Global R-2R DAC Supply, Demand and Key Producers, 2023-2029
The global R-2R DAC market size is expected to reach $ million by 2029, rising at a market growth of % CAGR during the forecast period (2023-2029).
An R-2R type digital-to-analog converter is an electronic device that converts digital signals into analog signals. It consists of a series of resistors, one half of which has twice the resistance of the other half. These resistors are connected into a resistor network to form a binary weighted resistor. When a digital signal is applied across these resistors, the resistors produce a corresponding voltage output according to the principle of binary weighting, thereby generating an analog signal.
The advantage of the R-2R digital-to-analog converter lies in its simple structure, high speed, high precision and low cost. It is widely used in fields such as audio equipment, measurement equipment, communication equipment and control systems.
This report studies the global R-2R DAC production, demand, key manufacturers, and key regions.
This report is a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the world market for R-2R DAC, and provides market size (US$ million) and Year-over-Year (YoY) Growth, considering 2022 as the base year. This report explores demand trends and competition, as well as details the characteristics of R-2R DAC that contribute to its increasing demand across many markets.
Highlights and key features of the study
Global R-2R DAC total production and demand, 2018-2029, (K Units)
Global R-2R DAC total production value, 2018-2029, (USD Million)
Global R-2R DAC production by region & country, production, value, CAGR, 2018-2029, (USD Million) & (K Units)
Global R-2R DAC consumption by region & country, CAGR, 2018-2029 & (K Units)
U.S. VS China: R-2R DAC domestic production, consumption, key domestic manufacturers and share
Global R-2R DAC production by manufacturer, production, price, value and market share 2018-2023, (USD Million) & (K Units)
Global R-2R DAC production by Type, production, value, CAGR, 2018-2029, (USD Million) & (K Units)
Global R-2R DAC production by Application production, value, CAGR, 2018-2029, (USD Million) & (K Units)
This reports profiles key players in the global R-2R DAC market based on the following parameters – company overview, production, value, price, gross margin, product portfolio, geographical presence, and key developments. Key companies covered as a part of this study include Analog Devices Inc, Microchip Technology, NXP USA Inc., Renesas Electronics America Inc, Rohm Semiconductor and Texas Instruments, etc.
This report also provides key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, new product launches or approvals, COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine War Influence.
Stakeholders would have ease in decision-making through various strategy matrices used in analyzing the World R-2R DAC market
Detailed Segmentation:
Each section contains quantitative market data including market by value (US$ Millions), volume (production, consumption) & (K Units) and average price (US$/Unit) by manufacturer, by Type, and by Application. Data is given for the years 2018-2029 by year with 2022 as the base year, 2023 as the estimate year, and 2024-2029 as the forecast year.
Global R-2R DAC Market, By Region:
1. How big is the global R-2R DAC market?
2. What is the demand of the global R-2R DAC market?
3. What is the year over year growth of the global R-2R DAC market?
4. What is the production and production value of the global R-2R DAC market?
5. Who are the key producers in the global R-2R DAC market?
6. What are the growth factors driving the market demand?
An R-2R type digital-to-analog converter is an electronic device that converts digital signals into analog signals. It consists of a series of resistors, one half of which has twice the resistance of the other half. These resistors are connected into a resistor network to form a binary weighted resistor. When a digital signal is applied across these resistors, the resistors produce a corresponding voltage output according to the principle of binary weighting, thereby generating an analog signal.
The advantage of the R-2R digital-to-analog converter lies in its simple structure, high speed, high precision and low cost. It is widely used in fields such as audio equipment, measurement equipment, communication equipment and control systems.
This report studies the global R-2R DAC production, demand, key manufacturers, and key regions.
This report is a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the world market for R-2R DAC, and provides market size (US$ million) and Year-over-Year (YoY) Growth, considering 2022 as the base year. This report explores demand trends and competition, as well as details the characteristics of R-2R DAC that contribute to its increasing demand across many markets.
Highlights and key features of the study
Global R-2R DAC total production and demand, 2018-2029, (K Units)
Global R-2R DAC total production value, 2018-2029, (USD Million)
Global R-2R DAC production by region & country, production, value, CAGR, 2018-2029, (USD Million) & (K Units)
Global R-2R DAC consumption by region & country, CAGR, 2018-2029 & (K Units)
U.S. VS China: R-2R DAC domestic production, consumption, key domestic manufacturers and share
Global R-2R DAC production by manufacturer, production, price, value and market share 2018-2023, (USD Million) & (K Units)
Global R-2R DAC production by Type, production, value, CAGR, 2018-2029, (USD Million) & (K Units)
Global R-2R DAC production by Application production, value, CAGR, 2018-2029, (USD Million) & (K Units)
This reports profiles key players in the global R-2R DAC market based on the following parameters – company overview, production, value, price, gross margin, product portfolio, geographical presence, and key developments. Key companies covered as a part of this study include Analog Devices Inc, Microchip Technology, NXP USA Inc., Renesas Electronics America Inc, Rohm Semiconductor and Texas Instruments, etc.
This report also provides key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, new product launches or approvals, COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine War Influence.
Stakeholders would have ease in decision-making through various strategy matrices used in analyzing the World R-2R DAC market
Detailed Segmentation:
Each section contains quantitative market data including market by value (US$ Millions), volume (production, consumption) & (K Units) and average price (US$/Unit) by manufacturer, by Type, and by Application. Data is given for the years 2018-2029 by year with 2022 as the base year, 2023 as the estimate year, and 2024-2029 as the forecast year.
Global R-2R DAC Market, By Region:
- United States
- China
- Europe
- Japan
- South Korea
- ASEAN
- India
- Rest of World
- Differential Output
- Non-Differential Output
- Audio Equipment
- Communication Device
- Measuring Equipment
- Other
- Analog Devices Inc
- Microchip Technology
- NXP USA Inc.
- Renesas Electronics America Inc
- Rohm Semiconductor
- Texas Instruments
1. How big is the global R-2R DAC market?
2. What is the demand of the global R-2R DAC market?
3. What is the year over year growth of the global R-2R DAC market?
4. What is the production and production value of the global R-2R DAC market?
5. Who are the key producers in the global R-2R DAC market?
6. What are the growth factors driving the market demand?
1 SUPPLY SUMMARY
1.1 R-2R DAC Introduction
1.2 World R-2R DAC Supply & Forecast
1.2.1 World R-2R DAC Production Value (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
1.2.2 World R-2R DAC Production (2018-2029)
1.2.3 World R-2R DAC Pricing Trends (2018-2029)
1.3 World R-2R DAC Production by Region (Based on Production Site)
1.3.1 World R-2R DAC Production Value by Region (2018-2029)
1.3.2 World R-2R DAC Production by Region (2018-2029)
1.3.3 World R-2R DAC Average Price by Region (2018-2029)
1.3.4 North America R-2R DAC Production (2018-2029)
1.3.5 Europe R-2R DAC Production (2018-2029)
1.3.6 China R-2R DAC Production (2018-2029)
1.3.7 Japan R-2R DAC Production (2018-2029)
1.3.8 South Korea R-2R DAC Production (2018-2029)
1.4 Market Drivers, Restraints and Trends
1.4.1 R-2R DAC Market Drivers
1.4.2 Factors Affecting Demand
1.4.3 R-2R DAC Major Market Trends
1.5 Influence of COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine War
1.5.1 Influence of COVID-19
1.5.2 Influence of Russia-Ukraine War
2 DEMAND SUMMARY
2.1 World R-2R DAC Demand (2018-2029)
2.2 World R-2R DAC Consumption by Region
2.2.1 World R-2R DAC Consumption by Region (2018-2023)
2.2.2 World R-2R DAC Consumption Forecast by Region (2024-2029)
2.3 United States R-2R DAC Consumption (2018-2029)
2.4 China R-2R DAC Consumption (2018-2029)
2.5 Europe R-2R DAC Consumption (2018-2029)
2.6 Japan R-2R DAC Consumption (2018-2029)
2.7 South Korea R-2R DAC Consumption (2018-2029)
2.8 ASEAN R-2R DAC Consumption (2018-2029)
2.9 India R-2R DAC Consumption (2018-2029)
3 WORLD R-2R DAC MANUFACTURERS COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS
3.1 World R-2R DAC Production Value by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.2 World R-2R DAC Production by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.3 World R-2R DAC Average Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.4 R-2R DAC Company Evaluation Quadrant
3.5 Industry Rank and Concentration Rate (CR)
3.5.1 Global R-2R DAC Industry Rank of Major Manufacturers
3.5.2 Global Concentration Ratios (CR4) for R-2R DAC in 2022
3.5.3 Global Concentration Ratios (CR8) for R-2R DAC in 2022
3.6 R-2R DAC Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
3.6.1 R-2R DAC Market: Region Footprint
3.6.2 R-2R DAC Market: Company Product Type Footprint
3.6.3 R-2R DAC Market: Company Product Application Footprint
3.7 Competitive Environment
3.7.1 Historical Structure of the Industry
3.7.2 Barriers of Market Entry
3.7.3 Factors of Competition
3.8 New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans
3.9 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations
4 UNITED STATES VS CHINA VS REST OF THE WORLD
4.1 United States VS China: R-2R DAC Production Value Comparison
4.1.1 United States VS China: R-2R DAC Production Value Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
4.1.2 United States VS China: R-2R DAC Production Value Market Share Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
4.2 United States VS China: R-2R DAC Production Comparison
4.2.1 United States VS China: R-2R DAC Production Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
4.2.2 United States VS China: R-2R DAC Production Market Share Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
4.3 United States VS China: R-2R DAC Consumption Comparison
4.3.1 United States VS China: R-2R DAC Consumption Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
4.3.2 United States VS China: R-2R DAC Consumption Market Share Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
4.4 United States Based R-2R DAC Manufacturers and Market Share, 2018-2023
4.4.1 United States Based R-2R DAC Manufacturers, Headquarters and Production Site (States, Country)
4.4.2 United States Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production Value (2018-2023)
4.4.3 United States Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production (2018-2023)
4.5 China Based R-2R DAC Manufacturers and Market Share
4.5.1 China Based R-2R DAC Manufacturers, Headquarters and Production Site (Province, Country)
4.5.2 China Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production Value (2018-2023)
4.5.3 China Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production (2018-2023)
4.6 Rest of World Based R-2R DAC Manufacturers and Market Share, 2018-2023
4.6.1 Rest of World Based R-2R DAC Manufacturers, Headquarters and Production Site (State, Country)
4.6.2 Rest of World Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production Value (2018-2023)
4.6.3 Rest of World Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production (2018-2023)
5 MARKET ANALYSIS BY TYPE
5.1 World R-2R DAC Market Size Overview by Type: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
5.2 Segment Introduction by Type
5.2.1 Differential Output
5.2.2 Non-Differential Output
5.3 Market Segment by Type
5.3.1 World R-2R DAC Production by Type (2018-2029)
5.3.2 World R-2R DAC Production Value by Type (2018-2029)
5.3.3 World R-2R DAC Average Price by Type (2018-2029)
6 MARKET ANALYSIS BY APPLICATION
6.1 World R-2R DAC Market Size Overview by Application: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
6.2 Segment Introduction by Application
6.2.1 Audio Equipment
6.2.2 Communication Device
6.2.3 Measuring Equipment
6.2.4 Other
6.3 Market Segment by Application
6.3.1 World R-2R DAC Production by Application (2018-2029)
6.3.2 World R-2R DAC Production Value by Application (2018-2029)
6.3.3 World R-2R DAC Average Price by Application (2018-2029)
7 COMPANY PROFILES
7.1 Analog Devices Inc
7.1.1 Analog Devices Inc Details
7.1.2 Analog Devices Inc Major Business
7.1.3 Analog Devices Inc R-2R DAC Product and Services
7.1.4 Analog Devices Inc R-2R DAC Production, Price, Value, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
7.1.5 Analog Devices Inc Recent Developments/Updates
7.1.6 Analog Devices Inc Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
7.2 Microchip Technology
7.2.1 Microchip Technology Details
7.2.2 Microchip Technology Major Business
7.2.3 Microchip Technology R-2R DAC Product and Services
7.2.4 Microchip Technology R-2R DAC Production, Price, Value, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
7.2.5 Microchip Technology Recent Developments/Updates
7.2.6 Microchip Technology Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
7.3 NXP USA Inc.
7.3.1 NXP USA Inc. Details
7.3.2 NXP USA Inc. Major Business
7.3.3 NXP USA Inc. R-2R DAC Product and Services
7.3.4 NXP USA Inc. R-2R DAC Production, Price, Value, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
7.3.5 NXP USA Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
7.3.6 NXP USA Inc. Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
7.4 Renesas Electronics America Inc
7.4.1 Renesas Electronics America Inc Details
7.4.2 Renesas Electronics America Inc Major Business
7.4.3 Renesas Electronics America Inc R-2R DAC Product and Services
7.4.4 Renesas Electronics America Inc R-2R DAC Production, Price, Value, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
7.4.5 Renesas Electronics America Inc Recent Developments/Updates
7.4.6 Renesas Electronics America Inc Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
7.5 Rohm Semiconductor
7.5.1 Rohm Semiconductor Details
7.5.2 Rohm Semiconductor Major Business
7.5.3 Rohm Semiconductor R-2R DAC Product and Services
7.5.4 Rohm Semiconductor R-2R DAC Production, Price, Value, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
7.5.5 Rohm Semiconductor Recent Developments/Updates
7.5.6 Rohm Semiconductor Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
7.6 Texas Instruments
7.6.1 Texas Instruments Details
7.6.2 Texas Instruments Major Business
7.6.3 Texas Instruments R-2R DAC Product and Services
7.6.4 Texas Instruments R-2R DAC Production, Price, Value, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
7.6.5 Texas Instruments Recent Developments/Updates
7.6.6 Texas Instruments Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
8 INDUSTRY CHAIN ANALYSIS
8.1 R-2R DAC Industry Chain
8.2 R-2R DAC Upstream Analysis
8.2.1 R-2R DAC Core Raw Materials
8.2.2 Main Manufacturers of R-2R DAC Core Raw Materials
8.3 Midstream Analysis
8.4 Downstream Analysis
8.5 R-2R DAC Production Mode
8.6 R-2R DAC Procurement Model
8.7 R-2R DAC Industry Sales Model and Sales Channels
8.7.1 R-2R DAC Sales Model
8.7.2 R-2R DAC Typical Customers
9 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION
10 APPENDIX
10.1 Methodology
10.2 Research Process and Data Source
10.3 Disclaimer
1.1 R-2R DAC Introduction
1.2 World R-2R DAC Supply & Forecast
1.2.1 World R-2R DAC Production Value (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
1.2.2 World R-2R DAC Production (2018-2029)
1.2.3 World R-2R DAC Pricing Trends (2018-2029)
1.3 World R-2R DAC Production by Region (Based on Production Site)
1.3.1 World R-2R DAC Production Value by Region (2018-2029)
1.3.2 World R-2R DAC Production by Region (2018-2029)
1.3.3 World R-2R DAC Average Price by Region (2018-2029)
1.3.4 North America R-2R DAC Production (2018-2029)
1.3.5 Europe R-2R DAC Production (2018-2029)
1.3.6 China R-2R DAC Production (2018-2029)
1.3.7 Japan R-2R DAC Production (2018-2029)
1.3.8 South Korea R-2R DAC Production (2018-2029)
1.4 Market Drivers, Restraints and Trends
1.4.1 R-2R DAC Market Drivers
1.4.2 Factors Affecting Demand
1.4.3 R-2R DAC Major Market Trends
1.5 Influence of COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine War
1.5.1 Influence of COVID-19
1.5.2 Influence of Russia-Ukraine War
2 DEMAND SUMMARY
2.1 World R-2R DAC Demand (2018-2029)
2.2 World R-2R DAC Consumption by Region
2.2.1 World R-2R DAC Consumption by Region (2018-2023)
2.2.2 World R-2R DAC Consumption Forecast by Region (2024-2029)
2.3 United States R-2R DAC Consumption (2018-2029)
2.4 China R-2R DAC Consumption (2018-2029)
2.5 Europe R-2R DAC Consumption (2018-2029)
2.6 Japan R-2R DAC Consumption (2018-2029)
2.7 South Korea R-2R DAC Consumption (2018-2029)
2.8 ASEAN R-2R DAC Consumption (2018-2029)
2.9 India R-2R DAC Consumption (2018-2029)
3 WORLD R-2R DAC MANUFACTURERS COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS
3.1 World R-2R DAC Production Value by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.2 World R-2R DAC Production by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.3 World R-2R DAC Average Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.4 R-2R DAC Company Evaluation Quadrant
3.5 Industry Rank and Concentration Rate (CR)
3.5.1 Global R-2R DAC Industry Rank of Major Manufacturers
3.5.2 Global Concentration Ratios (CR4) for R-2R DAC in 2022
3.5.3 Global Concentration Ratios (CR8) for R-2R DAC in 2022
3.6 R-2R DAC Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
3.6.1 R-2R DAC Market: Region Footprint
3.6.2 R-2R DAC Market: Company Product Type Footprint
3.6.3 R-2R DAC Market: Company Product Application Footprint
3.7 Competitive Environment
3.7.1 Historical Structure of the Industry
3.7.2 Barriers of Market Entry
3.7.3 Factors of Competition
3.8 New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans
3.9 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations
4 UNITED STATES VS CHINA VS REST OF THE WORLD
4.1 United States VS China: R-2R DAC Production Value Comparison
4.1.1 United States VS China: R-2R DAC Production Value Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
4.1.2 United States VS China: R-2R DAC Production Value Market Share Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
4.2 United States VS China: R-2R DAC Production Comparison
4.2.1 United States VS China: R-2R DAC Production Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
4.2.2 United States VS China: R-2R DAC Production Market Share Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
4.3 United States VS China: R-2R DAC Consumption Comparison
4.3.1 United States VS China: R-2R DAC Consumption Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
4.3.2 United States VS China: R-2R DAC Consumption Market Share Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
4.4 United States Based R-2R DAC Manufacturers and Market Share, 2018-2023
4.4.1 United States Based R-2R DAC Manufacturers, Headquarters and Production Site (States, Country)
4.4.2 United States Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production Value (2018-2023)
4.4.3 United States Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production (2018-2023)
4.5 China Based R-2R DAC Manufacturers and Market Share
4.5.1 China Based R-2R DAC Manufacturers, Headquarters and Production Site (Province, Country)
4.5.2 China Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production Value (2018-2023)
4.5.3 China Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production (2018-2023)
4.6 Rest of World Based R-2R DAC Manufacturers and Market Share, 2018-2023
4.6.1 Rest of World Based R-2R DAC Manufacturers, Headquarters and Production Site (State, Country)
4.6.2 Rest of World Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production Value (2018-2023)
4.6.3 Rest of World Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production (2018-2023)
5 MARKET ANALYSIS BY TYPE
5.1 World R-2R DAC Market Size Overview by Type: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
5.2 Segment Introduction by Type
5.2.1 Differential Output
5.2.2 Non-Differential Output
5.3 Market Segment by Type
5.3.1 World R-2R DAC Production by Type (2018-2029)
5.3.2 World R-2R DAC Production Value by Type (2018-2029)
5.3.3 World R-2R DAC Average Price by Type (2018-2029)
6 MARKET ANALYSIS BY APPLICATION
6.1 World R-2R DAC Market Size Overview by Application: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
6.2 Segment Introduction by Application
6.2.1 Audio Equipment
6.2.2 Communication Device
6.2.3 Measuring Equipment
6.2.4 Other
6.3 Market Segment by Application
6.3.1 World R-2R DAC Production by Application (2018-2029)
6.3.2 World R-2R DAC Production Value by Application (2018-2029)
6.3.3 World R-2R DAC Average Price by Application (2018-2029)
7 COMPANY PROFILES
7.1 Analog Devices Inc
7.1.1 Analog Devices Inc Details
7.1.2 Analog Devices Inc Major Business
7.1.3 Analog Devices Inc R-2R DAC Product and Services
7.1.4 Analog Devices Inc R-2R DAC Production, Price, Value, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
7.1.5 Analog Devices Inc Recent Developments/Updates
7.1.6 Analog Devices Inc Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
7.2 Microchip Technology
7.2.1 Microchip Technology Details
7.2.2 Microchip Technology Major Business
7.2.3 Microchip Technology R-2R DAC Product and Services
7.2.4 Microchip Technology R-2R DAC Production, Price, Value, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
7.2.5 Microchip Technology Recent Developments/Updates
7.2.6 Microchip Technology Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
7.3 NXP USA Inc.
7.3.1 NXP USA Inc. Details
7.3.2 NXP USA Inc. Major Business
7.3.3 NXP USA Inc. R-2R DAC Product and Services
7.3.4 NXP USA Inc. R-2R DAC Production, Price, Value, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
7.3.5 NXP USA Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
7.3.6 NXP USA Inc. Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
7.4 Renesas Electronics America Inc
7.4.1 Renesas Electronics America Inc Details
7.4.2 Renesas Electronics America Inc Major Business
7.4.3 Renesas Electronics America Inc R-2R DAC Product and Services
7.4.4 Renesas Electronics America Inc R-2R DAC Production, Price, Value, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
7.4.5 Renesas Electronics America Inc Recent Developments/Updates
7.4.6 Renesas Electronics America Inc Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
7.5 Rohm Semiconductor
7.5.1 Rohm Semiconductor Details
7.5.2 Rohm Semiconductor Major Business
7.5.3 Rohm Semiconductor R-2R DAC Product and Services
7.5.4 Rohm Semiconductor R-2R DAC Production, Price, Value, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
7.5.5 Rohm Semiconductor Recent Developments/Updates
7.5.6 Rohm Semiconductor Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
7.6 Texas Instruments
7.6.1 Texas Instruments Details
7.6.2 Texas Instruments Major Business
7.6.3 Texas Instruments R-2R DAC Product and Services
7.6.4 Texas Instruments R-2R DAC Production, Price, Value, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
7.6.5 Texas Instruments Recent Developments/Updates
7.6.6 Texas Instruments Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
8 INDUSTRY CHAIN ANALYSIS
8.1 R-2R DAC Industry Chain
8.2 R-2R DAC Upstream Analysis
8.2.1 R-2R DAC Core Raw Materials
8.2.2 Main Manufacturers of R-2R DAC Core Raw Materials
8.3 Midstream Analysis
8.4 Downstream Analysis
8.5 R-2R DAC Production Mode
8.6 R-2R DAC Procurement Model
8.7 R-2R DAC Industry Sales Model and Sales Channels
8.7.1 R-2R DAC Sales Model
8.7.2 R-2R DAC Typical Customers
9 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION
10 APPENDIX
10.1 Methodology
10.2 Research Process and Data Source
10.3 Disclaimer
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. World R-2R DAC Production Value by Region (2018, 2022 and 2029) & (USD Million)
Table 2. World R-2R DAC Production Value by Region (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
Table 3. World R-2R DAC Production Value by Region (2024-2029) & (USD Million)
Table 4. World R-2R DAC Production Value Market Share by Region (2018-2023)
Table 5. World R-2R DAC Production Value Market Share by Region (2024-2029)
Table 6. World R-2R DAC Production by Region (2018-2023) & (K Units)
Table 7. World R-2R DAC Production by Region (2024-2029) & (K Units)
Table 8. World R-2R DAC Production Market Share by Region (2018-2023)
Table 9. World R-2R DAC Production Market Share by Region (2024-2029)
Table 10. World R-2R DAC Average Price by Region (2018-2023) & (US$/Unit)
Table 11. World R-2R DAC Average Price by Region (2024-2029) & (US$/Unit)
Table 12. R-2R DAC Major Market Trends
Table 13. World R-2R DAC Consumption Growth Rate Forecast by Region (2018 & 2022 & 2029) & (K Units)
Table 14. World R-2R DAC Consumption by Region (2018-2023) & (K Units)
Table 15. World R-2R DAC Consumption Forecast by Region (2024-2029) & (K Units)
Table 16. World R-2R DAC Production Value by Manufacturer (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
Table 17. Production Value Market Share of Key R-2R DAC Producers in 2022
Table 18. World R-2R DAC Production by Manufacturer (2018-2023) & (K Units)
Table 19. Production Market Share of Key R-2R DAC Producers in 2022
Table 20. World R-2R DAC Average Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023) & (US$/Unit)
Table 21. Global R-2R DAC Company Evaluation Quadrant
Table 22. World R-2R DAC Industry Rank of Major Manufacturers, Based on Production Value in 2022
Table 23. Head Office and R-2R DAC Production Site of Key Manufacturer
Table 24. R-2R DAC Market: Company Product Type Footprint
Table 25. R-2R DAC Market: Company Product Application Footprint
Table 26. R-2R DAC Competitive Factors
Table 27. R-2R DAC New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans
Table 28. R-2R DAC Mergers & Acquisitions Activity
Table 29. United States VS China R-2R DAC Production Value Comparison, (2018 & 2022 & 2029) & (USD Million)
Table 30. United States VS China R-2R DAC Production Comparison, (2018 & 2022 & 2029) & (K Units)
Table 31. United States VS China R-2R DAC Consumption Comparison, (2018 & 2022 & 2029) & (K Units)
Table 32. United States Based R-2R DAC Manufacturers, Headquarters and Production Site (States, Country)
Table 33. United States Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production Value, (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
Table 34. United States Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production Value Market Share (2018-2023)
Table 35. United States Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production (2018-2023) & (K Units)
Table 36. United States Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production Market Share (2018-2023)
Table 37. China Based R-2R DAC Manufacturers, Headquarters and Production Site (Province, Country)
Table 38. China Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production Value, (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
Table 39. China Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production Value Market Share (2018-2023)
Table 40. China Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production (2018-2023) & (K Units)
Table 41. China Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production Market Share (2018-2023)
Table 42. Rest of World Based R-2R DAC Manufacturers, Headquarters and Production Site (States, Country)
Table 43. Rest of World Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production Value, (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
Table 44. Rest of World Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production Value Market Share (2018-2023)
Table 45. Rest of World Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production (2018-2023) & (K Units)
Table 46. Rest of World Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production Market Share (2018-2023)
Table 47. World R-2R DAC Production Value by Type, (USD Million), 2018 & 2022 & 2029
Table 48. World R-2R DAC Production by Type (2018-2023) & (K Units)
Table 49. World R-2R DAC Production by Type (2024-2029) & (K Units)
Table 50. World R-2R DAC Production Value by Type (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
Table 51. World R-2R DAC Production Value by Type (2024-2029) & (USD Million)
Table 52. World R-2R DAC Average Price by Type (2018-2023) & (US$/Unit)
Table 53. World R-2R DAC Average Price by Type (2024-2029) & (US$/Unit)
Table 54. World R-2R DAC Production Value by Application, (USD Million), 2018 & 2022 & 2029
Table 55. World R-2R DAC Production by Application (2018-2023) & (K Units)
Table 56. World R-2R DAC Production by Application (2024-2029) & (K Units)
Table 57. World R-2R DAC Production Value by Application (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
Table 58. World R-2R DAC Production Value by Application (2024-2029) & (USD Million)
Table 59. World R-2R DAC Average Price by Application (2018-2023) & (US$/Unit)
Table 60. World R-2R DAC Average Price by Application (2024-2029) & (US$/Unit)
Table 61. Analog Devices Inc Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 62. Analog Devices Inc Major Business
Table 63. Analog Devices Inc R-2R DAC Product and Services
Table 64. Analog Devices Inc R-2R DAC Production (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Production Value (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
Table 65. Analog Devices Inc Recent Developments/Updates
Table 66. Analog Devices Inc Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
Table 67. Microchip Technology Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 68. Microchip Technology Major Business
Table 69. Microchip Technology R-2R DAC Product and Services
Table 70. Microchip Technology R-2R DAC Production (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Production Value (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
Table 71. Microchip Technology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 72. Microchip Technology Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
Table 73. NXP USA Inc. Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 74. NXP USA Inc. Major Business
Table 75. NXP USA Inc. R-2R DAC Product and Services
Table 76. NXP USA Inc. R-2R DAC Production (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Production Value (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
Table 77. NXP USA Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 78. NXP USA Inc. Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
Table 79. Renesas Electronics America Inc Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 80. Renesas Electronics America Inc Major Business
Table 81. Renesas Electronics America Inc R-2R DAC Product and Services
Table 82. Renesas Electronics America Inc R-2R DAC Production (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Production Value (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
Table 83. Renesas Electronics America Inc Recent Developments/Updates
Table 84. Renesas Electronics America Inc Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
Table 85. Rohm Semiconductor Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 86. Rohm Semiconductor Major Business
Table 87. Rohm Semiconductor R-2R DAC Product and Services
Table 88. Rohm Semiconductor R-2R DAC Production (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Production Value (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
Table 89. Rohm Semiconductor Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. Texas Instruments Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 91. Texas Instruments Major Business
Table 92. Texas Instruments R-2R DAC Product and Services
Table 93. Texas Instruments R-2R DAC Production (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Production Value (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
Table 94. Global Key Players of R-2R DAC Upstream (Raw Materials)
Table 95. R-2R DAC Typical Customers
Table 96. R-2R DAC Typical Distributors
Table 1. World R-2R DAC Production Value by Region (2018, 2022 and 2029) & (USD Million)
Table 2. World R-2R DAC Production Value by Region (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
Table 3. World R-2R DAC Production Value by Region (2024-2029) & (USD Million)
Table 4. World R-2R DAC Production Value Market Share by Region (2018-2023)
Table 5. World R-2R DAC Production Value Market Share by Region (2024-2029)
Table 6. World R-2R DAC Production by Region (2018-2023) & (K Units)
Table 7. World R-2R DAC Production by Region (2024-2029) & (K Units)
Table 8. World R-2R DAC Production Market Share by Region (2018-2023)
Table 9. World R-2R DAC Production Market Share by Region (2024-2029)
Table 10. World R-2R DAC Average Price by Region (2018-2023) & (US$/Unit)
Table 11. World R-2R DAC Average Price by Region (2024-2029) & (US$/Unit)
Table 12. R-2R DAC Major Market Trends
Table 13. World R-2R DAC Consumption Growth Rate Forecast by Region (2018 & 2022 & 2029) & (K Units)
Table 14. World R-2R DAC Consumption by Region (2018-2023) & (K Units)
Table 15. World R-2R DAC Consumption Forecast by Region (2024-2029) & (K Units)
Table 16. World R-2R DAC Production Value by Manufacturer (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
Table 17. Production Value Market Share of Key R-2R DAC Producers in 2022
Table 18. World R-2R DAC Production by Manufacturer (2018-2023) & (K Units)
Table 19. Production Market Share of Key R-2R DAC Producers in 2022
Table 20. World R-2R DAC Average Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023) & (US$/Unit)
Table 21. Global R-2R DAC Company Evaluation Quadrant
Table 22. World R-2R DAC Industry Rank of Major Manufacturers, Based on Production Value in 2022
Table 23. Head Office and R-2R DAC Production Site of Key Manufacturer
Table 24. R-2R DAC Market: Company Product Type Footprint
Table 25. R-2R DAC Market: Company Product Application Footprint
Table 26. R-2R DAC Competitive Factors
Table 27. R-2R DAC New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans
Table 28. R-2R DAC Mergers & Acquisitions Activity
Table 29. United States VS China R-2R DAC Production Value Comparison, (2018 & 2022 & 2029) & (USD Million)
Table 30. United States VS China R-2R DAC Production Comparison, (2018 & 2022 & 2029) & (K Units)
Table 31. United States VS China R-2R DAC Consumption Comparison, (2018 & 2022 & 2029) & (K Units)
Table 32. United States Based R-2R DAC Manufacturers, Headquarters and Production Site (States, Country)
Table 33. United States Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production Value, (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
Table 34. United States Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production Value Market Share (2018-2023)
Table 35. United States Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production (2018-2023) & (K Units)
Table 36. United States Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production Market Share (2018-2023)
Table 37. China Based R-2R DAC Manufacturers, Headquarters and Production Site (Province, Country)
Table 38. China Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production Value, (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
Table 39. China Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production Value Market Share (2018-2023)
Table 40. China Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production (2018-2023) & (K Units)
Table 41. China Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production Market Share (2018-2023)
Table 42. Rest of World Based R-2R DAC Manufacturers, Headquarters and Production Site (States, Country)
Table 43. Rest of World Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production Value, (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
Table 44. Rest of World Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production Value Market Share (2018-2023)
Table 45. Rest of World Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production (2018-2023) & (K Units)
Table 46. Rest of World Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production Market Share (2018-2023)
Table 47. World R-2R DAC Production Value by Type, (USD Million), 2018 & 2022 & 2029
Table 48. World R-2R DAC Production by Type (2018-2023) & (K Units)
Table 49. World R-2R DAC Production by Type (2024-2029) & (K Units)
Table 50. World R-2R DAC Production Value by Type (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
Table 51. World R-2R DAC Production Value by Type (2024-2029) & (USD Million)
Table 52. World R-2R DAC Average Price by Type (2018-2023) & (US$/Unit)
Table 53. World R-2R DAC Average Price by Type (2024-2029) & (US$/Unit)
Table 54. World R-2R DAC Production Value by Application, (USD Million), 2018 & 2022 & 2029
Table 55. World R-2R DAC Production by Application (2018-2023) & (K Units)
Table 56. World R-2R DAC Production by Application (2024-2029) & (K Units)
Table 57. World R-2R DAC Production Value by Application (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
Table 58. World R-2R DAC Production Value by Application (2024-2029) & (USD Million)
Table 59. World R-2R DAC Average Price by Application (2018-2023) & (US$/Unit)
Table 60. World R-2R DAC Average Price by Application (2024-2029) & (US$/Unit)
Table 61. Analog Devices Inc Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 62. Analog Devices Inc Major Business
Table 63. Analog Devices Inc R-2R DAC Product and Services
Table 64. Analog Devices Inc R-2R DAC Production (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Production Value (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
Table 65. Analog Devices Inc Recent Developments/Updates
Table 66. Analog Devices Inc Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
Table 67. Microchip Technology Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 68. Microchip Technology Major Business
Table 69. Microchip Technology R-2R DAC Product and Services
Table 70. Microchip Technology R-2R DAC Production (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Production Value (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
Table 71. Microchip Technology Recent Developments/Updates
Table 72. Microchip Technology Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
Table 73. NXP USA Inc. Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 74. NXP USA Inc. Major Business
Table 75. NXP USA Inc. R-2R DAC Product and Services
Table 76. NXP USA Inc. R-2R DAC Production (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Production Value (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
Table 77. NXP USA Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 78. NXP USA Inc. Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
Table 79. Renesas Electronics America Inc Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 80. Renesas Electronics America Inc Major Business
Table 81. Renesas Electronics America Inc R-2R DAC Product and Services
Table 82. Renesas Electronics America Inc R-2R DAC Production (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Production Value (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
Table 83. Renesas Electronics America Inc Recent Developments/Updates
Table 84. Renesas Electronics America Inc Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
Table 85. Rohm Semiconductor Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 86. Rohm Semiconductor Major Business
Table 87. Rohm Semiconductor R-2R DAC Product and Services
Table 88. Rohm Semiconductor R-2R DAC Production (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Production Value (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
Table 89. Rohm Semiconductor Recent Developments/Updates
Table 90. Texas Instruments Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 91. Texas Instruments Major Business
Table 92. Texas Instruments R-2R DAC Product and Services
Table 93. Texas Instruments R-2R DAC Production (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Production Value (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
Table 94. Global Key Players of R-2R DAC Upstream (Raw Materials)
Table 95. R-2R DAC Typical Customers
Table 96. R-2R DAC Typical Distributors
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. R-2R DAC Picture
Figure 2. World R-2R DAC Production Value: 2018 & 2022 & 2029, (USD Million)
Figure 3. World R-2R DAC Production Value and Forecast (2018-2029) & (USD Million)
Figure 4. World R-2R DAC Production (2018-2029) & (K Units)
Figure 5. World R-2R DAC Average Price (2018-2029) & (US$/Unit)
Figure 6. World R-2R DAC Production Value Market Share by Region (2018-2029)
Figure 7. World R-2R DAC Production Market Share by Region (2018-2029)
Figure 8. North America R-2R DAC Production (2018-2029) & (K Units)
Figure 9. Europe R-2R DAC Production (2018-2029) & (K Units)
Figure 10. China R-2R DAC Production (2018-2029) & (K Units)
Figure 11. Japan R-2R DAC Production (2018-2029) & (K Units)
Figure 12. South Korea R-2R DAC Production (2018-2029) & (K Units)
Figure 13. R-2R DAC Market Drivers
Figure 14. Factors Affecting Demand
Figure 15. World R-2R DAC Consumption (2018-2029) & (K Units)
Figure 16. World R-2R DAC Consumption Market Share by Region (2018-2029)
Figure 17. United States R-2R DAC Consumption (2018-2029) & (K Units)
Figure 18. China R-2R DAC Consumption (2018-2029) & (K Units)
Figure 19. Europe R-2R DAC Consumption (2018-2029) & (K Units)
Figure 20. Japan R-2R DAC Consumption (2018-2029) & (K Units)
Figure 21. South Korea R-2R DAC Consumption (2018-2029) & (K Units)
Figure 22. ASEAN R-2R DAC Consumption (2018-2029) & (K Units)
Figure 23. India R-2R DAC Consumption (2018-2029) & (K Units)
Figure 24. Producer Shipments of R-2R DAC by Manufacturer Revenue ($MM) and Market Share (%): 2022
Figure 25. Global Four-firm Concentration Ratios (CR4) for R-2R DAC Markets in 2022
Figure 26. Global Four-firm Concentration Ratios (CR8) for R-2R DAC Markets in 2022
Figure 27. United States VS China: R-2R DAC Production Value Market Share Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
Figure 28. United States VS China: R-2R DAC Production Market Share Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
Figure 29. United States VS China: R-2R DAC Consumption Market Share Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
Figure 30. United States Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production Market Share 2022
Figure 31. China Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production Market Share 2022
Figure 32. Rest of World Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production Market Share 2022
Figure 33. World R-2R DAC Production Value by Type, (USD Million), 2018 & 2022 & 2029
Figure 34. World R-2R DAC Production Value Market Share by Type in 2022
Figure 35. Differential Output
Figure 36. Non-Differential Output
Figure 37. World R-2R DAC Production Market Share by Type (2018-2029)
Figure 38. World R-2R DAC Production Value Market Share by Type (2018-2029)
Figure 39. World R-2R DAC Average Price by Type (2018-2029) & (US$/Unit)
Figure 40. World R-2R DAC Production Value by Application, (USD Million), 2018 & 2022 & 2029
Figure 41. World R-2R DAC Production Value Market Share by Application in 2022
Figure 42. Audio Equipment
Figure 43. Communication Device
Figure 44. Measuring Equipment
Figure 45. Other
Figure 46. World R-2R DAC Production Market Share by Application (2018-2029)
Figure 47. World R-2R DAC Production Value Market Share by Application (2018-2029)
Figure 48. World R-2R DAC Average Price by Application (2018-2029) & (US$/Unit)
Figure 49. R-2R DAC Industry Chain
Figure 50. R-2R DAC Procurement Model
Figure 51. R-2R DAC Sales Model
Figure 52. R-2R DAC Sales Channels, Direct Sales, and Distribution
Figure 53. Methodology
Figure 54. Research Process and Data Source
Figure 1. R-2R DAC Picture
Figure 2. World R-2R DAC Production Value: 2018 & 2022 & 2029, (USD Million)
Figure 3. World R-2R DAC Production Value and Forecast (2018-2029) & (USD Million)
Figure 4. World R-2R DAC Production (2018-2029) & (K Units)
Figure 5. World R-2R DAC Average Price (2018-2029) & (US$/Unit)
Figure 6. World R-2R DAC Production Value Market Share by Region (2018-2029)
Figure 7. World R-2R DAC Production Market Share by Region (2018-2029)
Figure 8. North America R-2R DAC Production (2018-2029) & (K Units)
Figure 9. Europe R-2R DAC Production (2018-2029) & (K Units)
Figure 10. China R-2R DAC Production (2018-2029) & (K Units)
Figure 11. Japan R-2R DAC Production (2018-2029) & (K Units)
Figure 12. South Korea R-2R DAC Production (2018-2029) & (K Units)
Figure 13. R-2R DAC Market Drivers
Figure 14. Factors Affecting Demand
Figure 15. World R-2R DAC Consumption (2018-2029) & (K Units)
Figure 16. World R-2R DAC Consumption Market Share by Region (2018-2029)
Figure 17. United States R-2R DAC Consumption (2018-2029) & (K Units)
Figure 18. China R-2R DAC Consumption (2018-2029) & (K Units)
Figure 19. Europe R-2R DAC Consumption (2018-2029) & (K Units)
Figure 20. Japan R-2R DAC Consumption (2018-2029) & (K Units)
Figure 21. South Korea R-2R DAC Consumption (2018-2029) & (K Units)
Figure 22. ASEAN R-2R DAC Consumption (2018-2029) & (K Units)
Figure 23. India R-2R DAC Consumption (2018-2029) & (K Units)
Figure 24. Producer Shipments of R-2R DAC by Manufacturer Revenue ($MM) and Market Share (%): 2022
Figure 25. Global Four-firm Concentration Ratios (CR4) for R-2R DAC Markets in 2022
Figure 26. Global Four-firm Concentration Ratios (CR8) for R-2R DAC Markets in 2022
Figure 27. United States VS China: R-2R DAC Production Value Market Share Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
Figure 28. United States VS China: R-2R DAC Production Market Share Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
Figure 29. United States VS China: R-2R DAC Consumption Market Share Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
Figure 30. United States Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production Market Share 2022
Figure 31. China Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production Market Share 2022
Figure 32. Rest of World Based Manufacturers R-2R DAC Production Market Share 2022
Figure 33. World R-2R DAC Production Value by Type, (USD Million), 2018 & 2022 & 2029
Figure 34. World R-2R DAC Production Value Market Share by Type in 2022
Figure 35. Differential Output
Figure 36. Non-Differential Output
Figure 37. World R-2R DAC Production Market Share by Type (2018-2029)
Figure 38. World R-2R DAC Production Value Market Share by Type (2018-2029)
Figure 39. World R-2R DAC Average Price by Type (2018-2029) & (US$/Unit)
Figure 40. World R-2R DAC Production Value by Application, (USD Million), 2018 & 2022 & 2029
Figure 41. World R-2R DAC Production Value Market Share by Application in 2022
Figure 42. Audio Equipment
Figure 43. Communication Device
Figure 44. Measuring Equipment
Figure 45. Other
Figure 46. World R-2R DAC Production Market Share by Application (2018-2029)
Figure 47. World R-2R DAC Production Value Market Share by Application (2018-2029)
Figure 48. World R-2R DAC Average Price by Application (2018-2029) & (US$/Unit)
Figure 49. R-2R DAC Industry Chain
Figure 50. R-2R DAC Procurement Model
Figure 51. R-2R DAC Sales Model
Figure 52. R-2R DAC Sales Channels, Direct Sales, and Distribution
Figure 53. Methodology
Figure 54. Research Process and Data Source
