share Forecast by Application in 2022
Table China Medical Ceramics Sales (MT) Forecast by Regions (2017-2022)
Table China Medical Ceramics Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions (2017-2022)
Figure China Medical Ceramics Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions (2017-2022)
Figure China Medical Ceramics Sales Volume Share Forecast by Regions in 2022
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources