Global Local Life Service Supply, Demand and Key Producers, 2023-2029

December 2023 | 132 pages | ID: GEAD30F343B4EN
GlobalInfoResearch

Abstracts

The global Local Life Service market size is expected to reach $ million by 2029, rising at a market growth of % CAGR during the forecast period (2023-2029).

This report studies the global Local Life Service demand, key companies, and key regions.

This report is a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the world market for Local Life Service, and provides market size (US$ million) and Year-over-Year (YoY) growth, considering 2022 as the base year. This report explores demand trends and competition, as well as details the characteristics of Local Life Service that contribute to its increasing demand across many markets.

Highlights and key features of the study

Global Local Life Service total market, 2018-2029, (USD Million)

Global Local Life Service total market by region & country, CAGR, 2018-2029, (USD Million)

U.S. VS China: Local Life Service total market, key domestic companies and share, (USD Million)

Global Local Life Service revenue by player and market share 2018-2023, (USD Million)

Global Local Life Service total market by Type, CAGR, 2018-2029, (USD Million)

Global Local Life Service total market by Application, CAGR, 2018-2029, (USD Million).

This reports profiles major players in the global Local Life Service market based on the following parameters – company overview, revenue, gross margin, product portfolio, geographical presence, and key developments. Key companies covered as a part of this study include Meituan, Alibaba, Douyin, JD.com, Xiaohongshu, Gaode, Kuaishou, Trip.com Group and Ke Holdings, etc.

This report also provides key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, new product launches or approvals.

Stakeholders would have ease in decision-making through various strategy matrices used in analyzing the World Local Life Service market.

Detailed Segmentation:

Each section contains quantitative market data including market by value (US$ Millions), by player, by regions, by Type, and by Application. Data is given for the years 2018-2029 by year with 2022 as the base year, 2023 as the estimate year, and 2024-2029 as the forecast year.

Global Local Life Service Market, By Region:

• United States
• China
• Europe
• Japan
• South Korea
• ASEAN
• India
• Rest of World

Global Local Life Service Market, Segmentation by Type

• In-Store Business Consumption
• Home Business Consumption

Global Local Life Service Market, Segmentation by Application

• User Terminal
• Merchant Terminal
• Platform Terminal

Companies Profiled:

• Meituan
• Alibaba
• Douyin
• JD.com
• Xiaohongshu
• Gaode
• Kuaishou
• Trip.com Group
• Ke Holdings
• DEMAE-CAN
• Rakuten
• Uber
• Seven-Eleven Japan

Key Questions Answered

1. How big is the global Local Life Service market?

2. What is the demand of the global Local Life Service market?

3. What is the year over year growth of the global Local Life Service market?

4. What is the total value of the global Local Life Service market?

5. Who are the major players in the global Local Life Service market?

Contents

1 SUPPLY SUMMARY

1.1 Local Life Service Introduction
1.2 World Local Life Service Market Size & Forecast (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
1.3 World Local Life Service Total Market by Region (by Headquarter Location)
  1.3.1 World Local Life Service Market Size by Region (2018-2029), (by Headquarter Location)
  1.3.2 United States Local Life Service Market Size (2018-2029)
  1.3.3 China Local Life Service Market Size (2018-2029)
  1.3.4 Europe Local Life Service Market Size (2018-2029)
  1.3.5 Japan Local Life Service Market Size (2018-2029)
  1.3.6 South Korea Local Life Service Market Size (2018-2029)
  1.3.7 ASEAN Local Life Service Market Size (2018-2029)
  1.3.8 India Local Life Service Market Size (2018-2029)
1.4 Market Drivers, Restraints and Trends
  1.4.1 Local Life Service Market Drivers
  1.4.2 Factors Affecting Demand
  1.4.3 Local Life Service Major Market Trends

2 DEMAND SUMMARY

2.1 World Local Life Service Consumption Value (2018-2029)
2.2 World Local Life Service Consumption Value by Region
  2.2.1 World Local Life Service Consumption Value by Region (2018-2023)
  2.2.2 World Local Life Service Consumption Value Forecast by Region (2024-2029)
2.3 United States Local Life Service Consumption Value (2018-2029)
2.4 China Local Life Service Consumption Value (2018-2029)
2.5 Europe Local Life Service Consumption Value (2018-2029)
2.6 Japan Local Life Service Consumption Value (2018-2029)
2.7 South Korea Local Life Service Consumption Value (2018-2029)
2.8 ASEAN Local Life Service Consumption Value (2018-2029)
2.9 India Local Life Service Consumption Value (2018-2029)

3 WORLD LOCAL LIFE SERVICE COMPANIES COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS

3.1 World Local Life Service Revenue by Player (2018-2023)
3.2 Industry Rank and Concentration Rate (CR)
  3.2.1 Global Local Life Service Industry Rank of Major Players
  3.2.2 Global Concentration Ratios (CR4) for Local Life Service in 2022
  3.2.3 Global Concentration Ratios (CR8) for Local Life Service in 2022
3.3 Local Life Service Company Evaluation Quadrant
3.4 Local Life Service Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
  3.4.1 Local Life Service Market: Region Footprint
  3.4.2 Local Life Service Market: Company Product Type Footprint
  3.4.3 Local Life Service Market: Company Product Application Footprint
3.5 Competitive Environment
  3.5.1 Historical Structure of the Industry
  3.5.2 Barriers of Market Entry
  3.5.3 Factors of Competition
3.6 Mergers, Acquisitions Activity

4 UNITED STATES VS CHINA VS REST OF THE WORLD (BY HEADQUARTER LOCATION)

4.1 United States VS China: Local Life Service Revenue Comparison (by Headquarter Location)
  4.1.1 United States VS China: Local Life Service Market Size Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029) (by Headquarter Location)
  4.1.2 United States VS China: Local Life Service Revenue Market Share Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
4.2 United States Based Companies VS China Based Companies: Local Life Service Consumption Value Comparison
  4.2.1 United States VS China: Local Life Service Consumption Value Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
  4.2.2 United States VS China: Local Life Service Consumption Value Market Share Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
4.3 United States Based Local Life Service Companies and Market Share, 2018-2023
  4.3.1 United States Based Local Life Service Companies, Headquarters (States, Country)
  4.3.2 United States Based Companies Local Life Service Revenue, (2018-2023)
4.4 China Based Companies Local Life Service Revenue and Market Share, 2018-2023
  4.4.1 China Based Local Life Service Companies, Company Headquarters (Province, Country)
  4.4.2 China Based Companies Local Life Service Revenue, (2018-2023)
4.5 Rest of World Based Local Life Service Companies and Market Share, 2018-2023
  4.5.1 Rest of World Based Local Life Service Companies, Headquarters (States, Country)
  4.5.2 Rest of World Based Companies Local Life Service Revenue, (2018-2023)

5 MARKET ANALYSIS BY TYPE

5.1 World Local Life Service Market Size Overview by Type: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
5.2 Segment Introduction by Type
  5.2.1 In-Store Business Consumption
  5.2.2 Home Business Consumption
5.3 Market Segment by Type
  5.3.1 World Local Life Service Market Size by Type (2018-2023)
  5.3.2 World Local Life Service Market Size by Type (2024-2029)
  5.3.3 World Local Life Service Market Size Market Share by Type (2018-2029)

6 MARKET ANALYSIS BY APPLICATION

6.1 World Local Life Service Market Size Overview by Application: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
6.2 Segment Introduction by Application
  6.2.1 User Terminal
  6.2.2 Merchant Terminal
  6.2.3 Platform Terminal
6.3 Market Segment by Application
  6.3.1 World Local Life Service Market Size by Application (2018-2023)
  6.3.2 World Local Life Service Market Size by Application (2024-2029)
  6.3.3 World Local Life Service Market Size by Application (2018-2029)

7 COMPANY PROFILES

7.1 Meituan
  7.1.1 Meituan Details
  7.1.2 Meituan Major Business
  7.1.3 Meituan Local Life Service Product and Services
  7.1.4 Meituan Local Life Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
  7.1.5 Meituan Recent Developments/Updates
  7.1.6 Meituan Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
7.2 Alibaba
  7.2.1 Alibaba Details
  7.2.2 Alibaba Major Business
  7.2.3 Alibaba Local Life Service Product and Services
  7.2.4 Alibaba Local Life Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
  7.2.5 Alibaba Recent Developments/Updates
  7.2.6 Alibaba Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
7.3 Douyin
  7.3.1 Douyin Details
  7.3.2 Douyin Major Business
  7.3.3 Douyin Local Life Service Product and Services
  7.3.4 Douyin Local Life Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
  7.3.5 Douyin Recent Developments/Updates
  7.3.6 Douyin Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
7.4 JD.com
  7.4.1 JD.com Details
  7.4.2 JD.com Major Business
  7.4.3 JD.com Local Life Service Product and Services
  7.4.4 JD.com Local Life Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
  7.4.5 JD.com Recent Developments/Updates
  7.4.6 JD.com Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
7.5 Xiaohongshu
  7.5.1 Xiaohongshu Details
  7.5.2 Xiaohongshu Major Business
  7.5.3 Xiaohongshu Local Life Service Product and Services
  7.5.4 Xiaohongshu Local Life Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
  7.5.5 Xiaohongshu Recent Developments/Updates
  7.5.6 Xiaohongshu Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
7.6 Gaode
  7.6.1 Gaode Details
  7.6.2 Gaode Major Business
  7.6.3 Gaode Local Life Service Product and Services
  7.6.4 Gaode Local Life Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
  7.6.5 Gaode Recent Developments/Updates
  7.6.6 Gaode Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
7.7 Kuaishou
  7.7.1 Kuaishou Details
  7.7.2 Kuaishou Major Business
  7.7.3 Kuaishou Local Life Service Product and Services
  7.7.4 Kuaishou Local Life Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
  7.7.5 Kuaishou Recent Developments/Updates
  7.7.6 Kuaishou Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
7.8 Trip.com Group
  7.8.1 Trip.com Group Details
  7.8.2 Trip.com Group Major Business
  7.8.3 Trip.com Group Local Life Service Product and Services
  7.8.4 Trip.com Group Local Life Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
  7.8.5 Trip.com Group Recent Developments/Updates
  7.8.6 Trip.com Group Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
7.9 Ke Holdings
  7.9.1 Ke Holdings Details
  7.9.2 Ke Holdings Major Business
  7.9.3 Ke Holdings Local Life Service Product and Services
  7.9.4 Ke Holdings Local Life Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
  7.9.5 Ke Holdings Recent Developments/Updates
  7.9.6 Ke Holdings Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
7.10 DEMAE-CAN
  7.10.1 DEMAE-CAN Details
  7.10.2 DEMAE-CAN Major Business
  7.10.3 DEMAE-CAN Local Life Service Product and Services
  7.10.4 DEMAE-CAN Local Life Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
  7.10.5 DEMAE-CAN Recent Developments/Updates
  7.10.6 DEMAE-CAN Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
7.11 Rakuten
  7.11.1 Rakuten Details
  7.11.2 Rakuten Major Business
  7.11.3 Rakuten Local Life Service Product and Services
  7.11.4 Rakuten Local Life Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
  7.11.5 Rakuten Recent Developments/Updates
  7.11.6 Rakuten Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
7.12 Uber
  7.12.1 Uber Details
  7.12.2 Uber Major Business
  7.12.3 Uber Local Life Service Product and Services
  7.12.4 Uber Local Life Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
  7.12.5 Uber Recent Developments/Updates
  7.12.6 Uber Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
7.13 Seven-Eleven Japan
  7.13.1 Seven-Eleven Japan Details
  7.13.2 Seven-Eleven Japan Major Business
  7.13.3 Seven-Eleven Japan Local Life Service Product and Services
  7.13.4 Seven-Eleven Japan Local Life Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
  7.13.5 Seven-Eleven Japan Recent Developments/Updates
  7.13.6 Seven-Eleven Japan Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses

8 INDUSTRY CHAIN ANALYSIS

8.1 Local Life Service Industry Chain
8.2 Local Life Service Upstream Analysis
8.3 Local Life Service Midstream Analysis
8.4 Local Life Service Downstream Analysis

9 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

10 APPENDIX

10.1 Methodology
10.2 Research Process and Data Source
10.3 Disclaimer

List Of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. World Local Life Service Revenue by Region (2018, 2022 and 2029) & (USD Million), (by Headquarter Location)
Table 2. World Local Life Service Revenue by Region (2018-2023) & (USD Million), (by Headquarter Location)
Table 3. World Local Life Service Revenue by Region (2024-2029) & (USD Million), (by Headquarter Location)
Table 4. World Local Life Service Revenue Market Share by Region (2018-2023), (by Headquarter Location)
Table 5. World Local Life Service Revenue Market Share by Region (2024-2029), (by Headquarter Location)
Table 6. Major Market Trends
Table 7. World Local Life Service Consumption Value Growth Rate Forecast by Region (2018 & 2022 & 2029) & (USD Million)
Table 8. World Local Life Service Consumption Value by Region (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
Table 9. World Local Life Service Consumption Value Forecast by Region (2024-2029) & (USD Million)
Table 10. World Local Life Service Revenue by Player (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
Table 11. Revenue Market Share of Key Local Life Service Players in 2022
Table 12. World Local Life Service Industry Rank of Major Player, Based on Revenue in 2022
Table 13. Global Local Life Service Company Evaluation Quadrant
Table 14. Head Office of Key Local Life Service Player
Table 15. Local Life Service Market: Company Product Type Footprint
Table 16. Local Life Service Market: Company Product Application Footprint
Table 17. Local Life Service Mergers & Acquisitions Activity
Table 18. United States VS China Local Life Service Market Size Comparison, (2018 & 2022 & 2029) & (USD Million)
Table 19. United States VS China Local Life Service Consumption Value Comparison, (2018 & 2022 & 2029) & (USD Million)
Table 20. United States Based Local Life Service Companies, Headquarters (States, Country)
Table 21. United States Based Companies Local Life Service Revenue, (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
Table 22. United States Based Companies Local Life Service Revenue Market Share (2018-2023)
Table 23. China Based Local Life Service Companies, Headquarters (Province, Country)
Table 24. China Based Companies Local Life Service Revenue, (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
Table 25. China Based Companies Local Life Service Revenue Market Share (2018-2023)
Table 26. Rest of World Based Local Life Service Companies, Headquarters (States, Country)
Table 27. Rest of World Based Companies Local Life Service Revenue, (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
Table 28. Rest of World Based Companies Local Life Service Revenue Market Share (2018-2023)
Table 29. World Local Life Service Market Size by Type, (USD Million), 2018 & 2022 & 2029
Table 30. World Local Life Service Market Size by Type (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
Table 31. World Local Life Service Market Size by Type (2024-2029) & (USD Million)
Table 32. World Local Life Service Market Size by Application, (USD Million), 2018 & 2022 & 2029
Table 33. World Local Life Service Market Size by Application (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
Table 34. World Local Life Service Market Size by Application (2024-2029) & (USD Million)
Table 35. Meituan Basic Information, Area Served and Competitors
Table 36. Meituan Major Business
Table 37. Meituan Local Life Service Product and Services
Table 38. Meituan Local Life Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
Table 39. Meituan Recent Developments/Updates
Table 40. Meituan Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
Table 41. Alibaba Basic Information, Area Served and Competitors
Table 42. Alibaba Major Business
Table 43. Alibaba Local Life Service Product and Services
Table 44. Alibaba Local Life Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
Table 45. Alibaba Recent Developments/Updates
Table 46. Alibaba Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
Table 47. Douyin Basic Information, Area Served and Competitors
Table 48. Douyin Major Business
Table 49. Douyin Local Life Service Product and Services
Table 50. Douyin Local Life Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
Table 51. Douyin Recent Developments/Updates
Table 52. Douyin Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
Table 53. JD.com Basic Information, Area Served and Competitors
Table 54. JD.com Major Business
Table 55. JD.com Local Life Service Product and Services
Table 56. JD.com Local Life Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
Table 57. JD.com Recent Developments/Updates
Table 58. JD.com Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
Table 59. Xiaohongshu Basic Information, Area Served and Competitors
Table 60. Xiaohongshu Major Business
Table 61. Xiaohongshu Local Life Service Product and Services
Table 62. Xiaohongshu Local Life Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
Table 63. Xiaohongshu Recent Developments/Updates
Table 64. Xiaohongshu Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
Table 65. Gaode Basic Information, Area Served and Competitors
Table 66. Gaode Major Business
Table 67. Gaode Local Life Service Product and Services
Table 68. Gaode Local Life Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
Table 69. Gaode Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. Gaode Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
Table 71. Kuaishou Basic Information, Area Served and Competitors
Table 72. Kuaishou Major Business
Table 73. Kuaishou Local Life Service Product and Services
Table 74. Kuaishou Local Life Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
Table 75. Kuaishou Recent Developments/Updates
Table 76. Kuaishou Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
Table 77. Trip.com Group Basic Information, Area Served and Competitors
Table 78. Trip.com Group Major Business
Table 79. Trip.com Group Local Life Service Product and Services
Table 80. Trip.com Group Local Life Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
Table 81. Trip.com Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 82. Trip.com Group Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
Table 83. Ke Holdings Basic Information, Area Served and Competitors
Table 84. Ke Holdings Major Business
Table 85. Ke Holdings Local Life Service Product and Services
Table 86. Ke Holdings Local Life Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
Table 87. Ke Holdings Recent Developments/Updates
Table 88. Ke Holdings Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
Table 89. DEMAE-CAN Basic Information, Area Served and Competitors
Table 90. DEMAE-CAN Major Business
Table 91. DEMAE-CAN Local Life Service Product and Services
Table 92. DEMAE-CAN Local Life Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
Table 93. DEMAE-CAN Recent Developments/Updates
Table 94. DEMAE-CAN Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
Table 95. Rakuten Basic Information, Area Served and Competitors
Table 96. Rakuten Major Business
Table 97. Rakuten Local Life Service Product and Services
Table 98. Rakuten Local Life Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
Table 99. Rakuten Recent Developments/Updates
Table 100. Rakuten Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
Table 101. Uber Basic Information, Area Served and Competitors
Table 102. Uber Major Business
Table 103. Uber Local Life Service Product and Services
Table 104. Uber Local Life Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
Table 105. Uber Recent Developments/Updates
Table 106. Seven-Eleven Japan Basic Information, Area Served and Competitors
Table 107. Seven-Eleven Japan Major Business
Table 108. Seven-Eleven Japan Local Life Service Product and Services
Table 109. Seven-Eleven Japan Local Life Service Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
Table 110. Global Key Players of Local Life Service Upstream (Raw Materials)
Table 111. Local Life Service Typical Customers

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 1. Local Life Service Picture
Figure 2. World Local Life Service Total Market Size: 2018 & 2022 & 2029, (USD Million)
Figure 3. World Local Life Service Total Market Size (2018-2029) & (USD Million)
Figure 4. World Local Life Service Revenue Market Share by Region (2018, 2022 and 2029) & (USD Million) , (by Headquarter Location)
Figure 5. World Local Life Service Revenue Market Share by Region (2018-2029), (by Headquarter Location)
Figure 6. United States Based Company Local Life Service Revenue (2018-2029) & (USD Million)
Figure 7. China Based Company Local Life Service Revenue (2018-2029) & (USD Million)
Figure 8. Europe Based Company Local Life Service Revenue (2018-2029) & (USD Million)
Figure 9. Japan Based Company Local Life Service Revenue (2018-2029) & (USD Million)
Figure 10. South Korea Based Company Local Life Service Revenue (2018-2029) & (USD Million)
Figure 11. ASEAN Based Company Local Life Service Revenue (2018-2029) & (USD Million)
Figure 12. India Based Company Local Life Service Revenue (2018-2029) & (USD Million)
Figure 13. Local Life Service Market Drivers
Figure 14. Factors Affecting Demand
Figure 15. World Local Life Service Consumption Value (2018-2029) & (USD Million)
Figure 16. World Local Life Service Consumption Value Market Share by Region (2018-2029)
Figure 17. United States Local Life Service Consumption Value (2018-2029) & (USD Million)
Figure 18. China Local Life Service Consumption Value (2018-2029) & (USD Million)
Figure 19. Europe Local Life Service Consumption Value (2018-2029) & (USD Million)
Figure 20. Japan Local Life Service Consumption Value (2018-2029) & (USD Million)
Figure 21. South Korea Local Life Service Consumption Value (2018-2029) & (USD Million)
Figure 22. ASEAN Local Life Service Consumption Value (2018-2029) & (USD Million)
Figure 23. India Local Life Service Consumption Value (2018-2029) & (USD Million)
Figure 24. Producer Shipments of Local Life Service by Player Revenue ($MM) and Market Share (%): 2022
Figure 25. Global Four-firm Concentration Ratios (CR4) for Local Life Service Markets in 2022
Figure 26. Global Four-firm Concentration Ratios (CR8) for Local Life Service Markets in 2022
Figure 27. United States VS China: Local Life Service Revenue Market Share Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
Figure 28. United States VS China: Local Life Service Consumption Value Market Share Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
Figure 29. World Local Life Service Market Size by Type, (USD Million), 2018 & 2022 & 2029
Figure 30. World Local Life Service Market Size Market Share by Type in 2022
Figure 31. In-Store Business Consumption
Figure 32. Home Business Consumption
Figure 33. World Local Life Service Market Size Market Share by Type (2018-2029)
Figure 34. World Local Life Service Market Size by Application, (USD Million), 2018 & 2022 & 2029
Figure 35. World Local Life Service Market Size Market Share by Application in 2022
Figure 36. User Terminal
Figure 37. Merchant Terminal
Figure 38. Platform Terminal
Figure 39. Local Life Service Industrial Chain
Figure 40. Methodology
Figure 41. Research Process and Data Source