Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Market in Vietnam - Manufacturing and Consumption, Outlook and Forecast 2020-2026

April 2020 | 92 pages | ID: LE6665C3503AEN
Market Monitor Global

Abstracts

A linear position sensor measures the linear position of a device. The sensor reads the measurement in order to convert the encoded position into an analog or digital signal. This position can then be decoded into position by a digital readout or a motion controller. Motion can be determined by change in position over time.
This report contains market size and forecasts of Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder in Vietnam, including the following market information:
Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Market Revenue, 2015-2020, 2021-2026, ($ millions)
Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Market Consumption, 2015-2020, 2021-2026, (K Units)
Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Production Capacity, 2015-2020, 2021-2026, (K Units)
Top Five Competitors in Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Market 2019 (%)
The global Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder market was valued at 219.4 million in 2019 and is projected to reach US$ 264.5 million by 2026, at a CAGR of 4.8% during the forecast period. While the Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder market size in Vietnam was US$ XX million in 2019, and it is expected to reach US$ XX million by the end of 2026, with a CAGR of XX% during 2020-2026.
MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on businesses, with top challenges including ingredients and raw material delays, component and packaging shortages, reduced/cancelled orders from clients and consumers, and closures of production lines in some impacted areas.
This report also analyses and evaluates the COVID-19 impact on Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder production and consumption in Vietnam

Total Market by Segment:

Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Market, By Type, 2015-2020, 2021-2026 ($ millions) & (K Units)
Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Market Segment Percentages, By Type, 2019 (%)

• Linear Resistance Potentiometers (POTS)
• Linear Variable Inductance Transducers (LVITs)
• Magnetostrictive Linear Displacement Transducers (MLDTs)

Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Market, By Application, 2015-2020, 2021-2026 ($ millions) & (K Units)
Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Market Segment Percentages, By Application, 2019 (%)

• Magnetostrictive sensors
• Variable resistance sensors
• Variable inductance sensors

Competitor Analysis

The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:

Total Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Market Competitors Revenues in Vietnam, by Players 2015-2020 (Estimated), ($ millions)
Total Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Market Competitors Revenues Share in Vietnam, by Players 2019 (%)
Total Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Market Competitors Sales, by Players 2015-2020 (Estimated), (K Units)
Total Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Market Competitors Sales Market Share by Players 2019 ($ millions)
Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, including the following:

• MTS Sensor Technologie GmbH & Co . KG
• Balluff
• Gefran
• Magnetbau-Schramme GmbH & Co. KG
• MICRO-EPSILON
• Soway Tech Limited
• POSITEK
• Rota Engineering Ltd

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORTS

1.1 Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
  1.2.1 Segment by Type
  1.2.2 Segment by Application
1.3 Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.5.1 Research Methodology
  1.5.2 Research Process
  1.5.3 Base Year
  1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 COVID-19 IMPACT: VIETNAM LINEAR POSITION SENSORS FOR HYDRAULIC CYLINDER OVERALL MARKET SIZE

2.1 Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Market Size: 2020 VS 2026
2.2 Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2015-2026
2.3 Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Sales (Consumption): 2015-2026

3 COMPANY LANDSCAPE

3.1 Top Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Players in Vietnam (including Foreign and Local Companies)
3.2 Top Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Revenue by Companies (including Foreign and Local Companies)
3.4 Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Sales by Companies (including Foreign and Local Companies)
3.5 Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Price by Manufacturer (2015-2020)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Companies in Vietnam, by Revenue in 2019
3.7 Vietnam Manufacturers Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Players in Vietnam
  3.8.1 List of Vietnam Tier 1 Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Companies
  3.8.2 List of Vietnam Tier 2 and Tier 3 Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Companies

4 SIGHTS BY PRODUCT

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 By Type - Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Market Size Markets, 2020 & 2026
  4.1.2 Linear Resistance Potentiometers (POTS)
  4.1.3 Linear Variable Inductance Transducers (LVITs)
  4.1.4 Magnetostrictive Linear Displacement Transducers (MLDTs)
4.2 By Type - Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Revenue & Forecasts
  4.2.1 By Type - Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Revenue, 2015-2020
  4.2.2 By Type - Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Revenue, 2021-2026
  4.2.3 By Type - Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Revenue Market Share, 2015-2026
4.3 By Type - Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Sales & Forecasts
  4.3.1 By Type - Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Sales, 2015-2020
  4.3.2 By Type - Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Sales, 2021-2026
  4.3.3 By Type - Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Sales Market Share, 2015-2026
4.4 By Type - Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2015-2026

5 SIGHTS BY APPLICATION

5.1 Overview
  5.1.1 By Application - Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Market Size, 2020 & 2026
  5.1.2 Magnetostrictive sensors
  5.1.3 Variable resistance sensors
  5.1.4 Variable inductance sensors
5.2 By Application - Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Revenue & Forecasts
  5.2.1 By Application - Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Revenue, 2015-2020
  5.2.2 By Application - Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Revenue, 2021-2026
  5.2.3 By Application - Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Revenue Market Share, 2015-2026
5.3 By Application - Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Sales & Forecasts
  5.3.1 By Application - Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Sales, 2015-2020
  5.3.2 By Application - Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Sales, 2021-2026
  5.3.3 By Application - Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Sales Market Share, 2015-2026
5.4 By Application - Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2015-2026

6 MANUFACTURERS & BRANDS PROFILES

6.1 MTS Sensor Technologie GmbH & Co . KG
  6.1.1 MTS Sensor Technologie GmbH & Co . KG Corporate Summary
  6.1.2 MTS Sensor Technologie GmbH & Co . KG Business Overview
  6.1.3 MTS Sensor Technologie GmbH & Co . KG Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Major Product Offerings
  6.1.4 MTS Sensor Technologie GmbH & Co . KG Sales and Revenue in Vietnam (2015-2020)
  6.1.5 MTS Sensor Technologie GmbH & Co . KG Key News
6.2 Balluff
  6.2.1 Balluff Corporate Summary
  6.2.2 Balluff Business Overview
  6.2.3 Balluff Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Major Product Offerings
  6.2.4 Balluff Sales and Revenue in Vietnam (2015-2020)
  6.2.5 Balluff Key News
6.3 Gefran
  6.3.1 Gefran Corporate Summary
  6.3.2 Gefran Business Overview
  6.3.3 Gefran Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Major Product Offerings
  6.3.4 Gefran Sales and Revenue in Vietnam (2015-2020)
  6.3.5 Gefran Key News
6.4 Magnetbau-Schramme GmbH & Co. KG
  6.4.1 Magnetbau-Schramme GmbH & Co. KG Corporate Summary
  6.4.2 Magnetbau-Schramme GmbH & Co. KG Business Overview
  6.4.3 Magnetbau-Schramme GmbH & Co. KG Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Major Product Offerings
  6.4.4 Magnetbau-Schramme GmbH & Co. KG Sales and Revenue in Vietnam (2015-2020)
  6.4.5 Magnetbau-Schramme GmbH & Co. KG Key News
6.5 MICRO-EPSILON
  6.5.1 MICRO-EPSILON Corporate Summary
  6.5.2 MICRO-EPSILON Business Overview
  6.5.3 MICRO-EPSILON Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Major Product Offerings
  6.5.4 MICRO-EPSILON Sales and Revenue in Vietnam (2015-2020)
  6.5.5 MICRO-EPSILON Key News
6.6 Soway Tech Limited
  6.6.1 Soway Tech Limited Corporate Summary
  6.6.2 Soway Tech Limited Business Overview
  6.6.3 Soway Tech Limited Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Major Product Offerings
  6.6.4 Soway Tech Limited Sales and Revenue in Vietnam (2015-2020)
  6.6.5 Soway Tech Limited Key News
6.7 POSITEK
  6.6.1 POSITEK Corporate Summary
  6.6.2 POSITEK Business Overview
  6.6.3 POSITEK Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Major Product Offerings
  6.4.4 POSITEK Sales and Revenue in Vietnam (2015-2020)
  6.7.5 POSITEK Key News
6.8 Rota Engineering Ltd
  6.8.1 Rota Engineering Ltd Corporate Summary
  6.8.2 Rota Engineering Ltd Business Overview
  6.8.3 Rota Engineering Ltd Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Major Product Offerings
  6.8.4 Rota Engineering Ltd Sales and Revenue in Vietnam (2015-2020)
  6.8.5 Rota Engineering Ltd Key News
6.9 Germanjet
  6.9.1 Germanjet Corporate Summary
  6.9.2 Germanjet Business Overview
  6.9.3 Germanjet Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Major Product Offerings
  6.9.4 Germanjet Sales and Revenue in Vietnam (2015-2020)
  6.9.5 Germanjet Key News

7 LINEAR POSITION SENSORS FOR HYDRAULIC CYLINDER PRODUCTION CAPACITY, EXPORT AND IMPORT ANALYSIS

7.1 Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Production Capacity and Value in Vietnam, Situation Analysis and Prediction, 2015-2026
  7.1.1 Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Production Capacity, 2015-2026
  7.1.2 Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Production 2015-2026
  7.1.3 Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Production Value 2015-2026
7.2 Key Local Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Manufacturers in Vietnam
  7.2.1 Vietnam Key Local Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Manufacturers Production Capacity
  7.2.2 Vietnam Key Local Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Manufacturers Production
  7.2.3 Vietnam Key Local Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Manufacturers Production Value
  7.2.4 The Proportion of Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Production Sold in Vietnam and Sold Other Than Vietnam by Manufacturers
7.3 Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Export and Import in Vietnam
  7.3.1 Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Export Market
  7.3.2 Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Source of Imports

8 COVID-19 IMPACT: KEY MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITY, DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

8.1 PESTLE Analysis for Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Market
8.2 Market Opportunities & Trends
8.3 Market Drivers
8.4 Market Restraints

9 COVID-19 IMPACT ON LINEAR POSITION SENSORS FOR HYDRAULIC CYLINDER SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

9.1 Supply Chain Analysis
9.2 Upstream Market Analysis
9.3 Downstream and Clients Market Analysis
9.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
  9.4.1 Marketing Channels
  9.4.2 Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Distributors and Sales Agents in Vietnam

10 CONCLUSION

11 APPENDIX

11.1 Note
11.2 Examples of Clients
11.3 Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Key Players of Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder in Vietnam
Table 2. Top Players in Vietnam, Ranking by Revenue (2019)
Table 3. Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2015-2020
Table 4. Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Revenue Share by Companies, 2015-2020
Table 5. Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2015-2020
Table 6. Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Sales Share by Companies, 2015-2020
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Price (2015-2020) (USD/Unit)
Table 8. Vietnam Manufacturers Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Product Type
Table 9. List of Vietnam Tier 1 Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2019 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Vietnam Tier 2 and Tier 3 Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2019 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type - Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Revenue in Vietnam (US$, Mn), 2015-2020
Table 12. By Type - Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Revenue in Vietnam (US$, Mn), 2021-2026
Table 13. By Type - Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Sales in Vietnam (K Units), 2015-2020
Table 14. By Type - Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Sales in Vietnam (K Units), 2021-2026
Table 15. By Application - Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Revenue in Vietnam, (US$, Mn), 2015-2020
Table 16. By Application - Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Revenue in Vietnam, (US$, Mn), 2021-2026
Table 17. By Application - Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Sales in Vietnam, (K Units), 2015-2020
Table 18. By Application - Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Sales in Vietnam, (K Units), 2021-2026
Table 19. MTS Sensor Technologie GmbH & Co . KG Corporate Summary
Table 20. MTS Sensor Technologie GmbH & Co . KG Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Product Offerings
Table 21. MTS Sensor Technologie GmbH & Co . KG Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2015-2020)
Table 22. Balluff Corporate Summary
Table 23. Balluff Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Product Offerings
Table 24. Balluff Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2015-2020)
Table 25. Gefran Corporate Summary
Table 26. Gefran Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Product Offerings
Table 27. Gefran Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2015-2020)
Table 28. Magnetbau-Schramme GmbH & Co. KG Corporate Summary
Table 29. Magnetbau-Schramme GmbH & Co. KG Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Product Offerings
Table 30. Magnetbau-Schramme GmbH & Co. KG Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2015-2020)
Table 31. MICRO-EPSILON Corporate Summary
Table 32. MICRO-EPSILON Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Product Offerings
Table 33. MICRO-EPSILON Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2015-2020)
Table 34. Soway Tech Limited Corporate Summary
Table 35. Soway Tech Limited Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Product Offerings
Table 36. Soway Tech Limited Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2015-2020)
Table 37. POSITEK Corporate Summary
Table 38. POSITEK Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Product Offerings
Table 39. POSITEK Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2015-2020)
Table 40. Rota Engineering Ltd Corporate Summary
Table 41. Rota Engineering Ltd Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Product Offerings
Table 42. Rota Engineering Ltd Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2015-2020)
Table 43. Germanjet Corporate Summary
Table 44. Germanjet Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Product Offerings
Table 45. Germanjet Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2015-2020)
Table 46. Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Production Capacity (K Units) of Local Manufacturers in Vietnam, 2015-2020
Table 47. Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Production (K Units) of Local Manufacturers in Vietnam, 2015-2020
Table 48. Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Production Market Share of Local Manufacturers, 2015-2020
Table 49. Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Production Value (US$, Mn) of Local Manufacturers in Vietnam, 2015-2020
Table 50. Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Production Value Market Share of Local Manufacturers, 2015-2020
Table 51. The Percentage of Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Production Sold in Vietnam and Sold Other Than Vietnam by Manufacturers
Table 52. The Percentage of Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Production Sold in Vietnam and Sold Other Than Vietnam by Manufacturers
Table 53. Dangeguojia Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Sales (Consumption), Production, Export and Import, 2015-2020
Table 54. Raw Materials and Suppliers
Table 55. Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Downstream Clients in Vietnam
Table 56. Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Distributors and Sales Agents in Vietnam

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Segment by Type
Figure 2. Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Segment by Application
Figure 3. Dangeguojia Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Market Overview: 2020
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Market Size in Vietnam, (US$, Mn) & (K Units): 2020 VS 2026
Figure 6. Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Revenue, 2015-2026 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Sales in Vietnam: 2015-2026 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Revenue in 2019
Figure 9. By Type - Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Incremental Growth, (US$, Mn), 2015-2026
Figure 10. By Type - Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Market Share, 2015-2020
Figure 11. By Type - Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Market Share, 2020-2026
Figure 12. By Type - Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Price (USD/Unit), 2015-2026
Figure 13. By Application - Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Revenue in Vietnam (US$, Mn), 2020 & 2026
Figure 14. By Application - Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Market Share, 2015-2020
Figure 15. By Application - Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Market Share, 2020-2026
Figure 16. By Application -Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Price (USD/Unit), 2015-2026
Figure 17. Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Production Capacity (K Units), 2015-2026
Figure 18. Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Actual Output (K Units), 2015-2026
Figure 19. Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Production Value (US$, Mn), 2015-2026
Figure 20. The Percentage of Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Export Destination, 2019
Figure 21. The Source of Imports of Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder, 2019
Figure 22. PEST Analysis for Vietnam Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Market in 2020
Figure 23. Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Market Opportunities & Trends in Vietnam
Figure 24. Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Market Drivers in Vietnam
Figure 25. Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Market Restraints in Vietnam
Figure 26. Linear Position Sensors for Hydraulic Cylinder Industry Value Chain