MWIR Lens Market, Global Outlook and Forecast 2022-2028

August 2022 | 75 pages | ID: M741EA57E57FEN
Market Monitor Global

Abstracts

This report contains market size and forecasts of MWIR Lens in global, including the following market information:

Global MWIR Lens Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions)

Global MWIR Lens Market Sales, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, (K Units)

Global top five MWIR Lens companies in 2021 (%)

The global MWIR Lens market was valued at million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2028, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period 2022-2028.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2021, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million by 2028.

Wide Angle Lens Segment to Reach $ Million by 2028, with a % CAGR in next six years.

The global key manufacturers of MWIR Lens include Ophir Optronics Solutions LTD, STEMMER IMAGING, Hyperion Optics, Teledyne FLIR, Opto Engineering, G&H, Opto-TL and Shanghai Optics, etc. In 2021, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.

MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the MWIR Lens manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.

Total Market by Segment:

Global MWIR Lens Market, by Type, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global MWIR Lens Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2021 (%)

• Wide Angle Lens
• Telephoto Lens
• Others

Global MWIR Lens Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global MWIR Lens Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2021 (%)

• Military
• Commercial
• Others

Global MWIR Lens Market, By Region and Country, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global MWIR Lens Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2021 (%)

• North America
• US
• Canada
• Mexico
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• U.K.
• Italy
• Russia
• Nordic Countries
• Benelux
• Rest of Europe
• Asia
• China
• Japan
• South Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Rest of Asia
• South America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Rest of South America
• Middle East & Africa
• Turkey
• Israel
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE
• Rest of Middle East & Africa

Competitor Analysis

The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:

Key companies MWIR Lens revenues in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), ($ millions)

Key companies MWIR Lens revenues share in global market, 2021 (%)

Key companies MWIR Lens sales in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), (K Units)

Key companies MWIR Lens sales share in global market, 2021 (%)

Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:

• Ophir Optronics Solutions LTD
• STEMMER IMAGING
• Hyperion Optics
• Teledyne FLIR
• Opto Engineering
• G&H
• Opto-TL
• Shanghai Optics

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORTS

1.1 MWIR Lens Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
  1.2.1 Market by Type
  1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global MWIR Lens Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.5.1 Research Methodology
  1.5.2 Research Process
  1.5.3 Base Year
  1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 GLOBAL MWIR LENS OVERALL MARKET SIZE

2.1 Global MWIR Lens Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global MWIR Lens Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global MWIR Lens Sales: 2017-2028

3 COMPANY LANDSCAPE

3.1 Top MWIR Lens Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global MWIR Lens Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global MWIR Lens Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global MWIR Lens Sales by Companies
3.5 Global MWIR Lens Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 MWIR Lens Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers MWIR Lens Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 MWIR Lens Players in Global Market
  3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 MWIR Lens Companies
  3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 MWIR Lens Companies

4 SIGHTS BY PRODUCT

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 By Type - Global MWIR Lens Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
  4.1.2 Wide Angle Lens
  4.1.3 Telephoto Lens
  4.1.4 Others
4.2 By Type - Global MWIR Lens Revenue & Forecasts
  4.2.1 By Type - Global MWIR Lens Revenue, 2017-2022
  4.2.2 By Type - Global MWIR Lens Revenue, 2023-2028
  4.2.3 By Type - Global MWIR Lens Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global MWIR Lens Sales & Forecasts
  4.3.1 By Type - Global MWIR Lens Sales, 2017-2022
  4.3.2 By Type - Global MWIR Lens Sales, 2023-2028
  4.3.3 By Type - Global MWIR Lens Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global MWIR Lens Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

5 SIGHTS BY APPLICATION

5.1 Overview
  5.1.1 By Application - Global MWIR Lens Market Size, 2021 & 2028
  5.1.2 Military
  5.1.3 Commercial
  5.1.4 Others
5.2 By Application - Global MWIR Lens Revenue & Forecasts
  5.2.1 By Application - Global MWIR Lens Revenue, 2017-2022
  5.2.2 By Application - Global MWIR Lens Revenue, 2023-2028
  5.2.3 By Application - Global MWIR Lens Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global MWIR Lens Sales & Forecasts
  5.3.1 By Application - Global MWIR Lens Sales, 2017-2022
  5.3.2 By Application - Global MWIR Lens Sales, 2023-2028
  5.3.3 By Application - Global MWIR Lens Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global MWIR Lens Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

6 SIGHTS BY REGION

6.1 By Region - Global MWIR Lens Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global MWIR Lens Revenue & Forecasts
  6.2.1 By Region - Global MWIR Lens Revenue, 2017-2022
  6.2.2 By Region - Global MWIR Lens Revenue, 2023-2028
  6.2.3 By Region - Global MWIR Lens Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global MWIR Lens Sales & Forecasts
  6.3.1 By Region - Global MWIR Lens Sales, 2017-2022
  6.3.2 By Region - Global MWIR Lens Sales, 2023-2028
  6.3.3 By Region - Global MWIR Lens Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
  6.4.1 By Country - North America MWIR Lens Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.4.2 By Country - North America MWIR Lens Sales, 2017-2028
  6.4.3 US MWIR Lens Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.4 Canada MWIR Lens Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.5 Mexico MWIR Lens Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
  6.5.1 By Country - Europe MWIR Lens Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.5.2 By Country - Europe MWIR Lens Sales, 2017-2028
  6.5.3 Germany MWIR Lens Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.4 France MWIR Lens Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.5 U.K. MWIR Lens Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.6 Italy MWIR Lens Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.7 Russia MWIR Lens Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.8 Nordic Countries MWIR Lens Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.9 Benelux MWIR Lens Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
  6.6.1 By Region - Asia MWIR Lens Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.6.2 By Region - Asia MWIR Lens Sales, 2017-2028
  6.6.3 China MWIR Lens Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.4 Japan MWIR Lens Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.5 South Korea MWIR Lens Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.6 Southeast Asia MWIR Lens Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.7 India MWIR Lens Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
  6.7.1 By Country - South America MWIR Lens Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.7.2 By Country - South America MWIR Lens Sales, 2017-2028
  6.7.3 Brazil MWIR Lens Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.7.4 Argentina MWIR Lens Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
  6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa MWIR Lens Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa MWIR Lens Sales, 2017-2028
  6.8.3 Turkey MWIR Lens Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.4 Israel MWIR Lens Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.5 Saudi Arabia MWIR Lens Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.6 UAE MWIR Lens Market Size, 2017-2028

7 MANUFACTURERS & BRANDS PROFILES

7.1 Ophir Optronics Solutions LTD
  7.1.1 Ophir Optronics Solutions LTD Corporate Summary
  7.1.2 Ophir Optronics Solutions LTD Business Overview
  7.1.3 Ophir Optronics Solutions LTD MWIR Lens Major Product Offerings
  7.1.4 Ophir Optronics Solutions LTD MWIR Lens Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.1.5 Ophir Optronics Solutions LTD Key News
7.2 STEMMER IMAGING
  7.2.1 STEMMER IMAGING Corporate Summary
  7.2.2 STEMMER IMAGING Business Overview
  7.2.3 STEMMER IMAGING MWIR Lens Major Product Offerings
  7.2.4 STEMMER IMAGING MWIR Lens Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.2.5 STEMMER IMAGING Key News
7.3 Hyperion Optics
  7.3.1 Hyperion Optics Corporate Summary
  7.3.2 Hyperion Optics Business Overview
  7.3.3 Hyperion Optics MWIR Lens Major Product Offerings
  7.3.4 Hyperion Optics MWIR Lens Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.3.5 Hyperion Optics Key News
7.4 Teledyne FLIR
  7.4.1 Teledyne FLIR Corporate Summary
  7.4.2 Teledyne FLIR Business Overview
  7.4.3 Teledyne FLIR MWIR Lens Major Product Offerings
  7.4.4 Teledyne FLIR MWIR Lens Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.4.5 Teledyne FLIR Key News
7.5 Opto Engineering
  7.5.1 Opto Engineering Corporate Summary
  7.5.2 Opto Engineering Business Overview
  7.5.3 Opto Engineering MWIR Lens Major Product Offerings
  7.5.4 Opto Engineering MWIR Lens Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.5.5 Opto Engineering Key News
7.6 G&H
  7.6.1 G&H Corporate Summary
  7.6.2 G&H Business Overview
  7.6.3 G&H MWIR Lens Major Product Offerings
  7.6.4 G&H MWIR Lens Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.6.5 G&H Key News
7.7 Opto-TL
  7.7.1 Opto-TL Corporate Summary
  7.7.2 Opto-TL Business Overview
  7.7.3 Opto-TL MWIR Lens Major Product Offerings
  7.7.4 Opto-TL MWIR Lens Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.7.5 Opto-TL Key News
7.8 Shanghai Optics
  7.8.1 Shanghai Optics Corporate Summary
  7.8.2 Shanghai Optics Business Overview
  7.8.3 Shanghai Optics MWIR Lens Major Product Offerings
  7.8.4 Shanghai Optics MWIR Lens Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.8.5 Shanghai Optics Key News

8 GLOBAL MWIR LENS PRODUCTION CAPACITY, ANALYSIS

8.1 Global MWIR Lens Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 MWIR Lens Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global MWIR Lens Production by Region

9 KEY MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITY, DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints

10 MWIR LENS SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

10.1 MWIR Lens Industry Value Chain
10.2 MWIR Lens Upstream Market
10.3 MWIR Lens Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
  10.4.1 Marketing Channels
  10.4.2 MWIR Lens Distributors and Sales Agents in Global

11 CONCLUSION

12 APPENDIX

12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Key Players of MWIR Lens in Global Market
Table 2. Top MWIR Lens Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global MWIR Lens Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global MWIR Lens Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global MWIR Lens Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global MWIR Lens Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers MWIR Lens Price (2017-2022) & (US$/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers MWIR Lens Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 MWIR Lens Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 MWIR Lens Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global MWIR Lens Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global MWIR Lens Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global MWIR Lens Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global MWIR Lens Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global MWIR Lens Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application – Global MWIR Lens Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global MWIR Lens Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global MWIR Lens Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global MWIR Lens Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global MWIR Lens Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region – Global MWIR Lens Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global MWIR Lens Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global MWIR Lens Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global MWIR Lens Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global MWIR Lens Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America MWIR Lens Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America MWIR Lens Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America MWIR Lens Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America MWIR Lens Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe MWIR Lens Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe MWIR Lens Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe MWIR Lens Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe MWIR Lens Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia MWIR Lens Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia MWIR Lens Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia MWIR Lens Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia MWIR Lens Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America MWIR Lens Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America MWIR Lens Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America MWIR Lens Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America MWIR Lens Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa MWIR Lens Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa MWIR Lens Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa MWIR Lens Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa MWIR Lens Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 46. Ophir Optronics Solutions LTD Corporate Summary
Table 47. Ophir Optronics Solutions LTD MWIR Lens Product Offerings
Table 48. Ophir Optronics Solutions LTD MWIR Lens Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 49. STEMMER IMAGING Corporate Summary
Table 50. STEMMER IMAGING MWIR Lens Product Offerings
Table 51. STEMMER IMAGING MWIR Lens Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 52. Hyperion Optics Corporate Summary
Table 53. Hyperion Optics MWIR Lens Product Offerings
Table 54. Hyperion Optics MWIR Lens Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 55. Teledyne FLIR Corporate Summary
Table 56. Teledyne FLIR MWIR Lens Product Offerings
Table 57. Teledyne FLIR MWIR Lens Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 58. Opto Engineering Corporate Summary
Table 59. Opto Engineering MWIR Lens Product Offerings
Table 60. Opto Engineering MWIR Lens Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 61. G&H Corporate Summary
Table 62. G&H MWIR Lens Product Offerings
Table 63. G&H MWIR Lens Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 64. Opto-TL Corporate Summary
Table 65. Opto-TL MWIR Lens Product Offerings
Table 66. Opto-TL MWIR Lens Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 67. Shanghai Optics Corporate Summary
Table 68. Shanghai Optics MWIR Lens Product Offerings
Table 69. Shanghai Optics MWIR Lens Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 70. MWIR Lens Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (K Units)
Table 71. Global MWIR Lens Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 72. Global MWIR Lens Production by Region, 2017-2022 (K Units)
Table 73. Global MWIR Lens Production by Region, 2023-2028 (K Units)
Table 74. MWIR Lens Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 75. MWIR Lens Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 76. MWIR Lens Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 77. MWIR Lens Raw Materials
Table 78. MWIR Lens Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 79. Typical MWIR Lens Downstream
Table 80. MWIR Lens Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 81. MWIR Lens Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. MWIR Lens Segment by Type
Figure 2. MWIR Lens Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global MWIR Lens Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global MWIR Lens Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global MWIR Lens Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. MWIR Lens Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by MWIR Lens Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global MWIR Lens Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global MWIR Lens Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global MWIR Lens Price (US$/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global MWIR Lens Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global MWIR Lens Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global MWIR Lens Price (US$/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global MWIR Lens Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global MWIR Lens Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America MWIR Lens Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America MWIR Lens Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US MWIR Lens Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada MWIR Lens Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico MWIR Lens Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe MWIR Lens Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe MWIR Lens Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany MWIR Lens Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France MWIR Lens Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. MWIR Lens Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy MWIR Lens Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia MWIR Lens Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries MWIR Lens Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux MWIR Lens Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia MWIR Lens Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia MWIR Lens Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China MWIR Lens Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan MWIR Lens Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea MWIR Lens Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia MWIR Lens Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India MWIR Lens Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America MWIR Lens Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America MWIR Lens Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil MWIR Lens Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina MWIR Lens Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa MWIR Lens Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa MWIR Lens Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey MWIR Lens Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel MWIR Lens Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia MWIR Lens Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE MWIR Lens Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global MWIR Lens Production Capacity (K Units), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production MWIR Lens by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. MWIR Lens Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels