Handheld Capacitance Meters Market, Global Outlook and Forecast 2022-2028

April 2022 | 74 pages | ID: H960FA09E734EN
Market Monitor Global

Abstracts

The handheld capacitance meter measures capacitance by applying a constant current that briefly charges, then discharges the connected capacitor.

This report contains market size and forecasts of Handheld Capacitance Meters in global, including the following market information:

Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions)

Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Sales, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, (K Units)

Global top five Handheld Capacitance Meters companies in 2021 (%)

The global Handheld Capacitance Meters market was valued at million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2028, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period.

The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2021, While China is Forecast to Reach $ Million by 2028.

100Hz Segment to Reach $ Million by 2028, with a % CAGR in next six years.

The global key manufacturers of Handheld Capacitance Meters include Keysight Technologies, B&K Precision, IET Labs and TECPEL, etc. In 2021, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.

MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the Handheld Capacitance Meters manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.

Total Market by Segment:

Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Market, by Type, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2021 (%)

• 100Hz
• 120Hz
• 1KHz
• 10KHz
• 100KHz

Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2021 (%)

• Electrical Related Industries
• Laboratories
• Others

Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Market, By Region and Country, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)

Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2021 (%)

• North America
• US
• Canada
• Mexico
• Europe
• Germany
• France
• U.K.
• Italy
• Russia
• Nordic Countries
• Benelux
• Rest of Europe
• Asia
• China
• Japan
• South Korea
• Southeast Asia
• India
• Rest of Asia
• South America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Rest of South America
• Middle East & Africa
• Turkey
• Israel
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE
• Rest of Middle East & Africa

Competitor Analysis

The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:

Key companies Handheld Capacitance Meters revenues in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), ($ millions)

Key companies Handheld Capacitance Meters revenues share in global market, 2021 (%)

Key companies Handheld Capacitance Meters sales in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), (K Units)

Key companies Handheld Capacitance Meters sales share in global market, 2021 (%)

Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:

• Keysight Technologies
• B&K Precision
• IET Labs
• TECPEL

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH & ANALYSIS REPORTS

1.1 Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
  1.2.1 Market by Type
  1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
  1.5.1 Research Methodology
  1.5.2 Research Process
  1.5.3 Base Year
  1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats

2 GLOBAL HANDHELD CAPACITANCE METERS OVERALL MARKET SIZE

2.1 Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales: 2017-2028

3 COMPANY LANDSCAPE

3.1 Top Handheld Capacitance Meters Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Handheld Capacitance Meters Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers Handheld Capacitance Meters Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Handheld Capacitance Meters Players in Global Market
  3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Handheld Capacitance Meters Companies
  3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Handheld Capacitance Meters Companies

4 SIGHTS BY PRODUCT

4.1 Overview
  4.1.1 By Type - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
  4.1.2 100Hz
  4.1.3 120Hz
  4.1.4 1KHz
  4.1.5 10KHz
  4.1.6 100KHz
4.2 By Type - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue & Forecasts
  4.2.1 By Type - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, 2017-2022
  4.2.2 By Type - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, 2023-2028
  4.2.3 By Type - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales & Forecasts
  4.3.1 By Type - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales, 2017-2022
  4.3.2 By Type - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales, 2023-2028
  4.3.3 By Type - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

5 SIGHTS BY APPLICATION

5.1 Overview
  5.1.1 By Application - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Size, 2021 & 2028
  5.1.2 Electrical Related Industries
  5.1.3 Laboratories
  5.1.4 Others
5.2 By Application - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue & Forecasts
  5.2.1 By Application - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, 2017-2022
  5.2.2 By Application - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, 2023-2028
  5.2.3 By Application - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales & Forecasts
  5.3.1 By Application - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales, 2017-2022
  5.3.2 By Application - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales, 2023-2028
  5.3.3 By Application - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028

6 SIGHTS BY REGION

6.1 By Region - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue & Forecasts
  6.2.1 By Region - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, 2017-2022
  6.2.2 By Region - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, 2023-2028
  6.2.3 By Region - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales & Forecasts
  6.3.1 By Region - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales, 2017-2022
  6.3.2 By Region - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales, 2023-2028
  6.3.3 By Region - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
  6.4.1 By Country - North America Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.4.2 By Country - North America Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales, 2017-2028
  6.4.3 US Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.4 Canada Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.4.5 Mexico Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
  6.5.1 By Country - Europe Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.5.2 By Country - Europe Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales, 2017-2028
  6.5.3 Germany Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.4 France Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.5 U.K. Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.6 Italy Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.7 Russia Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.8 Nordic Countries Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.5.9 Benelux Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
  6.6.1 By Region - Asia Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.6.2 By Region - Asia Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales, 2017-2028
  6.6.3 China Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.4 Japan Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.5 South Korea Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.6 Southeast Asia Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.6.7 India Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
  6.7.1 By Country - South America Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.7.2 By Country - South America Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales, 2017-2028
  6.7.3 Brazil Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.7.4 Argentina Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
  6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, 2017-2028
  6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales, 2017-2028
  6.8.3 Turkey Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.4 Israel Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Size, 2017-2028
  6.8.6 UAE Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Size, 2017-2028

7 MANUFACTURERS & BRANDS PROFILES

7.1 Keysight Technologies
  7.1.1 Keysight Technologies Corporate Summary
  7.1.2 Keysight Technologies Business Overview
  7.1.3 Keysight Technologies Handheld Capacitance Meters Major Product Offerings
  7.1.4 Keysight Technologies Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.1.5 Keysight Technologies Key News
7.2 B&K Precision
  7.2.1 B&K Precision Corporate Summary
  7.2.2 B&K Precision Business Overview
  7.2.3 B&K Precision Handheld Capacitance Meters Major Product Offerings
  7.2.4 B&K Precision Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.2.5 B&K Precision Key News
7.3 IET Labs
  7.3.1 IET Labs Corporate Summary
  7.3.2 IET Labs Business Overview
  7.3.3 IET Labs Handheld Capacitance Meters Major Product Offerings
  7.3.4 IET Labs Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.3.5 IET Labs Key News
7.4 TECPEL
  7.4.1 TECPEL Corporate Summary
  7.4.2 TECPEL Business Overview
  7.4.3 TECPEL Handheld Capacitance Meters Major Product Offerings
  7.4.4 TECPEL Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
  7.4.5 TECPEL Key News

8 GLOBAL HANDHELD CAPACITANCE METERS PRODUCTION CAPACITY, ANALYSIS

8.1 Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 Handheld Capacitance Meters Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Production by Region

9 KEY MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITY, DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS

9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints

10 HANDHELD CAPACITANCE METERS SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

10.1 Handheld Capacitance Meters Industry Value Chain
10.2 Handheld Capacitance Meters Upstream Market
10.3 Handheld Capacitance Meters Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
  10.4.1 Marketing Channels
  10.4.2 Handheld Capacitance Meters Distributors and Sales Agents in Global

11 CONCLUSION

12 APPENDIX

12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Key Players of Handheld Capacitance Meters in Global Market
Table 2. Top Handheld Capacitance Meters Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Handheld Capacitance Meters Price (2017-2022) & (USD/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Handheld Capacitance Meters Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Handheld Capacitance Meters Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Handheld Capacitance Meters Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application – Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region – Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 46. Keysight Technologies Corporate Summary
Table 47. Keysight Technologies Handheld Capacitance Meters Product Offerings
Table 48. Keysight Technologies Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 49. B&K Precision Corporate Summary
Table 50. B&K Precision Handheld Capacitance Meters Product Offerings
Table 51. B&K Precision Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 52. IET Labs Corporate Summary
Table 53. IET Labs Handheld Capacitance Meters Product Offerings
Table 54. IET Labs Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 55. TECPEL Corporate Summary
Table 56. TECPEL Handheld Capacitance Meters Product Offerings
Table 57. TECPEL Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 58. Handheld Capacitance Meters Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (K Units)
Table 59. Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 60. Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Production by Region, 2017-2022 (K Units)
Table 61. Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Production by Region, 2023-2028 (K Units)
Table 62. Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 63. Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 64. Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 65. Handheld Capacitance Meters Raw Materials
Table 66. Handheld Capacitance Meters Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 67. Typical Handheld Capacitance Meters Downstream
Table 68. Handheld Capacitance Meters Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 69. Handheld Capacitance Meters Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Handheld Capacitance Meters Segment by Type
Figure 2. Handheld Capacitance Meters Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Price (USD/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Price (USD/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Handheld Capacitance Meters Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE Handheld Capacitance Meters Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global Handheld Capacitance Meters Production Capacity (K Units), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Handheld Capacitance Meters by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. Handheld Capacitance Meters Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels